中国淡水蟹一新记录——钦氏中印溪蟹(十足目:溪蟹科:中印溪蟹属)

2019年5月,在云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州盈江县那邦镇溪流中采集到近溪蟹亚科Potamiscinae 1种溪蟹。经鉴定为钦氏中印溪蟹Indochinamon khinpyae Ng&Mar,2018,系该物种在中国的首次发现和记录。本文对其形态特征进行简要描述及测量分析,并将其头胸甲背面、雄性腹部、雄性第一腹肢与钦氏中印溪蟹模式标本进行了形态学比较。     

华溪蟹属三新种的描述（十足目：华溪蟹科）

本文描述了在中国江西、湖南及广东三省发现的华溪蟹属Sinopotmon三个新种:不等叶华溪蟹S.unaequum,sp.nov.,双叶华溪蟹S.bilobatum sp.nov.及南岭华溪蟹S.nanlingense SD.nov.     

四H省四种淡水蟹中并殖吸虫囊蚴的发现

在开展四川省并殖吸虫病流行病学调查中,我们在并殖吸虫(Paragonimus)病流行区采集到七种淡水蟹,其中四种蟹类(威远华溪蟹 Sinopotamon weiyuanense,Dai ＆ Chen,1990;陕西华溪蟹巫山亚种Sinopotamon Shansiense wushanense,Dai ＆ Chen,1990;矮小华溪蟹 Sinopoysmon nanum,Dai＆ Chen,1990和屏山华溪蟹 Sinopotamon pinshanense,Dai ＆ Liu,1994)体内发现非殖吸虫囊蚴。     

镉对长江华溪蟹精巢抗氧化酶活性及脂质过氧化的影响

在实验条件下,将健康性成熟雄性长江华溪蟹Sinopotamon yangtsekiense暴露于0、7.25、14.5、29、58和116 mg/L浓度的镉(Cd2+)溶液中,分别于1 d、3 d、5 d和7 d时测定精巢中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氧酶(CAT)活性及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量.结果显示,不同时间段3种酶活性和MDA含量均具有浓度和时间效应关系,表明急性镉暴露对精巢有明显的毒性作用,其作用机制与抗氧化酶活力变化和脂质过氧化加剧有关.     

长江华溪蟹精子形成的研究

1994年9-11月,对采自安徽省宁国县的长江华溪蟹(Sinopotamon yangtsekiense),利用透射电镜技术,并结合细胞化学方法,研究了其精子形成过程。结果显示:早期精细胞圆形,胞质丰富,内含大量内质同小泡及线粒体。核也为圆形,较小。精细胞开始分化,细胞膨胀为长椭圆形,核质重新分布,分别移向细胞的两端。精子的顶体由高尔基体产生,其过程为:高尔基体分泌产生囊泡,继而形成原顶体囊,进一步发育成顶体囊,最后形成顶体。在顶体囊与核之间有膜复合体。中心粒位于核内面凹陷处。细胞化学反应显示,核杯为Feulgen阳性,顶体为PAS阳性。       

斯氏肺吸虫囊蚴在溪蟹体内的分布

本文观察了斯氏肺吸虫(Paragonimus skrjabini)囊蚴在溪蟹体内的分布。其方法是随意取在斯氏肺吸虫病流行区内捕获的锯齿华溪蟹(Sinopotamon denticulatum denticulatum)20只,分螯肢、步足和蟹体三部分,按囊蚴传统的检查方法进行检查。在20只不同大小的锯齿华溪蟹中,共检获囊蚴58个。其中螯肢检获1个(占总数的1.7%),步足检获9个(占15.5%),蟹体检获48个(占82.7%)。用检获的囊蚴经腹腔注射感染家犬,定期观察。两个月后,在犬粪中发现虫卵,半年后将感染犬处死,检获成虫。经染色制片鉴定,虫体符合斯氏肺吸虫特征。斯氏肺吸虫囊蚴在溪蟹体内的分…     

山西沁河流域溪蟹生态调查及河流污染现状

2006年9～10月,对山西晋城地区的河流及溪蟹进行了生态调查.结果表明,近年来该地区河流水体污染严重,林村河、丹河、巴公河、西河以及沁河下游水体整体发黑,丹河和巴公河还可闻到恶臭的异味;沁水县的河流均能采集到溪蟹,而其他三个县市溪蟹几乎绝迹;溪蟹的种群特征值如雌雄比值、种群生物密度和种群生物量随着河流的污染发生改变.     

长江华溪蟹精子的超微结构

关于蟹的精子超微结构研究,已有过许多报道(Brown,1966;Langerth, 1969;Hinsch,1969,1973,1980,1989;Tudge,1992;堵南山,1987;洪水根,1993;上官步敏,1994;李太武,1995),但研究材料大都取自海洋.溪蟹(Freshwater crab)终身栖息于淡水中,直接发育.作者在研究长江华溪蟹精子发生的一系列过程中(王兰, 1995,1996, 1997),发现精子的形态与其它十足类甲壳动物有所不同.该研究有助于了解精子的特化程度,在一定意义上反应了不同类群的种间差异及进化地位,丰富了短尾派的研究内容.     

