红脂大小蠹的发生和危害规律

采用标准地调查和单株调查的方法,研究了红脂大小蠹的发生和危害规律。结果表明：红脂大小蠹主要为害油松的基部和根部,多为胸径7．5cm以上、树龄30年生以上的树木,幼龄树受害很少;海拔850m以上的树木受害重,且随海拔的增高危害加重;路边树木受害最为严重,其次是山顶,林缘树木受害较轻,林内树木受害最轻;在不同坡向分布的树木,阴坡受害大于半阴坡,半阴坡大于阳坡;此外,该害虫一般侵害树势衰弱的林木,随着树势衰弱程度的增加,其危害程度加重,树体内害虫数量与树木的衰弱程度呈线性相关,其方程为Y=13．32X-16．25,此方程可以用来推断红脂大小蠹可能发生的程度。     

黑里河地区红脂大小蠹出孔与降落位置的研究

【目的】明确红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens羽化出孔位置及受吸引时的降落位置,为监测和诱捕等防治技术提供理论依据。【方法】在内蒙古自治区黑里河国家级自然保护区,通过对受害油松的干基部及周边地面进行分区采集,统计红脂大小蠹的出孔位置;统计扬飞期受引诱剂吸引的红脂大小蠹的降落位置。【结果】红脂大小蠹多在寄主树木根部越冬,成虫出蛰伏后咬破根皮向上挖穿土层到达地表;受害树干基及周围地表不同区域出孔的红脂大小蠹比例存在极显著差异（P<0.001）。在距受害树干基0-50 cm的地表区域内捕获的红脂大小蠹最多,占79.90%±16.99%,其次为距受害树干基50-100 cm的区域,捕获比例为17.77%±14.12%,在树干上捕获的红脂大小蠹的比例较低。明确了红脂大小蠹寻找寄主时的降落位置,在不同区域的降落比例具有极显著差异（P<0.001）。在树干距地表0-50 cm高处降落的红脂大小蠹最多,占比为41.09%±4.25%,其次是树干50-100 cm的区域,占27.47%±4.31%,此外树干100-150 cm的区域、地面距干基0-150 cm范围内也均有红脂大小蠹降落。【结论】在黑里河地区,红脂大小蠹多在根部越冬,翌年多在距干基0-50 cm的地表区域内出孔并扩散。在使用熏蒸法防治时,建议以受害树为中心覆盖50 cm的地面,如有条件可覆盖到距干基100 cm;红脂大小蠹在寻找寄主时,多降落在树干距地面0-50 cm的高度,建议在较低的高度悬挂诱捕器。     

陕西红脂大小蠹天敌种类调查

对陕西红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte危害区的天敌种类调查表明,寄生于红脂大小蠹的病原真菌共有5种,其中幼虫期有头孢霉Cephalosporium sp.、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana和拟卵孢霉Ovulariopsis sp.,成虫期有球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana、枝顶孢霉Acremonium sp.、头孢霉Cephalosporium sp.、木霉Trichoderma sp.4种,其中以球孢白僵菌和枝顶孢霉Acremonium sp.的致病能力最为显著。捕食性天敌昆虫主要有西岳蛇蛉Agulla xiyue Yang et Chou、日本弓背蚁Camponotus japionicus Mayr、中华红林蚁Formica sinensis Wheeler、蚁形郭公甲Thanasimus formicarius(L.)及纤细阎甲Platysoma attenuata(LeConte),它们对红脂大小蠹均有较明显的控制作用。寄生性天敌主要有1种寄生蝇和1种茧蜂。     

