长江口杭州湾鸻形目鸟类群落季节变化和生境选择

在长江口南岸杭州湾北岸滨海滩涂进行了鸻形目鸟类的资源调查,以及鸟类栖息地选择模式分析,2004年3月至2005年1月共统计到鸟类25种,春季优势种为大缤鹬(Calidris tenuirostris)、尖尾缤鹬(Calidris alpine)和红颈滨鹬(Calidris ruficollis);夏季为环颈(Charadrius alexandrinus)、青脚鹬(Tringa nebularia)和蒙古沙(Charadrius mongolus),秋季为环颈、红颈滨鹬和青脚鹬,冬季为黑腹滨鹬(Calidris alpina)、环颈和泽鹬(Tringa stagnatilis),鸟类总体数量呈春季>秋季>冬季>夏季,海堤外(自然滩涂)和堤内(人工湿地)鸟类种数四季大致相等,但鸟类平均密度季节差异显著。通过对样点内鸟类与环境因子进行多元分析,初步总结出堤外滩宽和光滩宽是影响鸟类栖息的最关键因子,海三棱草(Scirpus× mariquete)覆盖比例和潮上坪宽度的影响程度次之。堤内浅水塘比例和裸地比例是影响形目鸟类分布的关键因子,海三棱草覆盖比例也起正向作用。而人类干扰大、芦苇(Phragmites communis)/互花米草(Spartina alternifloral)密植和高水位的区域不利于鸟类利用。     

鸡形目鸟类巢址选择研究进展

鸟巢是鸟类繁育后代的场所,巢址选择对鸟类的生存和繁衍意义重大.许多鸡形目Galliformes鸟类被列入IUCN濒危物种红色名录,了解其巢址选择的特征及影响因素有助于采取针对性保护措施.本文从影响鸡形目鸟类巢址选择的植被、地理和温度3个因素综述了其巢址选择特点,指出未来的研究方向应包括探明巢址选择的机制、从不同时空尺度...     

北戴河地区鸻形目鸟类觅食生境动态变化

生境破坏是目前野生动物保护面临主要问题,加强生境恢复与重建对保护珍稀物种具有重要意义.将3S技术运用到北戴河地区鸻形目鸟类觅食生境评价中,分析了近20a(1987～2006年)北戴河地区鸻形目鸟类觅食生境的动态变化,结果:鸻形目鸟类最适宜觅食生境和适宜觅食生境分布面积在1993年最大;觅食生境变化以1993年为分水岭;最适宜觅食生境和适宜生分布面积呈下降趋势(倒U形分布),不适宜觅食生境分布面积呈增加趋势(U形分布).北戴河地区鸻形目鸟类觅食生境变化主要影响因素是人类活动增加.     

湖南省鸡形目鸟类及其分布

鸡形目鸟类有很大的经济意义和观赏价值。近 40多年来我国鸟类学者做了大量卓有成效的工作 ,对湖南省的鸡形目也进行过广泛调查。 195 7年梁启等首次记录了竹鸡和环颈雉 ;196 5年梁启等又在桑植发现白冠长尾雉 ;1981年李焕宁报道绥宁产红腹锦鸡 ;1984年沈猷慧报道鸡形目 9种雉及其习性产地 ,其中有 5种是省的新记录 ,它们是鹌鹑、红腹角雉、黄腹角雉、白鹇指名亚种、勺鸡 ;1990年李金声报道吉首发现白颈长尾雉 ;1993年邓学建报道了白鹇福建亚种新记录。鉴于湖南省的特殊动物地理位置 ,许多珍稀雉类分布区范围延伸到湖南境内为止。查明雉…     

世界鸡形目鸟类

介绍了世界上鸡形目鸟类的分布、分类、形态特点、栖地类型及生活习性。世界鸡形目鸟类分为７个科,共计２８１种。中国鸡形目鸟类包括松鸡科８种和雉科５２种。介绍了中国鸡形目鸟类种的分类等方面的一些最新进展。     

