风毛菊属6种植物的核型分析

采用常规压片技术对分布于横断山区菊科(Compositae)风毛菊属(Saussurea DC.)的6种植物进行染色体数目和核型分析。结果表明:尖苞雪莲（S.polycolea var.acutisquama）核型公式为:2n=2x=32=20m+12sm,属2B型;球花雪莲核（S.globosa）型公式为:2n=2x=34=16m+18sm,属2B型;重齿风毛菊(S.katochaete)核型公式为:2n=2x=32=8m+18sm+6st,属3B型;柱茎风毛菊(S.columnaris)核型公式为:2n=2x=32=24m+8sm,属2B型;禾叶风毛菊(S.graminea)核型公式为:2n=2x=28=8m+18sm+2st,属3B型;长毛风毛菊(S.hieracioides)核型公式为:2n=2x=32=12m+16sm+4st,属2B型。6个种染色体中均未发现随体。其中尖苞雪莲和柱茎风毛菊染色体为首次报道。     

Comparative karyomorphology and interrelationships ofSelaginella in Japan

Karyomorphological comparisons were made of 16 native and cultivated species ofSelaginella in Japan. The somatic chromosome numbers are 2n=16 inS. boninensis; 2n=18 inS. doederleinii, S. helvetica, S. limbata, S. lutchuensis, S. nipponica, S. selaginoides, S. tama-montana, andS. uncinata; 2n=20 inS. biformis, S. involvens, S. moellendorffii, S. remotifolia, andS. tamariscina; 2n=30 inS. rossii; and 2n=32 inS. heterostachys. The interphase nuclei of all species examined are uniformly assigned to the simple chromocenter type. The metaphase karyotype of 2n=16 (x=8) is 8 m (=median centromeric chromosomes)+8(st+t)(=subterminal and terminal). The group of the species having 2n=18 (x=9) is heterogeneous karyomorphologically: The karyotype ofS. nipponica is 2n=18=6 m+12(st+t),S. tama-montana 10 m+2 sm(=submedian)+6(st+t), andS. uncinata 6 m+7 sm+5(st+t). Although the remaining five species have the common karyotype 8 m+4 sm+6(st+t), the values of mean chromosome length are variable. Another group of the specles having 2n=20 (x=10) is homogeneous, since all species have the same karyotypes 8 m+4 sm+8(st+t) and have similar chromosome size. The karyotype of 2n=30 is 12 m+6 sm+12(st+t) and is suggested to be a triploid of x=10, and 2n=32=16m+16(st+t), a tetraploid of x=8. Thus, three kinds of basic chromosome numbers, x=8, 9, 10 are present in JapaneseSelaginella examined, and their karyomorphological relationships are discussed.     

Karyomorphological studies onWoodwardia sensu lato of Japan

Karyomorphological comparisons were made of five species of JapaneseWoodwardia. There were no marked differences at interphase and prophase among the five species.Woodwardia japonica, W. prolifera, andW. unigemmata were diploid with 2n=68 and the formulas of their metaphase karyotypes uniformly 4m(median centromeric chromosomes)+12sm(submedian)+52(st+t)(subterminal and terminal).Woodwardia orientalis was tetraploid with 2n=136 and 8m+24sm+104(st+t), and the ratio of each chromosomal type to total complement was identical to that of three diploid species. These four species had several characteristics in common:x=34, the longest chromosome of sm, and a mean chromosome length over 3.0 μm. AlthoughWoodwardia orientalis showed some similarity toW. prolifera, it seems to be an allotetraploid which originated by chromosome doubling of a hybrid ofW. prolifera and a diploid species as yet karyomorphologically unknown.Woodwardia kempii was tetraploid with 2n=124 and 8m+24sm+92(st+t), and differed from the others in havingx=31, the longest chromosomes of t, and a mean chromosome length under 3.0 μm. This species has been classified as an independent genus,Chieniopteris, and our karyomorphological study supports this treatment.     