红脂大小蠹入侵机制与化学生态学研究

红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte是近来入侵我国的重大林业害虫,入侵山西后迅速在相邻省份扩展蔓延。文章围绕作者对红脂大小蠹入侵来源地、暴发机制以及红脂大小蠹化学生态学等领域开展的研究工作进展进行了总结。历史资料记载和分子证据均支持红脂大小蠹由北美(美国西海岸)地区传入。松树萜烯类化合物是红脂大小蠹寻找适合寄主的重要信号物质,近期在北美和中国几个地区同时开展的研究,确认了3-蒈烯对红脂大小蠹具有最强引诱作用,该研究结果简化和修正了先前北美一直使用的3组分植物源引诱剂配方;在筛选有效引诱成分的基础上,开展了引诱剂定量缓释载体的研究,该释放载体已经被授权专利,并得到广泛推广应用。红脂大小蠹信息素一直没有得到鉴定,近来通过对红脂大小蠹后肠提取物的分析,分离鉴定了5种电生理和行为上有生物活性的萜烯类氧化物,其中有3个组分对红脂大小蠹植物源引诱剂具有增效作用。在驱避剂方面,研究证实了马鞭草烯酮以及非寄主挥发物对红脂大小蠹具有驱避作用。同时,研究证明,马鞭草烯酮对红脂大小蠹的作用存在剂量效应。目前,作者正开展红脂大小蠹-共生菌-寄主松树三者相互关系以及红脂大小蠹与土著种之间化学通讯等方面的研究,以期阐明红脂大小蠹的入侵性及暴发机制,寻求更有效的控制途径。     

外来入侵种红脂大小蠹COⅠ基因分化的研究

红脂大小蠹Dendroctonu svalens LeConte为近年来危害最为严重的外来入侵生物。本研究利用特异引物扩增出红脂大小蠹COⅠ基因序列(GenBank登录号:GQ495096-GQ495128),在160个位点中发现3个该种与大小蠹属其他种不同的特异位点;比较不同地理种群的红脂大小蠹,发现中国种群间遗传分化不明显,说明入侵种的瓶颈效应,而遗传变异是入侵种与环境长期互作的结果;基于COⅠ基因序列比对的研究发现,入侵中国的红脂大小蠹与该虫原发生地北美洲部分种群具有同源性。     

气候变化条件下红脂大小蠹在中国的潜在适生区预测

红脂大小蠹作为一种国际性重大林业害虫,传入我国后,立即成为油松的致命性害虫并迅速在我国扩散开来。本研究利用中国历史气候数据(1981-2010年)和未来气候数据(2011-2040年),以CLIMEX软件和红脂大小蠹的生物学特性资料为理论依据,分析、预测、比较在历史气候条件下和未来气候条件下红脂大小蠹在中国的气候适生区。结果表明:在历史和未来气候条件下,红脂大小蠹的适生区域均集中在我国南方和华北地区,高度适生区所占比例最大。而在未来气候变暖条件下,由于各地的气候条件将发生变化,红脂大小蠹的适生区将向西北和东北方向扩增。研究表明气候变化会对红脂大小蠹的适生区有一定的影响,会导致其适生范围变大,适生边界北移,大部分地区适生程度增大。研究结果可为未来红脂大小蠹在我国的检疫防控、控制其扩散暴发提供一定的理论依据。     

北京地区红脂大小蠹空间分布型与抽样技术研究

对北京地区红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte空间分布型进行了研究。结果表明红脂大小蠹成聚集分布,其聚集原因是由红脂大小蠹本身的聚集行为或聚集行为与环境的异质性共同作用引起。同时,应用Iwao统计方法,提出了最适理论抽样数和最佳序贯抽样模型。     

7种松树挥发物分析及其主要萜烯类物质对红脂大小蠹行为选择的影响

入侵种红脂大小蠹在我国逐渐向北扩散至内蒙古和辽宁等地.同时在林间发现,相对于油松Pinus tabuliformis,其更偏好危害樟子松Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica.本文主要分析我国7种松树挥发性物质以及新发生地红脂大小蠹对其中主要物质的行为选择.本研究采用动态顶空采样法和气相色谱——质...     

盐源县小高山林业有害昆虫红脂大小蠹风险性评估

[目的] 针对盐源小高山林业有害昆虫红脂大小蠹进行风险性评估，为该地区开展红脂大小蠹的防控、监测预警和风险管理提供依据。[方法] 采用多指标综合评价法、风险分析方法，对影响红脂大小蠹的分布、传入定殖扩散、潜在危害、受害寄主经济重要性、危险性管理难度这5个因素进行分析，经查阅文献，并综合考虑红脂大小蠹在"国外、国内和盐源小高山"的分布对综合评价值R的影响，通过调整地理分布在评估系统的权重，进而优化评估体系，提出风险评估量化指标体系，计算红脂大小蠹的风险性分值。[结果] 盐源县小高山红脂大小蠹的风险性分值为2.05，为高度危险发生害虫。[结论] 红脂大小蠹已对盐源县小高山地区的云南松林造成一定的危害，应加强监测预警，防控其危害进一步扩大，为林业生态安全提供保障。     