镉对长江华溪蟹免疫相关酶活性的影响

采用浸浴法研究了镉(Cd2+)对长江华溪蟹Sinopotamon yangtsekiense免疫系统相关酶的影响.Cd2+处理组浓度分别为7.25 mg/L、14.5 mg/L、29mg/L、58 mg/L和116 mg/L,同时设对照组.分别在Cd2+处理24 h、48h、72 h和96 h取血清进行酚氧化酶(PO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力测定.结果显示,在相同处理时间,随着cd2+浓度增加,PO和SOD活力均呈现先升后降的趋势,且分别于24 h、7.25 mg/L和96 h、14.5 mg/L时达到最大值.当处理浓度相同、作用时间延长时,ACP活力先升后降,且在48 h、58 mg/L时升至最高,AKP活力则持续上升.表明Cd2+对长江华溪蟹免疫相关酶活力具有不同程度的影响,且其作用和效果具有浓度及时间效应.PO和SOD活力变化能够灵敏反映Cd2+对水生动物的胁迫程度,可作为指示镉污染的生物学指标.     

长江华溪蟹精子超微结构的研究

透射电镜下观察长江华溪蟹成熟精子的形态和超微结构。精子呈椭球形,无鞭毛,具数条由核延伸而成的辐射臂精子。由球形的顶体,膜复合体,核杯及辐射臂组成,顶体由头帽,亚帽带,丁体囊及中央管组成。在中央管的基部发现有中心粒。核膜与质膜紧贴在一起形成了精子的界膜。     

Review: Helicobacter: Inflammation,immunology, and vaccines

Chronic inflammation induced by Helicobacter pylori infection is a critical factor in the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Central to this inflammation is the initiation of pro‐inflammatory signaling cascades within epithelial cells, in particular those mediated by two sensors of bacterial cell wall components, nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein 1 (NOD1) and alpha‐protein kinase 1 (ALPK1). H pylori is, however, also highly adept at mitigating inflammation in the host, thereby restricting tissue damage and favoring bacterial persistence. H pylori modulates host immune responses by altering cytokine signaling in epithelial and myeloid cells, which results in increased proliferation of regulatory T cells and downregulation of effector T‐cell responses. H pylori vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) has been shown to play an important role in the dampening of immune responses and induction of immune tolerance capable of protecting against asthma. It is also possible to generate protective immune responses by immunization with various H pylori antigens or their epitopes, in combination with an adjuvant, though this for now has only been shown in mouse models. Novel non‐toxic adjuvants, consisting of modified bacterial enterotoxins or nanoparticles, have recently been developed that may not only enhance vaccine efficacy, but also help translate candidate vaccines to the clinic. This review will summarize the main discoveries in the past year regarding host immune responses to H pylori infection, as well as the design of new vaccine approaches against this infection.     

Phylogeny,classification, and biogeography of Afrotrichloris,Apochiton, Coelachyrum,Dinebra, Eleusine,Leptochloa, Schoenefeldia,and a new genus,Schoenefeldiella (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae: Eleusininae)

To investigate the evolutionary relationships among species of Afrotrichloris, Apochiton, Coelachyrum, Dinebra, Eleusine, Leptochloa, and Schoenefeldia of subtribe Eleusininae, a phylogeny based on DNA sequences from nine gene regions (ITS, rps16-trnK, rps3, rps16, rpoC2, rpl32-trnL, ndhF, ndhA, ccsA) is presented. Previous molecular phylogenies indicated that Coelachyrum was polyphyletic and Schoenefeldia was paraphyletic, with Afrotrichloris embedded within it. Apochiton burttii was embedded in the Coelachyrum clade paired with C. longiglume, Coelachyrumpoiflorum was placed outside of Coelachyrum and sister to Eleusine, and Schoenefeldia is paraphyletic, with its two species forming a grade sister to Afrotrichoris. Our molecular phylogeny supports recognition of a new genus, Schoenefeldiella, and a new combination, Schoenfeldiella transiens. In addition, we provide generic emendations for Coelachyrum, which now includes five species including a new combination proposed here, Coelachyrum burttii, and Eleusine, which now includes 11 species.     

Eliciting Play: A Comparative Study: (Octodon, Octodontomys, Pediolagus, Phoca, Chocropsis, Ailuropoda)

The social play behavior of six mammalian species (Rodentia,Pinnipedia, Artiodactyla, Carnivora) is described and compared.Locomotor and Rotational Movements, e.g., jumping, running,and headshaking, occurred in all species and predominated inthe rodent play. These movements are similar in form to anti-predatorand "protective" responses and result in an immediate but temporarycessation of sensory stimulation from conspecifics. Investigation of body odors was the most important stimuluseliciting Locomotor-Rotational Movements in the rodents. Inthe larger mammals, body odor sniffing was enhanced during play,but specialized signals from other sensory modalities elicitedand maintained play interactions. The possible functions ofa heightened exchange of olfactory information during juvenilesocial development are discussed.     

Focus: A Multifaceted Battle Against Cancer: Basal Cell Carcinoma: Pathogenesis,Epidemiology, Clinical Features,Diagnosis, Histopathology,and Management

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy. Exposure to sunlight is the most important risk factor. Most, if not all, cases of BCC demonstrate overactive Hedgehog signaling. A variety of treatment modalities exist and are selected based on recurrence risk, importance of tissue preservation, patient preference, and extent of disease. The pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, histopathology, and management of BCC will be discussed in this review.