鸡形目鸟类系统发生研究现状

综合形态学、行为学、分子系统发生等方面研究成果,对世界鸡形目鸟类科的系统关系以及属、种间系统发生的研究进展进行了阐述,侧重介绍与我国鸡形目鸟类相关类群的系统发生研究现状。与传统的系统关系比较,新的研究结果主要有:凤冠雉科和冢雉科不再是互为姊妹群;传统分类中的雉族和鹑族被证明并非单源而是多源的;雉族的原鸡属与鹑族的竹鸡属有很近的亲缘关系;灰山鹑、火鸡和松鸡类的系统发生关系可能很近。分子进化的研究表明雉科各属的起源主要集中在上新世。     

鹳形目和鹤形目8种鸟类的核型研究

本文报道了鹳形目鹭科的黄嘴白鹭,紫背苇鸦、黄斑苇鳽和绿鹭4种,鹤形目秧鸡科的黑水鸡,斑胁田鸡和小田鸡3种及三趾鹑科的黄脚三趾鹑的核型。鹭科2种染色体数目为2n=66,另2种为2n=62,秧鸡科3种染色体数目均为2n=78。黄脚三趾鹑的染色体数目为2n=88。     

四川省鸡形目鸟类及分布

研究使用了从1997~2005年四川省58个生物资源综合科学考察的鸟类野外调查记录、国内外从1908年到2005年有关四川省鸡形目鸟类野外物种调查公开发表的60篇文献,以及四川大学、西华师范大学、四川农业大学标本馆共386号鸡形目标本,共1103条记录,对四川省鸡形目的资源及分布进行了研究。结果如下:①四川省鸡形目鸟类计2科18属25种,占全国鸡形目(63种)的39.68%,其中,国家I级保护鸡形目5种,国家II级保护鸡形目11种,分别占全国保护鸡形目总数(I级21种、II级21种)的23.81%、52.38%;特有种7种,占全国鸡形目特有种(14种)的50%,分布型以喜马拉雅-横断山区型居多,以东洋界成分占绝对优势。②物种丰富度最高的地区为平武县、松潘县、九寨沟县、绵竹县、冕宁县、康定县、青川县和宝兴县,保护物种丰富度最高的地区为平武县、九寨沟县、宝兴县、松潘县、青川县、冕宁县;③四川省159个县(市)中有鸡形目调查记录的有73个,没有记录的县86个,这86个空白区域有待进一步调查。     

八种鸡形目鸟类卵壳及壳膜超微结构观察

８种鸡中,高原山鹑卵壳仅由乳突层和栅栏层构成,缺少护膜层,表面无裂纹,外气孔开放。其它种类由乳突层、栅栏层和护膜层构成,表面有裂纹、外气孔有覆盖。栅栏层都有与飞翔相适应的气泡,飞翔能力强,速度快的种类产卵壳气泡密度高的卵。     

繁殖季节同域分布的红腹角雉和血雉的觅食生境选择

红腹角雉（Tragopan temminckii）和血雉（Ithaginis cruentus）是主要分布在中国的受胁雉类,到目前为止,对这两种雉类的生态学特征的了解并不多。作者于2006年5-8月,在四川省栗子坪自然保护区公益海,运用样线法和样方取样法对红腹角雉和血雉在繁殖季节的觅食生境选择进行了对比研究。研究结果表明,两种雉在海拔分布和觅食生境上都存在重叠,红腹角雉主要分布在较低海拔（1,950？3,450m）,血雉分布在相对较高海拔（2,760？3,800m）。它们对针叶林和针阔混交林都表现出正选择性,而对箭竹林表现出负选择性。微生境尺度上,两种雉觅食生境的乔木和草本盖度均较大,草本高度高;两种雉的活动区内针叶林面积较大,距林区公路较近;红腹角雉对坡向没有选择性,血雉偏好西南坡向的生境。与对照样方相比,红腹角雉的觅食生境的箭竹高度和盖度小,血雉觅食生境的箭竹高度和盖度与对照样方无显著差异。红腹角雉活动区内的箭竹林面积比例显著小于血雉活动区,针阔混交林面积比例显著大于血雉活动区。表明两种雉类在需要某些共同资源的情况下,对觅食生境的利用产生了分异,这是两种雉类能够同域分布的基础条件之一。     

Habitat Utilization of Three Sympatric Cheirogaleid Lemur Species in a Littoral Rain Forest of Southeastern Madagascar