外来入侵害虫红脂大小蠹对寄主挥发物的反应

2002年,利用寄主挥发性物质(+)-α-蒎烯、(-)-β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和(-)柠檬烯按不同配比制成诱芯,采用自行研制的挥发物释放装置,在山西省关帝山森林经营局西葫芦林场对危害油松Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.的重大外来入侵林业害虫红脂大小蠹Dendroctomus valens LeConte进行了引诱试验。结果表明,3蒈烯对红脂大小蠹的引诱作用最强,明显优于单独使用(+)-α-蒎烯和(-)-β-蒎烯的诱虫效果,也比北美应用的标准诱芯［(+)- α蒎烯(-)-β-蒎烯与3-蒈烯的比例为1∶1∶1］效果好;在标准诱芯中加入油松另一主要成分-(-)柠檬烯会明显降低诱虫效果。红脂大小蠹引诱剂最佳释放量为150 mg/d。该研究不仅对我国红脂大小蠹的监控具有实际应用意义,也从理论上探讨了红脂大小蠹与寄主油松协同进化的化学生态学过程。     

Male Mate Choice in Lemur catta

Though females are generally more selective in mate choice, males may also derive reproductive benefits from exercising mate selectivity if one or more factors limit male reproductive success and females differ in reproductive potential. I used male mating effort as a proxy for male mate choice in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). I calculated mating effort as the rate of male-male agonism during each female's estrous period 30 min before and 30 min after the first and last mountings with intromission. I collected data on 1 free-ranging Lemur catta troop during 2 consecutive breeding seasons on St. Catherines Island, USA. In both yrs, male mating effort differed significantly among troop females once I adjusted male-male agonistic rates to reflect agonistic intensity, and I corrected for the number of observed mates per female (2000: χ² = 27.43, df = 3, p < 0.0001; 2001: χ² = 21.10, df = 3, p < 0.001). Results strongly suggest male mate choice. Contrary to expectation, males did not expend the greatest mating effort for females with the highest dominance status nor the highest reproductive success. Males preferred females that either: (1) belonged to the age class in which fecundity and infant survival is the highest at this site (4–9 yrs), or 2) were older females (≥10 yrs) with high reproductive success. Female reproductive potential appears to be an important variable determining male mating effort in Lemur catta.     

Male Mate Choice in Trichogramma Turkestanica

In most animals it is the sex that invests the most in reproduction, generally the female, that expresses mate choice. However, in numerous species, males or both males and females are choosy. We investigated mate choice in males of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma turkestanica Meyer (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). We tested the impact of age and feeding status of males on their capacity to choose between virgin or mated and kin or non-kin females. As expected, males showed no preference between kin and non-kin mates, but inseminated virgin females over mated ones. No effect of age on the level of choosiness was found, but unfed males were choosier than fed ones. This is the first study to show an effect of feeding status of males on mate choice in insect parasitoids.     

Influence of Inbreeding on Female Mate Choice in Two Species of Drosophila

Many organisms have been reported to choose their mates in order to increase the heterozygosity of their offspring by avoiding mating with relatives or homozygous individuals. Most previous studies using Drosophila melanogaster have used artificial chromosomes or extreme inbreeding treatments, situations unlikely to be matched in nature. Additionally, few studies have examined the interaction between female inbreeding status and her choice of mate. Using females and males from populations that had experienced either random mating or one generation of sib-sib inbreeding, we measured the preferences of females for males. Our results indicate that outbred males were chosen more often than inbred males and that this preference may be more pronounced in outbred females than in inbred ones.     