风毛菊属5种植物的核型分析

采用常规压片法,对风毛菊属(Saussurea)5种植物的染色体数目和核型类型进行分析。结果表明:大耳叶风毛菊(S.macrota)核型公式为2n=2x=26=10m+12sm+4st,属2A型;长梗风毛菊(S.dolichopoda)核型公式为2n=2x=26=14m+8sm+4st,属2A型;川陕风毛菊(S.licentiana)核型公式为2n=2x=28=12m+16sm,属2B型;杨叶风毛菊(S.populifolia)核型公式为2n=2x=28=6m+18sm+4st,属2B型;尾叶风毛菊(S.caudata)核型公式为2n=2x=30=14m+14sm+2st,属2A型。这5种风毛菊属植物中,除大耳叶风毛菊染色体数目和核型类型与前人报道的一致外,其余4种植物的染色体数目和核型类型均为首次报道,并在川陕风毛菊中发现1对B染色体。     

我国入侵植物薇甘菊(菊科)的细胞学研究

为了解入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)的细胞学特性,研究了薇甘菊在我国广东东南部4居群和台湾2居群的染色体数目和染色体形态。结果表明,所有居群的薇甘菊染色体数目均为2n=36,第一对染色体为近中部着丝粒染色体,其长臂中部具有次缢痕,显著大于其余染色体。广东深圳大学和深圳水库居群的核型公式为2n=20m+14sm+2st;广东汕头、阳江和台湾屏东居群为2n=22m+12sm+2st;台湾宜兰居群为2n=18m+16sm+2st。此前有报道薇甘菊深圳大学居群的染色体数目为2n=38,推断为制片过程中第一对染色体从次缢痕处断裂而导致的计数错误。因此,薇甘菊虽存在非整倍性和多倍性变化,但在广东东南部和台湾的入侵居群中目前仅发现基于x=18的二倍体(2n=36),该种在这些地区的成功入侵与多倍性无关。     

獐牙菜属5种植物的核型研究

首次报道了中国５种獐芽菜属植物的染色体数目和核型。它们染色体中期核和相对长度组分分别是：四数獐牙菜为２ｎ＝１４＝４ｍ＋８ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＝２Ｌ＋６Ｍ２＋４Ｍ１＋２Ｓ;华北獐牙菜２ｎ＝２８＝１２ｍ＋１４ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＝６Ｌ＋８Ｍ１＋＋６Ｓ;二叶獐牙菜为２ｎ＝２８＝１４ｍ＋４ｓｍ＋１０ｓｔ＝２Ｌ＋１４Ｍ２＋１０１＋ｓＳ;抱茎獐 菜为２ｎ＝６ｍ＋１２ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＝８Ｍ２＋１２Ｍ;浙江獐牙菜为２ｎ＝２０＝８ｍ＋     

蟛蜞菊属和孪花菊属(菊科-向日葵族)的细胞学研究

研究了菊科向日葵族鳢肠亚族蟛蜞菊属(Sphagneticola O. Hoffm.)和孪花菊属(Wollastonia DC. ex Decne.)各2种植物的染色体数目和染色体形态。蟛蜞菊[S. calendulacea (L.) Pruski]的染色体数目为2n=50, 核型公式为2n=18m+30sm+2st,南美蟛蜞菊[S. trilobata (L.) Pruski]的染色体数目为2n=56, 核型公式为2n=24m+28sm+4st, 孪花菊[W. biflora (L.) DC.]的染色体数目为2n=30,核型公式为2n=24m+4sm+2st,山孪花菊[W. montana (Blume) DC.]的染色体数目为2n=74, 核型公式为2n=37m+31sm+6st。根据上述结果并结合以前的有关资料,推测蟛蜞菊属的染色体基数可能为x=14和x=25,而不应是x=15。该属的3个新世界热带种[S. brachycarpa (Baker) Pruski、S. gracilis (Richard) Pruski和南美蟛蜞菊]可能都基于x=14, 其中S. gracilis为二倍体(2n=2x=28), S. brachycarpa和南美蟛蜞菊为四倍体(2n=4x=56); 唯一的亚洲种(蟛蜞菊)可能是基于x=25的二倍体(2n=2x=50)。染色体资料不支持将山孪花菊(x=37)这一植物置于孪花菊属(x=15)中。     