I compared the habitat utilization in 3 sympatric species of Cheirogaleidae (Microcebus murinus [81 g], Cheirogaleus medius [183 g] and Cheirogaleus major [362 g]) in a littoral rain forest in southeastern Madagascar during 3 rainy seasons. Females of promiscuous Microcebus murinus had small home ranges and the males had large overlapping home ranges. Home ranges of family groups of monogamous Cheirogaleus medius and C. major overlapped extensively. Home ranges of all 3 species overlapped completely in the study area but home range sizes differed among species and correlate positively with body masses. Male Microcebus murinus slept in open vegetation (79%) and alone (71%), whereas female M. murinus and family group members of Cheirogaleus spp. preferred communal sleeping in tree holes. There are significant interspecific differences in the choice of sleeping sites: smaller lemurs chose smaller trees and used more sleeping sites than larger lemurs did. Species also differed significantly in the vertical dimension of forest utilization: Cheirogaleus major used the upper part of the trees, C. medius used the middle parts, and Microcebus murinus used the understory during nocturnal activities. The 3 species differed mainly in vertical habitat utilization and showed vertical stratification.     

Multi-Scale Foraging Habitat Use and Interactions by Sympatric Cervids in Northeastern China

Abstract: Moose (Alces alces) and roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) are sympatric in the forest region of northeastern China. Using univariate analyses of feeding sign data, we found the 2 species were positively associated, but there were distinctions between their use of forage resources across landscape, patch, and microhabitat scales. We used resource selection function models to predict the influence of environmental covariates on moose and roe deer foraging; we detected covariate effects at the landscape and microhabitat scales but not at the patch scale. Forage resources used by the 2 species were similar, but moose used wetter areas and more low-visibility habitats than did roe deer, which strongly avoided areas with sparse vegetation. Both species were influenced by forage abundance and distribution at the microhabitat scale but exhibited differences in intensity of use of plant species and microhabitats. Moose used areas with deeper snow and avoided hiding cover; roe deer avoided areas with higher total basal areas of tree stems and preferred areas with high plant species richness. For moose, there was a trade-off in the use of concealment cover between the landscape and microhabitat scales. We detected avoidance by moose of roads where roe deer occurred. Roe deer exhibited more capacity for coping with human disturbance and interspecific interaction. In areas similar to our study area, road closures and suppression of roe deer near roads within 3–5 years postlogging may benefit moose. Furthermore, a mosaic of areas with different logging intervals may contribute to spatial separation of moose and roe deer and promote their coexistence.     

Habitat Use of Sympatric Rattlesnake Species Within the Gulf Coastal Plain

Abstract: The eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) and timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) are sympatric throughout most of southern Georgia, USA. We used rattlesnake sightings to quantify and compare habitat use by these 2 species in the Gulf Coastal Plain. At the largest scale examined, univariate statistics and logistic regression models indicated that eastern diamondback rattlesnakes were associated with roads but not with any of the specific habitat types we examined. In contrast, timber rattlesnakes were closely associated with hardwood habitat and riverine systems but not with roads and edges. To effectively conserve and manage both species in the Southeast, a habitat matrix of large intact patches of both hardwood and pine (Pinus spp.) forest may be necessary.     

Habitat Use by Sympatric Jaguars and Pumas Across a Gradient of Human Disturbance in Belize

Jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) are sympatric across the entire jaguar range, where they coexist in increasingly fragmented landscapes under threat of persecution mainly in response to livestock predation. Pumas are known to inhabit a greater variety of natural habitats than jaguars, but little is known about the influence of anthropogenic factors on the coexistence of these two similar-sized cats. This study compares habitat use of jaguars and pumas in Belize, Central America, using 1380 jaguar and puma photo captures from 3 yr of camera trapping, comprising 64–74 individual jaguars and an unknown number of pumas. Jaguars and pumas did not differ in their use of a large block of relatively homogenous secondary rain forest. However, pumas were scarce outside this forest block, whereas jaguars were detected throughout the human-influenced landscape. Reasons for this discrepancy may include differential tolerance to human disturbance, and resource limitation for pumas outside the forest block. Intra-specific variation in jaguar activity in the form of sex-dependent habitat use was detected across the landscape. Male jaguars were detected at more locations than female jaguars and more frequently at each location, with a declining difference from a 50-fold greater detection in the protected forest, through forest buffer, savannah, pastures, to negligible difference in the disturbed forest.     