Mate Choice in Male Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx)

Male primates that attempt to monopolize access to receptive females by mate‐guarding expend time and energy and risk injury, making reproduction costly. Males should therefore show mate choice and preferentially allocate mating effort to females that are likely to be fertile and those that will produce high‐quality offspring. Specifically, males should preferentially mate‐guard high‐ranking females rather than low‐ranking females, as such females are more likely to be fertile and are able to invest more in offspring. Males should also prefer parous females to nullipares, for similar reasons. Finally, males should avoid mating with close relatives, to avoid the deleterious effects of inbreeding. We investigated 13 group‐years of mate‐guarding observations for two semi‐free‐ranging groups of mandrills to examine the influence of these factors on male investment in mate‐guarding. We found that males mate‐guarded higher‐ranking females more than lower‐ranking females, and parous females more than nullipares. Female age, true relatedness and maternal kinship did not influence male mate‐guarding. Our results suggest that male mandrills do exercise mate choice for higher‐quality females, in the form of higher‐ranking and parous females. As alpha males are responsible for the great majority of mate‐guarding, this can lead to assortative mating, where high‐ranking males reproduce with high‐ranking females, and has important implications for social relationships and kin selection.     

Variation in Male Mate Choice in Drosophila melanogaster

Male mate choice has been reported in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, even though males of this species were previously thought to maximise their fitness by mating with all available females. To understand the evolution of male mate choice it is important to understand variation in male mating preferences. Two studies, using different stock populations and different methods, have reported contrasting patterns of variation in male mate choice in D. melanogaster. Two possible explanations are that there are evolved differences in each stock population or that the methods used to measure choice could have biased the results. We investigated these hypotheses here by repeating the methods used in one study in which variable male mate choice was found, using the stock population from the other study in which choice was not variable. The results showed a significant resource-independent male preference for less fecund, smaller females, which contrasts with previous observations of male mate choice. This indicates that different selection pressures between populations have resulted in evolved differences in the expression of male mate choice. It also reveals phenotypic plasticity in male mate choice in response to cues encountered in each choice environment. The results highlight the importance of variation in male mate choice, and of identifying mechanisms in order to understand the evolution of mate choice under varying ecological conditions.     

Effects of Age and Experience on Male Mate Choosiness

Mate choosiness by males has been documented in many taxa but we still do not know how it varies with age even though such variation can be important for our understanding of sexual selection on females. Theory provides conflicting predictions: young males, who are less attractive to females than older males, may be less choosy, or older males, who face fewer expected future mating opportunities, may be less choosy. In our experiments with fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), young (1‐d‐old) males spent relatively less time courting recently mated females than did mature (4‐d‐old) males. Overall, there was a gradual decline in male mate choosiness from age 1–7 d. As male age was correlated with the duration of deprivation from females, we tested for the effect of deprivation and found that same‐age males previously exposed to females were choosier than female‐deprived males. We also assessed key male parameters that could affect choosiness and found that, compared to mature males, young males were less attractive to females, less competitive in intramale interactions and less fertile. Although the lesser attractiveness and competitiveness should select for lesser mate choosiness in young males, their limited fertility and more expected future mating opportunities seem to override the other factors and lead to high mate choosiness in young males. Overall, our data indicate that young males just after reaching sexual maturity are choosy and that subsequent exposure to females can maintain high levels of male mate choosiness with age. Hence, males can contribute much more to sexual selection than previously appreciated.     

Repeatability of Male Mate Choice in the Mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki

Male mate choice has evolved in many species in which female fecundity increases with body size. In these species, males are thought to have been selected to favour mating with large females over smaller ones, thereby potentially increasing their reproductive success. While male mate choice is known to occur, it is less well studied than female mate choice and little is known about variation in mating preference among individual males. Here, we presented individual male eastern mosquitofish ( Gambusia holbrooki ) with paired females that differed in body size, and we quantified their mate preference on two consecutive days, allowing us to assess repeatability of preferences expressed. When males were allowed to view paired stimulus females, but not to acquire chemical or tactile cues from them, they exhibited a strong preference for large females over smaller ones. However, individual males were not consistent in the strength of their preference and repeatability was not significant. When individual males were allowed to fully interact with pairs of females, the males again exhibited a preference for large females over smaller ones, as revealed by a greater number of attempted copulations with large females than with smaller ones. In the latter social context, individual male preference was significantly repeatable. These results indicate that male eastern mosquitofish from our Florida study population possess, on average, a mating preference for larger females and that this preference is repeatable when males socially interact freely with females. The significant repeatability for mating preference, based on female body size, obtained for male mosquitofish in the current study is consistent with the presence of additive genetic variation for such preferences in our study population and thus with the opportunity for the further evolution of large body size in female mosquitofish through male mate choice.