角堇与大花三色堇染色体核型分析

以2份角堇与4份大花三色堇自交系为试验材料,采用染色体常规压片方法,观察和分析了它们的细胞染色体数目、相对长度、平均臂比等核型指标,以明确两种植物细胞学特点,为分类以及育种提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)2份角堇自交系染色体数目均为2n=2x=26,染色体基数为x=13,染色体核型公式分别为2n=2x=26=8m+12sm+6st、2n=2x=26=4m+16sm+6st,核型不对称系数为67.20%~70.10%,核型分类均属于3B。(2)4份大花三色堇自交系均为四倍体,其中2份(EYO-1-2-1-4、DSRFY-1-1-2)染色体数目为44,核型公式为2n=4x=44=4m+16sm+6st、2n=4x=44=16m+24sm+4st;2份(G10-1-3-1-4、XXL-YB-1-1-1-1)染色体数目为48,核型公式分别为2n=4x=48=8m+20sm+20st、2n=4x=48=4m+36sm+8st,核型不对称系数为66.74%~71.77%,核型分类属于2B、3B。     

Karyomorphology of the genusLycopodium sensu stricto and relationships among species

Karyomorphological comparisons were made of six species of JapaneseLycopodium sensu stricto. There were no marked differences at interphase and prophase among the six species.Lycopodium annotinum had 2n=68 and the formula of its metaphase karyotype was 18m(median centromeric chromosomes)+12sm(submedian)+12st(subterminal)+26t(terminal).Lycopodium casuarinoides had 2n=68=16m+10sm+18st+24t,L. clavatum 2n=68=22m+12sm+18st+16t, andL. obscurum 2n=68=10m+22sm+20st+16t. Each of these species, which belong to different sections, displayed several karyomorphological differences. Among themL. casuarinoides differs largely from the others in its mean chromosome length, ratio of the longest chromosome to the shortest, and frequency of m+sm chromosomes. BothLycopodium complanatum andL. nikoense, belonging to sectionComplanata, had a common karyotype 2n=46=10m+12sm+18st+6t. This section displayed a low differentiation in its karyotype. In the wholeLycopodium s.s., the ratios of m+sm in a complement varied from 38 to 50%, being higher among pteridophytes.     

扇脉杓兰和无距虾脊兰的核型分析

为了解扇脉杓兰(Cypripedium japonicum Thunb.)和无距虾脊兰(Calanthe tsoongiana T. Tang et F. T. Wang)的核型,采用根尖压片法对扇脉杓兰和无距虾脊兰的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。结果表明,扇脉杓兰体细胞的染色体数为22,核型公式为2n=2x=22=16m+2sm+2st+2t,染色体相对长度组成为2n=22=2L+6M2+12M1+2S,核不对称系数为60.01%,核型分类为2B型;而无距虾脊兰体细胞的染色体数为40,核型公式为2n=2x=40=28m+10sm+2st,染色体相对长度组成为2n=40=8L+10M2+16M1+6S,核不对称系数为59.84%,核型分类为2B型;两者核型都较为对称。其中,无距虾脊兰的核型为首次报道。这为扇脉杓兰和无距虾脊兰的进化地位和种质保护提供了细胞学证据。     

Karyology of four land-planarian species of the genus Bipalium from Japan

We have employed a new scale for characterizing chromosomal forms in the karyotypes of four species of Bipalium from five localities in Japan. Specimens of Bipalium nobile Kawakatsu et Makino, 1982, from Yokohama had a diploid chromosome number of 2x = 10 (2m + 2sm + 2sm + st & sm + 2sm); specimens of the same species from Toyonaka had this number as well but with slightly different chromosomal form (2m + 2sm + sm & st + 2st + m & sm). An undescribed species from Sanjô, Bipalium sp. 2, with two dorsal stripes and a yellow head crescent, had 2x = 10 (2m + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm + 2m); and another undescribed species from Chichijima Island, Bipalium sp. 3, with five dorsal stripes, had 2x = 10 (2m + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm + 2m). A non-sexual bipaliid tentatively identified as Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878, from Chichijima Island had 2x = 18 (2m + 2m + 2m + 2sm + 2st + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm).     

