6种中国特有闭壳龟的人工驯养繁育种群状况

2003年1月～2006年6月期间,调查了6种中国特有闭壳龟的人工驯养繁育种群状况。结果显示,三线闭壳龟（含越南三线闭壳龟和中国三线闭壳龟）的人工驯养繁育种群数量最多,种龟8000～10000,其中30％～40％是中国三线闭壳龟;金头闭壳龟134只,潘氏闭壳龟49只;百色闭壳龟39～44只,周氏闭壳龟29只;云南闭壳龟最少,仅2只。6种中国特有闭壳龟中,除中国三线闭壳龟外,其他种类人工驯养繁育种群数量均不超过50～150只;没有形成稳定的人工种群数量。     

三线闭壳龟的饲养技术

三线闭壳龟(Ｃｕｏｒａｔｒｉｆａｓｃｉａｔａ)又名红边龟、红肚龟、断板龟、金线龟,其背甲上有三条黑色条纹,故名。国内分布于广东、广西、福建、海南、香港、澳门,国外分布于越南。其在药用、食用、观赏方面均有广泛的开发利用价值。目前,野生的三线闭壳龟数量稀少,1988年我国已将其列为国家二级保护动物。目前,三线闭壳龟尚无上规模的人工养殖场,笔者饲养三线闭壳多年,现小结如下。1　生活习性在自然界,三线闭壳龟栖息于阳光充足、环境安静、水质清净的山区溪流地带。该龟有群居的习性,常在溪边灌木丛中挖洞做窝,白天在洞中,傍晚、夜晚…     

基于DNA分子标记的潘氏闭壳龟遗传多样性分析

潘氏闭壳龟（Cuora pani）是中国特有种,国家二级重点保护野生动物。由于非法贸易加之栖息地破坏等,其野外种群数量十分稀少。本研究旨在利用线粒体基因与核基因标记揭示潘氏闭壳龟的遗传多样性和遗传结构,以期为中国潘氏闭壳龟的种群保护和管理提供科学依据。本次共研究14只潘氏闭壳龟个体,其中,6只原产地为四川广元,8只产地未知。结果表明,在14只潘氏闭壳龟样本中鉴定出Cyt b单倍型、ND4单倍型和R35单倍型各2个,且均有1个新单倍型;Cyt b、ND4和R35基因单倍型多样性分别为0.440、0.143和0.154,核苷酸多样性分别为0.000 41、0.000 19和0.000 63;各单倍型的平均遗传距离（p）均小于0.01。基于三个基因联合数据集的系统发育分析表明,潘氏闭壳龟与金头闭壳龟（C.aurocapitata）互为单系进化支,且中性检测和核苷酸错配分析显示,潘氏闭壳龟群体近期历史上可能未经历群体扩张事件。潘氏闭壳龟群体遗传多样性低,种内变异小,群体应对环境变化的能力低,建议应加强对中国潘氏闭壳龟野外种群的基础研究和保护力度,同时规范人工繁殖,以避免近亲繁殖和种群衰退。     

三线闭壳龟18SrRNA基因序列的测定

用分子遗传标记进行物种鉴别准确可靠,本文应用18SrRNA序列测定研究中药材三线闭壳龟的进化与种类鉴定.应用PCR直接测序技术测定三线闭壳龟肌肉18srRNA基因部分核苷酸序列.结果表明,所测序列为678bp,其中GC占多数(54.1%).讨论了DNA测序技术在龟鳖类等中药材鉴定方面的应用.     

三线闭壳龟繁殖生态的研究

在暨南大学爬行动物养殖场对三线闭壳龟的繁殖生态进行了研究。结果显示:三线闭壳龟每年产卵1次,每次产卵平均3.6枚。受精卵长径为48.00±2.63mm,短径为26.42±1.66mm,卵重为23.89±3.34g。未受精卵长径为44.35±4.36mm,短径为25.39±2.71mm,卵重为20.39±4.96g。卵的受精率为50.9%,孵化率为83.3%,孵化期平均88d,估计积温为59.581℃·h。稚龟的背甲长为44.83±2.41mm,背甲宽为36.90±1.86mm,体重为15.85±2.07g。     

三线闭壳龟的人工保育

三线闭壳龟为集药用、观赏和食用于一身的珍稀动物,其自然资源日益枯竭,开展人工保育具有重要意义。人工保育措施主要包括：（１）提供良好的自然生态环境;（２）采用人工孵卵;（３）加强饲养管理;（４）做好敌害与病害的防治工作。     