Habitat Selection by American Martens in Coastal California

ABSTRACT We investigated habitat selection using single- and mixed-scale modeling at 2 spatial scales, stand and home range, by the only known population of American martens (Martes americana) remaining in the historical range of the Humboldt subspecies (M. a. humboldtensis) in California, USA. During 2000 and 2001, we sampled a 12 times 14 grid with 2-km spacing, using 2 sooted track plates at each grid point. We detected martens at 26 of the 159 grid points. We used resource selection probability functions and an information-theoretic method to model habitat at detection locations. At the stand scale, martens selected conifer-dominated stands with dense, spatially extensive shrub cover (x̄ = 74% cover, SE = 4) in the oldest developmental stage. At the home-range scale, martens selected the largest available patches (x̄ = 181 ha, SE = 14) of old-growth, old-growth and late-mature, or serpentine habitat. Mixed-scale models revealed that habitat characteristics from both scales best explained marten occurrence compared to one scale alone. Dense, spatially extensive shrub cover is a key habitat element for martens in coastal forests. Dense shrubs provide refuge from predators, cover for prey, and may also deter larger-bodied competitors. Managers can increase the likelihood of marten population persistence and encourage expansion in coastal forests by maintaining and restoring late-mature and old-growth, conifer-dominated forests with dense shrub cover in large, contiguous patches.     

画眉的巢址选择

画眉巢在研究地区多营造于阔叶林、杉木幼林地和水杉林等生境近地面的灌丛中 ,巢主要以山胡椒叶、麻栎叶、禾本科枯草和细小枯枝等构成 ,距地面高 1 5 6cm(n =1 0 )。用 1 0m× 1 0m样方法 ,对巢址的利用区和对照区进行统计分析表明 ,小生境的参数方面存在显著性差异 (Z =-2 5 9,P =0 0 1 )。 1 0m层的盖度、草本层的高度以及坡位、坡向等地形因素直接影响着画眉对巢址的选择。     

湖北石首麇鹿的冬季生境选择

2005年11月至2006年2月,研究了石首麇鹿冬季的生境选择。共随机抽取了195个样方,其中石首麇鹿国家级自然保护区内111个,保护区外江南三合垸84个。在样方中测定了食物丰富度、距水源的距离、距林缘距离、距道路的距离、植被类型、距最近居民点的距离6种生境因子。用SPSS软件分别进行卡方检验、主成分分析和相关分析。结果表明：麇鹿选择食物丰富、距水源近且远离人为干扰的开阔生境;影响麇鹿冬季生境选择的3个主成分依次为食物因子、人为干扰因子、水源因子;鹿群大小与各生境因子相关不显著。该结果可为保护和改善石首麇鹿的栖息地提供参考。     

蜂桶寨自然保护区小熊猫对生境的选择

2002年4月至11月,在邛崃山系宝兴蜂桶寨自然保护区设点,应用资源选择函数和资源选择指数研究了小熊猫对生境的选择和利用。结果表明,影响小熊猫生境选择的关键因子是水源距离、竹子基径、灌木密度;次关键因子是坡位、树桩密度、倒木密度;次要因子是坡向、乔木密度;而郁闭度、坡度、植被类型、乔木高度、灌木高度、树桩高度、树洞密度、人为干扰的影响不明显。小熊猫喜欢在水源较近(<250m)、竹子长势良好(基径大于4 0mm)、灌木和乔木密度大(大于1 5株 20m2)、树桩和倒木数量多(>1根 400m2)、中上坡位、南坡的针叶林或针阔混交林活动。小熊猫的生境资源选择函数为:logit(P)=-13 527-3 180×水源距离 2 702×竹子基径 2 582×灌木密度 2 134×树桩密度 2 104×坡位 1 622×倒木密度-1 066×坡向 0 934×乔木密度……小熊猫对生境的选择概率为:P=elogit(P) (1 elogit(P))