Cytological studies on six cyprinid fishes

The chromosome complements of six cyprinid fishes were studied, using the routine air-drying Giemsa staining technique. The diploid chromosome number recorded is 2n = 50 (8m+18sm+14st+10t) with NF = 90 in Aspidoparia morar, 2n = 50 (8m+12sm+12st+18t) with NF = 82 in Crossocheilus latius latius, 2n = 50 (6m+12sm–16st+16t) with NF = 90 in Labeo pangusia, 2n = 70 (16m+6sm+16st–32t) with NF = 108 in Perilampus atpar, 2n = 48 (4m+6st+38t) with NF = 58 in Puntius chrysopterus and 2n = 50 (2m+2sm+4st+42t) with NF = 58 in P. tetrarupagus. Sex chromosomes are not identifiable in any of these species. A pair of marker chromosomes has been observed in all species excepting A. morar.     

Karyotype Comparison of Populus SectTacamahaca

The paper identified and compared the karyotypes of 10 species(varieties) of Populus sectTacamhaca.The results were as follows:Ppseudo simonii Kitag.2n=38=27m+6sm(1SAT)+4st(2SAT)+1t(1SAT);Ptrichocarpa Torr.2n=38=2M+18m(1SAT)+8sm+10st(1SAT);Pcathayana Rehd.var.Beijing 2n=38=1M+24m+6sm+7st(2SAT);Pבpopularis’ 2n=38=3M+27m+2sm(1SAT)+4st(2SAT)+2t(1SAT);Pcathayana Rehd.var.Wutai 2n=38=5M+22m+4sm+5st+2t(2SAT);Pcathayana Rehd.var.Gansulinxiaman 2n=38=2M+28m+1sm+7st(1SAT);Pcathayana Rehd.var.Qinghai 2n=38=1M+27m+3sm+6st(3SAT)+1t(1SAT);Pcathayana×Zhongqing 10 2n=38=1M+26m+4sm+5st(2SAT)+2t(2SAT);Pcathayana×Zhongqing 48 2n=38=16m+10sm(1SAT)+10st(2SAT)+2t(1SAT).The results showed definite karyotype differences among the species of Tacamhaca.The karyotypes of most species(varieties) are made of m and sm and a few with st and t chromosomes.The karyotypes of Tacamhaca were all of 2B type of Stebbins.This study provided important basic data for taxon of Populus.     

Karyotype analysis of the southernmost South American species of Stemodia (Scrophulariaceae)

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to examine the somatic chromosomes of seven species of Stemodia (Scrophulariaceae). The karyotypes of Stemodia ericifolia (2n = 22 = 20m + 2 sm), S. hassleriana (2n = 22 = 20m + 2sm), S. hyptoides (2n = 22 = 20m + 2sm), S. hyptoides (2n = 44 = 40m + 4sm), S. lobelioides (2n = 44 = 40m + 4sm) and S. stricta (2n = 22 = 20m + 2sm) were analyzed for the first time. All the species studied showed a predominance of metacentric chromosomes and a lower proportion of submetacentric pairs. The chromosomes in all the species were found to be small with a mean chromosome length of 1.42 μm, varying from 0.77 μm in S. hyptoides (2n = 66) to 2.10 μm in S. lanceolata. The differences in the asymmetry of the karyotypes were small, for which it is possible to assume that the great diversification of the genus has been accompanied by very small changes in the structure of the chromosomes.     

凤仙花近缘种间核型分析与叶表皮微形态研究

为探究凤仙花近缘种植物的细胞学和微形态学方面的亲缘关系,该文选取荔波凤仙花(Impatiens liboensis)及近缘种赤水凤仙花(I.chishuiensis)和管茎凤仙花(I.tubulosa)的根尖和叶表皮为实验材料,采用体细胞染色体常规压片法和叶表皮光学显微镜观察法对凤仙花近缘种植物进行染色体及叶表皮特征研...     

国产毛茛属植物五种一变种的核型

对国产6种毛茛属(Ranunculus)植物进行了核型研究。它们的核型公式分别为:扇叶毛茛2n=4x=32=12m 20sm,云生毛茛2n=4x=32=16m 10sm 6st,曲升毛茛2n=4x=32=14m 16sm 2st及2n=5x=40=18m 16sm 4st 2T,西南毛茛2n=2x=16=12m 2sm 2st,匍枝毛茛2n=2x=16=8m 8st及2n=4x=32=12m 4sm 14st 2t,棱喙毛茛2n=2x=16=6m 6sm 4st。并结合形态及孢粉的资料就毛茛属植物核型不对称系数对分类的意义进行分析。     