金钱龟的救护技术

金钱龟为珍稀动物, 其种群数量日益枯竭, 金钱龟的救护意义重大。金钱龟包括2种闭壳龟, 即三线闭壳龟和圆丽闭壳龟。圆丽闭壳龟又可分为2个亚种, 即圆丽闭壳龟指名亚种和圆丽闭壳龟梅氏亚种。金钱龟的救护措施包括加强金钱龟保护的宣传教育、建立金钱龟自然保护区、开展金钱龟野外资源的调查和评估工作、建立金钱龟的种质资源库和大力开展人工繁育。其中人工繁育是金钱龟救护的最主要途径之一, 也是目前形势下最有效的救护措施。人工繁育的关键技术主要包括人工孵化技术、越冬管理及病害防治技术。病害的预防包括合理的养殖密度、保持水质清新和合理的营养。     

金头闭壳龟的分布及生存现状调查

1998年6月～2004年7月,经历时6年的调查访问,了解到金头闭壳龟（Cuora aurocapitata）生活于水质清澈的溪流中,尤其是落差较大的水潭;食物主要为溪蟹、小鱼虾和水生昆虫;近20年所捕获的该龟均来自皖南的青弋江流域。作者经过40多条样带的野外调查,未曾亲自捕获金头闭壳龟,证明该龟野外种群处于极危状态。国内各高等院校和科研单位所收集的该龟标本不足20只,国内拥有该龟的养龟爱好者和养殖户约20余家,人工饲养成龟共80只左右,人工繁殖出的幼龟不超过100只。金头闭壳龟的生存现状正面临严重危机,应采取有效的保护措施。     

周氏闭壳龟人工饲养下的观察资料

1997～2005年3月,先后对2只周氏闭壳龟进行人工饲养,介绍了周氏闭壳龟的一般活动、行为、食性、冬眠、繁殖、生长和疾病资料.测量了12只活体和5只标本的身体量度.     

平顶闭壳龟和黄额闭壳龟日活动节律与时间分配

2015年6—10月,采用瞬时扫描取样法,在海南省吊罗山国家级自然保护区对同域分布的平顶闭壳龟(Cuora mouhotii)与黄额闭壳龟(C.galbinifrons)日活动节律和时间分配进行研究,比较两种闭壳龟日活动节律差异,探究两种闭壳龟资源利用分化模式,揭示两种闭壳龟的野外共存机制。结果显示,平顶闭壳龟和黄额闭壳龟均为昼行性节律,日活动以静息行为为主。平顶闭壳龟的运动行为和摄食行为分别在(06:00—07:00)和(10:00—11:00)有一个高峰期,黄额闭壳龟的摄食行为(13:00—14:00)有一个高峰期,而运动行为有两个高峰期(09:00—10:00和17:00—18:00)。在活动时间分配上,黄额闭壳龟分配在静息行为上的时间多于平顶闭壳龟,而分配在运动行为和摄食行为上的时间少于平顶闭壳龟。比较两种闭壳龟的活动节律,运动行为节律重叠指数较高(Qik=0.78),摄食行为重叠指数较低(Qik=0.38)。研究表明,两物种在利用食物资源上存在时间异质性和分配差异性,达到食物资源的最优利用,实现两者的稳定共存。     

研究和保护金头闭壳龟--再访龟故乡

于2006年初,再次走访了金头闭壳龟产地,分析了前后几次调查中发现的若干问题,并就保护问题提出进一步的建议.     

Molecular phylogeny of the critically endangered Indochinese box turtle (Cuora galbinifrons)

The Indochinese box turtle Cuora galbinifrons is a polytypic, critically endangered species from Vietnam, Laos, and Hainan Island, China. We analyze up to 1790bp of mitochondrial DNA under maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood criteria to test if the five historically recognized subspecies represent evolutionary lineages, and to elucidate the relationship of C. galbinifrons to other Cuora. C. galbinifrons is composed of three major mitochondrial DNA clades corresponding to the three subspecies galbinifrons, bourreti, and picturata. These three lineages are also morphologically diagnosable, and consequently we recommend elevating each to full species. Cuora galbinifrons hainanensis nests within the galbinifrons clade, and we retain it as a synonym of galbinifrons, as supported by morphology. Cuora "serrata" is known to be a hybrid of male Cuora mouhotii and female C. galbinifrons, and our findings show that C. "serrata" originates from both female galbinifrons and bourreti. Little or no mitochondrial DNA variation was found among the morphologically distinct species Cuora aurocapitata, Cuora pani, and Cuora trifasciata, for which hypotheses are proposed. Recognizing galbinifrons, bourreti, and picturata as separate species has consequences for ongoing ex situ captive breeding programs and prioritization of in situ conservation activities, particularly in Vietnam.     

