西伯利亚蝮-中介蝮复合种在中国的分布及其种下分类（蛇亚目：蝮亚科）

我国学者一度认为中国北方不同地区的"中介蝮"(Gloydius intermedius)是一个单一物种,但中国东北、西北、华北地区不同的"中介蝮"彼此的形态和生活习性都有明显差异。为了探究这种差异的内在原因,本研究在中国境内进行了较大范围野外调查采样,并检视了相关标本,通过形态学和分子系统发育分析,并结合地理分布资料,对中国北方的体中段背鳞23行的一些亚洲蝮属蛇类进行了比较研究。结果表明,中国不同地区的"中介蝮"彼此形态差异显著,具分类鉴别意义,达到亚种划分标准,进而将这些蝮蛇与西伯利亚蝮不同亚种间的形态特征和模式产地信息进行了比对,发现这些蝮蛇符合西伯利亚蝮(G.halys)种下几个亚种的鉴定标准:主产区位于东北及内蒙古东部者应为G.h.halys(西伯利亚蝮指名亚种);主产区位于华北地区者应为G.h.stejnegeri;主产区位于西北地区者应为G.h.cognatus。分子研究结果揭示,我国西伯利亚蝮不同亚种在系统发育树中不构成单系群,且彼此间线粒体基因遗传距离达到或高出该复合种中其他已知独立种间的距离。故建议将G.h.stejnegeri和G.h.cognatus从西伯利亚蝮种下独立分出,称华北蝮(G.stejnegeri)和阿拉善蝮(G.cognatus)。单倍型网络分析亦建议将G.h.caraganus提升为种级。本研究亦证实了蛇岛蝮(G.shedaoensis)在辽东半岛陆地山区的分布,从而恢复蛇岛蝮千山亚种(G.sh.qianshanensis)的有效性,主张在下一步工作中对其进行新模指订和再描述工作。在上述结果基础上,对我国境内上述几种蝮蛇的地理分布资料进行了系统地整理和补充。     

江西药用蛇类资源及养殖现状调查研究

目的调查江西药用蛇类资源的种类、分布及养殖企业的现状,提出药用蛇类资源保护及利用建议。方法根据江西蛇类资源文献的整理和药材市场的调查,研究江西药用蛇类的种类和分布;通过走访调查以及野生动物管理部门驯养繁殖资料的整理,了解江西养殖药用蛇类企业的养殖现状。结果江西全省分布有蛇类69种,其中31种具有药用价值,养殖较为广泛的有乌梢蛇(Zaocys dhumnades)、银环蛇(Bungarus multicinctus)、尖吻蝮(Deinagkistrodon acutus)、王锦蛇(Elaphe carinata)和滑鼠蛇(Ptyas mucosus)等,药用蛇类养殖企业有38家,养殖的药用蛇类种类达12种。结论江西药用蛇类资源分布广泛,药用蛇类养殖企业驯养繁殖技术滞后,建议加强药用蛇类的野外资源保护、驯养繁殖及综合利用的研究。     

南岳衡山蛇类调查初报

１９８９至１９９４年作者对南岳衡山蛇类进行调查，并发现蛇类２８种，其中２４种在湖南的分布已有报道，另有滑鼠蛇、红点锦蛇、日本蝮短尾亚种和丽纹蛇甲仙埔亚种未见公开报道，应为湖南蛇类分布新纪录。所调查的种类仅竹叶青未采到标本，其它各种均采到一至数例标本。近两年的调查发现南岳衡山境内具有经济价值的蛇类数量呈明显下降趋势。     

黑龙江省蛇类物种多样性调查及保护

通过多年的野外调查和采集,共在黑龙江省31个县（市、区）获得蛇类标本592号.结合有关资料记载,证实黑龙江省蛇类隶属2科6属11种,约占我国蛇类总数的5.42%,均属于古北界物种,与国内其他省相比黑龙江省蛇类物种多样性水平较低,种群数量较少.建议加强对蛇类保护生物学的研究及其生境的保护,合理开发利用蛇类资源.     

中国特有蛇类资源及保护建议

概述了中国54种特有蛇类状况,对香港盲蛇Typhlops lazelli、温泉蛇Thermophis baileyi、莽山烙铁头蛇Zhaoermia mangshanensis和蛇岛蝮Gloydius shedaoensis 4种极危种类进行了初步分析.讨论了中国特有蛇类的受胁现状及因素,提出保护策略和措施,建议建立中国特有珍稀蛇类繁育基地.     

几种腹蛇12S rRNA和Cyt b 基因片段序列的初步研究

首次对我国几种腹属蛇类的12S rRNA和Cyt b 基因的部分序列进行了测定。12S rRNA基因片段序列结果揭示：中介蝮有较大的种下分化。本文为蝮属蛇类的分子系统学研究提供了一些资料。     

几种腹蛇12S rRNA和Cyt b基因片段序列的初步研究

首次对我国几种腹属蛇类的１２Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ和Ｃｙｔ ｂ基因的部分序列进行了测定。１２Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ基因片段序列结果揭示：中介蝮有较大的种下分化。本文为蝮属蛇类的分子系统学研究提供了一些资料。     

江西蛇类多样性及其保护需求

目的为了有效保护江西的蛇类资源,对该地区蛇类的多样性、现状及其保护需求进行了总结。方法根据有关报道和我们调查的野外资料从物种多样性、分布、受胁情况等方面进行分析和比较。结果江西现有蛇类64种,占中国蛇类的31．1％,其中特有种18种;井冈山脊蛇（Achalinus jingganggensi）（Zong and Ma ,1983）是江西特有种,目前仅知分布于井冈山。有16种处于极度濒危、濒危和易危状态,占江西蛇类种数的25％;近危蛇类5种,占江西蛇类的7．8％。江西境内的武夷山是蛇类多样性最丰富的地区,其次是井冈山和庐山等。结论江西有近1／3的蛇类处于受胁状态,主要是由于过度利用和栖息地遭破坏所致。由于相当部分县、市缺乏蛇类分布等信息,建议尽快对江西蛇类资源进行全面调查。同时,提出相应的保护策略和措施。并建议建立特有珍稀蛇类繁育基地。     

猎物体温差异对短尾蝮捕食注毒量影响

毒液在毒蛇捕食行为中是重要且有限的资源,对不同状态的猎物进行差异化的毒液输出(毒液衡量)于毒蛇具有适应意义.蝮亚科Crotalinae蛇类具备感知热信号的红外系统,能对猎物体温进行差异化识别.毒液系统与红外系统均主要用于蝮亚科蛇类的捕食行为中,但2套系统间的互作却研究较少.实验使用化冻乳鼠作为猎物,将不同温度的乳鼠提供...     

我国蝮属蛇毒的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳比较——兼论蛇毒电泳在毒蛇分类上的应用价值

蛙科、蝮亚科、蝮属Agkistrodon(sensu stricto)已知约12种,基本上分布于古北界。我国已知产6种,个别种的分布可向南跨及东洋界的华中区。我国产种类中,intermcdius曾作为halys的亚种;blomhoffii亦曾作为halys的亚种,因而原订Agkistrodon blomhoffiibrevicaudus Stejneger 1907与Agkistrodon blomhoffii ussuriensis Emelianov 1929就曾相应改隶为Agkistrodon halys(Pallas)1776的亚种。近年来,有主张将intermedius恢复为种级(赵尔宓,1978;Gloyd,1978),赵尔宓等在讨论我国蝮蛇的种下分类时,亦提出     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。