梨冠网蝽数学形态特征的提取与分析

【目的】利用图像处理技术获取昆虫外部数学形态特征,并用于雌雄个体判别,对其远程鉴定具有重要意义。本研究的目的是通过对图像获取技术的研究,获得梨冠网蝽Stephanitis nash Esaki et Takeya雌雄个体差异的参数指标。【方法】利用中国农业大学IPMist实验室开发的BugShape(v1.0)软件对梨冠网蝽成虫的外部数学形态特征进行提取,并使用SPSS(v22.0)对数据进行分析。【结果】扫描分辨率高低对部分参数有显著影响,其中周长、中胸宽、中胸宽/腹宽等参数随着分辨率的增加而增大。软件自动测量参数(面积、等效圆半径、偏心率、紧凑度、圆形度)和手动测量参数(中胸宽、腹宽、体长/中胸宽、体长/腹宽、中胸宽/腹宽)在雌雄个体间存在显著差异。在4800dpi时,手动测量梨冠网蝽的体长为2.25mm左右,雌性成虫的中胸宽和腹宽分别比雄性成虫宽0.02mm和0.19mm。在1200dpi分辨率下,利用手动测量参数对雌雄个体进行判别时,交叉验证判别正确率达99%,仅使用自动测量参数进行判别时,交叉验证判别的正确率为79%,而同时使用两类参数时,交叉验证判别正确率为97%。【结论】利用图像处理技术对梨冠网蝽进行雌雄识别时扫描的最佳分辨率为1200dpi,获取到的部分参数在雌雄个体间存在显著差异,可以作为判别其两性的参考指标。     

三种广翅蜡蝉前翅形态数值特征提取与分析

【目的】广翅蜡蝉科昆虫是果园、茶园和园艺植物上的重要害虫之一,对其种类进行自动判别是实现其种群自动监测的基础。本研究拟通过获取3种广翅蜡蝉前翅轮廓特征探讨在其种类和性别鉴定中的作用。【方法】采用图像处理与分析技术,对3种广翅蜡蝉前翅轮廓形态特征进行提取和分析,并使用SPSS v22.0对数据进行分析。【结果】同一种广翅蜡蝉左右翅在轮廓形态上无显著差异,雌雄间各参数在不同种类广翅蜡蝉中差异性不同,其中5个实际测量参数在雌雄间差异达到显著或极显著水平,只有透明广翅蜡蝉的周长不显著。除周长和雄虫圆形度外,其它各类参数在种间的差异达到显著或极显著水平。通过典型判别分析,认为所选用的3种广翅蜡蝉,通过其前翅轮廓特征可以进行种间判别,其原始判别和交叉验证判别的正确率均超过90%。【结论】通过提取前翅轮廓特征可以实现3种广翅蜡蝉种类的识别,为此类昆虫的自动鉴定和种群监测提供了重要的参考依据。     

悬铃木方翅网蝽触角气味结合蛋白基因鉴定

【目的】悬铃木方翅网蝽Corythucha ciliata是专性危害悬铃木属Platanus植物的外来入侵害虫,本研究旨在获得该害虫触角中气味结合蛋白(OBPs)基因信息,以期寻求有效控制害虫的嗅觉分子靶标。【方法】利用Illumina HiSeq~(TM) 4000高通量测序技术对悬铃木方翅网蝽雌雄成虫触角进行转录组测序并对测序结果进行生物信息学分析;通过实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)方法,分析OBP基因在悬铃木方翅网蝽雌雄成虫触角中的表达模式。【结果】对悬铃木方翅网蝽雌雄成虫触角6个样品的转录组测序,共获得40.87 Gb clean reads,各样品的序列长度均达到6.31 Gb。转录组数据分析共鉴定出26个推测的悬铃木方翅网蝽OBP基因,其编码蛋白中24个(CcilOBP1-24)属于Classic OBPs,CcilOBP25/26属于Plus-C OBPs;与半翅目其他昆虫相关OBPs系统发育分析表明,大部分CcilOBPs形成独立一簇,少数与其他半翅目昆虫OBPs直系同源。qPCR分析显示,有11个OBP基因在雌雄成虫触角中表达量差异显著,其中有9个OBP基因(CcilOBP5/6/9/10/17/18/21/24/25)在雄成虫触角中显著高表达,有2个OBP基因(CcilOBP14/16)在雌成虫触角中显著高表达。【结论】本研究获得了悬铃木方翅网蝽成虫触角气味结合蛋白基因信息,研究结果为生物控制该害虫提供了重要基础数据和候选分子靶标。     