7种绢蒿属植物染色体数目和核型研究

首次报道了中国绢蒿属[Seriphidium (Bess.) Poljak.]7种植物的染色体数目和核型,其核型公式分别为:西北绢蒿[S.nitrosum (Web.ex Stechm.) Poljak.]2n=2x=18=6m(2SAT)+8sm +2st+2T;沙漠绢蒿[S.santolinum (Schrenk) Poljak.]2n=2x=18=14m+4sm;博洛塔绢蒿[S.borotalense (Poljak.) Ling et Y.R.Ling]2n=2x=18=2M+14m+2sm;新疆绢蒿[S.kaschgaricum (Krasch.) Poljak.]2n=2x=18=8m(2SAT)+10sm(2SAT);纤细绢蒿[S.gracilescens (Krasch.et Iljin) Poljak.]2n=2x=18=4m+14sm(2SAT);三裂叶绢蒿[S.junceum (Kar.et Kir.) Poljak.]2n=2x=18=10m+4sm+4st;民勤绢蒿[S.minchünensa Y.R.Ling]2n=2x=18=12m+6sm.结果表明,7种绢蒿植物中,博洛塔绢蒿最原始,西北绢蒿最进化.     

濒危植物兰花蕉的核型研究

研究了濒危植物兰花蕉及其变种长萼兰花蕉的核型。结果表明,兰花蕉中期染色体的相对长度为5.00～7.78μm,核型公式为2n=6x=54=23m+3sm(1sec)+1st(sec);而长萼兰花蕉中期染色体相对长度为5.00～7.92μm,核型公式为2n=6x=54=22m+4sm(2sec)+1st(sec)。按Stebbins的分类,两者均属2A型。根据核形态的有关数据分析,进一步支持将长萼兰花蕉作为兰花蕉变种处理的观点。     

Morphological and chromosomal variation in Fallopia section Reynoutria (Polygonaceae) in Korea

We have examined morphological and chromosomal variation inFallopia sect.Reynoutria in Korea to clarify their taxonomic identities and to determine whether their morphological variability is associated with ploidy levels. Principal components analysis (PCA) of individuals from 21 populations, using major distinguishing characters, revealed the presence of four major entiries of sect.Reynoutria in Korea; these includeF. sachalinensis, F. japonica var.japonica, F. forbesii, and the Nonsan population consisting of presumed hybrids. Based on morphology, it is hypothesized that the Nonsan population was probably derived from multiple hybridization events involving the three named taxa. The results also indicate thatF. forbesii is distinct fromF. japonica var.japonica. Polyploidy is more prevalent in sect.Reynoutria than has been previously recognized.Fallopia sachalinensis in Korea occurs as dodecaploids with 2n=132; our count is the first dodecaploid count for the species, and represents the highest chromosome number known in the genus.Fallopia japonica var.japonica occurs as tetraploids (2n=44), hexaploids (2n=66), and octoploids (2n=88), whileF. forbesii occurs as hexaploids (2n=66) and octoploids (2n=88); our counts appear to be the first reported chromosome numbers forF. forbesii. Morphological analysis indicates that there is no apparent correlation between the ploidy levels in these taxa and the morphological characters that we have considered in this study except that the tetraploids ofF. japonica var.japonica tend to have somewhat thicker leaves.     

四种风毛菊属植物的核型研究

本文首次报道产于我国华北地区风毛菊属（ＳａｕｓｓｕｒｅａＤＣ．）４种植物的染色体数目和核型。四个种的染色体数目均是２ｎ＝２６,都是２倍体。它们的核型是：糠风毛菊（Ｓ．Ｐａｌｅａｔａ）Ｚｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝１８ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ,属２Ｂ型,华北风毛菊（Ｓ．ｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａ）Ｚｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝１４ｍ＋４ｓｍ＋８ｓｔ,属２Ｂ型;狭苞凤毛菊（Ｓ．ｄｉｅｌｓｉａｎａ）Ｚｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝８ｍ＋１２ｓｍ＋６ｓｔ,属２Ｃ型;银背凤毛菊（Ｓ．ｎｉｖｅａ）２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝１８ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ,属２Ａ型。染色体中均未发现随体。