中国闭壳龟属(Cuora)研究概况--兼评金头闭壳龟的保护

该文简略回顾了中国闭壳龟属动物的研究概况,包括系统学、化石、分子生物学、细胞遗传学、分布、生态、生物多样性、保护生物学等方面,还讨论了金头闭壳龟资源的保护。     

Analysis of prey capture and food transport kinematics in two Asian box turtles,Cuora amboinensis and Cuora flavomarginata (Chelonia,Geoemydidae), with emphasis on terrestrial feeding patterns

This study examines the kinematics and morphology of the feeding apparatus of two geoemydid chelonians, the Malayan (Amboina) box turtle (Cuora amboinensis) and the yellow-margined box turtle (Cuora flavomarginata). Both species are able to feed on land as well as in water. Feeding patterns were analysed by high-speed cinematography. The main focus of the present study is on the terrestrial feeding strategies in both Asian box turtles, because feeding on land has probably evolved de novo within the ancestrally aquatic genus Cuora. During terrestrial feeding (analysed for both species), the initial food prehension is always done by the jaws, whereas intraoral food transport and pharyngeal packing actions are tongue-based. The food uptake modes in Cuoras differ considerably from those described for purely terrestrial turtles. Lingual food prehension is typical of all tortoises (Testudinidae), but is absent in C. amboinensis and C. flavomarginata. A previous study on Terrapene carolina shows that this emydid turtle protrudes the tongue during ingestion on land, but that the first contact with the food item occurs by the jaws. Both Asian box turtles investigated here have highly movable, fleshy tongues; nonetheless, the hyolingual complex remains permanently retracted during initial prey capture. In aquatic feeding (analysed for C. amboinensis only), the prey is captured by a fast forward strike of the head (ram feeding). As opposed to ingestion on land, in the underwater grasp the hyoid protracts prior to jaw opening. The head morphology of the investigated species differs. In contrast to the Malayan box turtle, C. flavomarginata exhibits a more complexly structured dorsal lingual epithelium, a considerable palatal vault, weaker jaw adductor muscles and a simplified trochlear complex. The differences in the hyolingual morphology reflect the kinematic patterns of the terrestrial feeding transport.     

Effect of Morphology and Age on the Closure Ability of Asian Box Turtles(Cuora)

The ability of box turtles to close their shell as an antipredation adaptation and the potential impact of the anterior and posterior lobes of the plastron on the closing force and closing time remain relatively unexplored. Here, keeled(Cuora mouhotii) and flowerback(C. galbinifrons) box turtles, whose shell cannot and can be completely closed, respectively, were studied. Anterior and posterior closing forces were measured using a force transducer, and the closing time was recorded. The anterior...     

On Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892) (Crustacea,Copepoda)

Neodiaptomus schmackeri and related species are redescribed. The synonymy of this species with N. strigilipes and N. handeli is discussed.     

四川产潘氏闭壳龟繁殖一例及其面临的问题

潘氏闭壳龟(Cuora pani)属爬行纲龟鳖目淡水龟科闭壳龟属,是我国闭壳龟属中分布最北的种,于1981年在陕西省平利县徐家坝海拔420m的稻田旁水沟中被首次发现。为纪念陕西动物研究所前所长潘忠国教授,1984年宋鸣涛将其命名为潘氏闭壳龟^[1]。1999年,李东在四川省北部的广     

Observation of reproductive cycle of female yellow-margined box turtle (Cuora flavomarginata) using radiography and ultrasonography

This study presents a combination of radiography and ultrasonography to observe the reproductive cycle of 24 captive female yellow-margined box turtles in Taiwan. Radiography was mainly used to monitor clutch size, whereas ultrasonography was applied to detect changes in the follicles throughout the year. The observation of the 24 female turtles was performed from April 2007 to June 2008. Their average carapace length was 16.62 ± 1.66 cm and their average body weight was 812 ± 164.98 g. The mean clutch size was three (87 eggs/29 clutches) and the reproductive frequency was 95.83% (23/24). Double clutches were detected in 79.2%, and 20.8% had single clutches. Ovulation occurred from March through August, and the average follicular diameter was 2.16 ± 0.18 cm. Follicles entered the latent period in October (at 1.54 ± 0.26 cm), and vitellogenesis of the next reproductive cycle began in November. Using radiography, the eggshell could be detected on the ninth day after ovulation. The average period of the single clutch group was 6.9 weeks (range 5.1-8.5 weeks). In the double clutch group, the average period of the first clutch was 5.5 weeks (range 4-7.8 weeks) and that of the second clutch was 5.2 weeks (range 4-7.8 weeks). This study has advanced the understanding of reproductive physiology of yellow-margined box turtle and established a valuable and practical model for comparative study of the reproductive physiology of other chelonians.