四种蝽科昆虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究(半翅目: 蝽科)

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳研究分析了半翅目 Hemiptera 蝽科Pentatomidae4种蝽象、赤条蝽雌雄不同个体的酯酶同工酶。结果表明 ,4种蝽象酯酶同工酶酶谱有明显差异 ,每个种都有自己的特征谱型 ;赤条蝽不同个体酶谱差异较小 ,性别差异大于个体差异 ,但都小于种间差异。     

基于计算机视觉的棉铃虫成虫雌雄自动判别研究

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是棉花作物的主要寄主害虫,其性别的自动准确判别对区域性比、种群数量等方面的预测预报具有重要意义。本文通过CCD设备获取雌雄成虫的原始彩色图像,运用数学形态学和自适应图像增强法进行滤波分析,提高害虫RGB彩色图像及分通道图像的质量。针对RGB彩色图像提取害虫的颜色矩特征,针对B通道灰度图像提取基于灰度共生和差分统计矩阵的纹理、形态不变矩等特征,对提取的36个特征数据进行归一化处理。将惩罚因子和RBF核函数参数作为SVM分类器识别率的重要判断标准,利用K折交叉验证选取最优参数组合并建立模型,当C=4,g=0.0825,识别率达到最佳98.33%。证实了将计算机视觉应用于昆虫性别自动判别的可行性。     

泛束盲蝽触角感受器扫描电镜观察

通过对昆虫纲半翅目异翅亚目盲蝽科柬盲蝽属泛柬盲蝽（Pilophoms typicus）昆虫触角进行扫描电镜拍摄,按照Patrick触角感受器的分类系统,对位于其上的4种外部感受器（毛形、刺形、鳞形和B6bhm氏鬃毛）进行分析,结果表明,4种感受器集中于鞭节、梗节、柄节处较少;毛形感受器、B6bhm氏鬃毛分布最多,雌雄无明显差异,鳞形感受器位于触角末端,排列整齐;刺形感受器位于梗节,较少。     

内蒙古菜蝽属4个种昆虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板型电泳技术,对内蒙古地区菜蝽属EurydemaLaporte横纹菜蝽E .gebleriKolenati、新疆菜蝽E .maracandicumOshanin、巴楚菜蝽E .wilkinsiDistant、菜蝽E .dominulus(Scopoli)4个种的酯酶(EST)同工酶作了比较研究。结果表明,菜蝽属4个种的EST同工酶谱带清晰、多态性强、稳定性好,且显示出各自种的特征酶谱,可作为菜蝽属昆虫系统分类学研究的重要分类特征。聚类分析结果进一步证明,内蒙古地区菜蝽属昆虫包含了4个独立的种。聚类图也清晰直观地反映了4种菜蝽之间的系统发育关系,即(((横纹菜蝽,巴楚菜蝽)新疆菜蝽)菜蝽)。     

中国长头网蝽属记述（半翅目:网蝽科）

记述中国分布的长头网蝽属昆虫5种,其中包括1新种,鄂长头网蝽Cantacader hubeianus sp.nov., 2个中国新纪录种,日本长头网蝽 C. japanicus Drake, 1947和五脊长头网蝽 C. quinquecostatus (Fieber, 1844)。给出了长头网蝽属中国种类检索表和23幅形态图。模式标本保存于南开大学昆虫标本室。     

四种蝽科昆虫酯酶同工酶的比较研究（半翅目∶蝽科）

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳研究分析了半翅目Ｈｅｍｉｐｔｅｒａ蝽科Ｐｅｎｔａｔｏｍｉｄａｅ４种蝽象、赤条昃雌雄不同个体的酯酶同工酶。结果表明,４种蝽象酯酶同工酶酶谱有明显差异,每个种都有自己的特征谱型;赤条蝽不同个体酶谱差异较小,性别差异大于个体差异,但都小于种间差异。     

中国长头网蝽属记述

记述中国分布的长头网蝽属昆虫5种,其中包括1新种,鄂长头网蝽Cantacader hubeianus sp.nov.,2个中国新世纪录种,日本长头网蝽C.japanicus Drake,1947和五脊长头网蝽C.quinquecostatus(Fieber,1844)。给出了长头网蝽属中国种类检索表和23幅形态图。模式标本保存于南开大学昆虫标本室。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism