川滇高山栎种群不同海拔空间格局的尺度效应及个体间空间关联

川滇高山栎灌丛(Quercus aquifolioides)是我国西南高山典型的植被类型,研究其空间格局对于研究种群的生态学过程有重要意义。为了弄清川滇高山栎种群空间格局及其个体间空间关联对海拔,尺度和大小级等因素的响应情况,研究中应用点格局分析的方法,在巴郎山沿高山栎分布海拔范围设置4个海拔梯度,并根据体积大小将高山栎分为4个大小级等级,比较不同海拔、不同尺度、不同大小级间的高山栎种群空间格局及个体间空间关联。结果表明,川滇高山栎种群空间格局及其个体间关联与空间尺度、植株形体大小和海拔梯度密切相关:在小尺度上,种群趋向于聚集分布,个体间有较强的空间关联,随着空间尺度的增大,种群逐渐趋于随机分布,个体间空间关联减弱,区域无关联;个体间形体差异越小,个体间正关联就越强,个体间形体差异越大,正关联就越弱,负关联就越强;海拔因子对聚集分布的聚集规模和个体间关联的关联程度有较大影响。     

鹞落坪国家级自然保护区吊罐井物种分布格局与种间关联的多尺度分析

为了探讨群落结构形成机制,采用点格局分析方法,对鹞落坪国家级自然保护区吊罐井核心区1 hm²样地内36个优势物种在0~50 m尺度上的空间分布格局和种间关联性进行了研究.结果显示,36个物种的空间分布格局在小尺度上主要呈聚集分布,在较大尺度上呈随机分布的物种比例最高;对36个物种种间关联性的分析发现,无关联类型是该样地物种间相互作用的主要表现形式,并且在10 m尺度上无关联种对的比例最低,正相关和负相关的种对在所有尺度上的比例均未超过20%.群落结构的次生性、生境异质性和扩散限制性是导致该样地物种分布和种间关系格局的主要原因.本研究结果有助于了解物种共存的尺度依赖性特征及其形成机制.     

长喙毛茛泽泻的种群分布格局和群落内种间关联

长喙毛茛泽泻茶陵种群呈斑块分布,格局类型为聚集分布型,每个亚种群也呈聚集分布,但聚集强度不同。长喙毛茛泽泻与其几个主要伴生种的相关性经测定结果是：与莼菜及黄花狸藻之间的相关性不显著;与柳叶箬、双穗雀稗及石龙尾之间正相关显著;与疏勿蓼之间负相关显著,长喙毛茛泽泻种子近距离传播以及无性繁殖特性是造成其聚集分布的主要原因。柳叶箬、双穗雀稗和石龙尾对长喙毛茛泽泻具有极强的竞争作用。     

浙江苍南南部沿岸海域主要游泳动物生态位及种间联结性

根据2014年苍南南部沿岸海域春季(5月)和秋季(11月)的渔业资源调查资料,采用生态位测度、方差比率法、基于2×2列联表的χ²检验和联结系数(AC)等方法分析群落物种间的相互关系.结果表明： 该海域主要游泳动物按生态位宽度值可划分为广生态位种、中生态位种和窄生态位种3大类,其中广生态位种包括龙头鱼、三疣梭子蟹、口虾蛄等5种,中生态位种包括棘头梅童鱼、哈氏仿对虾和细巧仿对虾等8种,窄生态位种包括日本蟳、六丝钝尾鰕虎鱼和葛氏长臂虾等10种;种对间生态位重叠值差异较大,最大值和最小值分别为0.93和0, 部分游泳动物间可能存在资源利用性竞争.方差比率法分析表明,主要游泳动物总体呈显著正关联,其中有78个种对间的联结性达到显著水平(χ²≥3.841),联结系数(AC)中正显著联结的种对多于负显著联结.     

荒漠内陆河岸胡杨和多枝柽柳幼苗种群空间分布格局及种间关联性

运用方差均值比率法、负二项参数、丛生指标、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数和扩散系数等7个指标以及双项轨迹方差法,研究了塔里木河中下游荒漠河岸植被建群种胡杨(Populus euphratica)和多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)幼苗种群的空间分布格局和种间关联性.结果表明,胡杨和多枝柽柳幼苗的空间分布呈显著的聚集分布,聚集规模大小为16 m2.利用2×2列联表χ2统计量、联结系数和共同出现百分率等测度方法,综合分析了2个种对联结性质和程度.结果表明,胡杨和多枝柽柳2个幼苗种群表现出强的正关联,这2种植物种群现处于稳定分布格局,种间共存,占有共同的生态位.     

贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地拟步甲生态位及种间关联

[目的]拟步甲对维持荒漠半荒漠生境的生物多样性和生态系统功能具有重要作用.本研究旨在揭示拟步甲物种的生态位及种间关联,为冲积扇荒漠草地生境拟步甲群落构建机制研究奠定基础.[方法]2019年5-10月采用陷阱法调查贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地划分为100个相同大小正方形单元的200 m×200 m样地的拟步甲昆虫群落组成,运用2...     

山西灵空山刺五加种群空间分布格局及种间空间关联性

以山西灵空山自然保护区刺五加(Acanthopanax senticosus(Rupr.Maxim.)Harms)种群为对象,采用空间点格局方法中的Ripley’s K函数,对刺五加种群不同龄级的空间分布格局及其与主要灌木物种间的空间关联性进行研究,并对种群空间分布格局进行可视化解析。结果显示,刺五加种群中幼年个体数量多,径级结构呈金字塔型,为增长型种群,能够实现持续更新;刺五加种群的径级Ⅰ在小尺度上呈聚集分布,随着尺度增大出现随机分布;径级Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ在全尺度上呈聚集分布,径级Ⅴ、Ⅵ在小尺度上为聚集分布,随着龄级和空间尺度的增大,刺五加种群聚集强度渐弱,呈现随机分布;刺五加种内关联在全尺度上呈正相关,但与群落中主要灌木在小尺度上呈不相关或负相关,在大尺度上呈负相关。研究表明刺五加的生长条件较为适宜,并可以通过相互之间的庇护作用,减弱种内竞争,但与其他树种间存在强烈竞争,生存现状较差,在群落中处于劣势。     

长苞铁杉林乔木层优势种群种间关联及尺度效应研究

通过设定不同尺度的样方面积,根据2×2联列表,运用方差分析、联结系数AC、2统计量度量、 Ochiai指数系列技术,测定天宝岩国家级自然保护区长苞铁杉群落乔木层10个优势种群间的总体联结关系、 种对间联结显著性和关联系数。结果表明:长苞铁杉群落乔木层10个优势种群的总体种间关联性均呈正关 联,反映该群落处于稳定的顶极阶段;10个优势种群的种间联结关系中,有26个种对在不同尺度样方设计中 均未达到一般显著水平,种对间的相互独立性较强;样方设计为100 m2时,各项指标上规律性比较明显,它的 研究结果与实际情况相吻合。群落虽处于比较稳定的顶极阶段,但应适当调整群落结构,为长苞铁杉的生长 更新提供良好的生态环境。     

秦岭皇冠优势灌木苦糖果的空间分布格局及种内种间关联

以秦岭皇冠暖温性落叶阔叶林25 hm²森林样地中的优势灌木苦糖果为对象,研究了苦糖果不同径级个体的空间分布格局以及种内种间关系。结果表明: 苦糖果径级结构呈现出下宽上窄的金字塔型,小径级植株数量最多,更新状态较好,处于稳定增长阶段,有利于群落更新和演替。以Ripley's K函数为基础,采用单变量和双变量成对相关函数,在3个零模型(完全空间随机模型、异质泊松模型和先决条件模型)的处理下,树种整体和不同径级以聚集分布为主,且聚集程度随研究尺度的加大而逐渐减小,逐渐趋向随机分布。受到生境异质性、扩散限制、负密度制约等影响,种内不同径级个体之间以正关联为主,但也有一定程度的无关联,未出现负关联的情况。种间关系较为复杂,既有无关联,也有正关联和负关联,但以负关联和无关联为主。     

Identification of a new gene PA5017 involved in flagella-mediated motility, chemotaxis and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flagella-mediated motility is recognized as one of the major factors contributing to virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. During a screening of a mini-Mu transposon mutant library of P. aeruginosa PA68, a mutant partially deficient in swimming and swarming motility was identified in a new locus that encodes a predicted protein of unknown function annotated PA5017 in the P. aeruginosa PAO1 genome sequence. Chemotaxis plate assay indicated that inactivation of the PA5017 gene led to a decreased chemotactic response. Complementation of the PA5017 mutant with the wild-type PA5017 gene restored normal motility and chemotaxis phenotype. A promoter-lacZ reporter activity assay of the cheYZAB operon from chemotaxis gene cluster 1 showed that there was almost a twofold difference in expression levels of the wild-type PA68 and the PA5017 mutant. This suggested that the PA5017 affected expression of the cheYZAB operon negatively. Further study showed that inactivation of the PA5017 gene in PA68 led to increased biofilm formation in a static system and to the formation of a heterogeneous biofilm in a flow-chamber system. These results suggested that PA5017 possibly affected flagellum-dependent motility and in turn biofilm formation via the chemotaxis signal transduction pathway.     

Aspects of Scotia Sea zooplankton

Information on small scale distributions of three species of Antarctic zooplankton is reviewed. Aggregations of the euphausiid Euphausia superba , the tunicate Salpa thompsoni , and the amphipod Parathemisto gaudichaudii are compared, and the manner in which such aggregations mav arise is discussed. A possible relationship between swarming and feeding activity in E. superba is suggested in which krill are thought to be dispersed whilst feeding but that on repletion they swarm. It is thought that this may account for this species' irregular spatial distribution as recorded bv previous expeditions. A further consequence of this theory is that during the Winter swarming will be minimal.     

Krill maintenance and experimentation at the australian antarctic division

Live Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, have been maintained for experimental purposes at the Australian Antarctic Division since 1981. This population has been replenished on an annual basis with animals taken from the wild. Techniques used to capture and maintain live krill are discussed here, with particular reference given to the development of systems for their maintenance. Details are also provided for specific experimental systems that have been used to conduct research into the behaviour and physiology of krill both at-sea and in shore-based laboratories.     

British biological research in the Antarctic

A tradition of biological research in the Antarctic was established by Cook 200 years ago. This tradition has been built on by other British expeditions, notably the 'Discovery' Investigations. The British Antarctic Survey, which arose from Operation Tabarin and the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, now carries out a programme of coordinated and continuous biological research. The Atlantic sector of the Antarctic, in which the Survey operates, is of key importance biologically. The Antarctic provides a striking biological contrast between a species-poor and very barren terrestrial ecosystem and the species-rich and productive ocean which surrounds it. Severe climatic conditions and great isolation (a contrast to the Arctic) characterize the Antarctic environment. Work at the Survey's biological research stations is designed to study the distribution and interactions of organisms and communities, how they have adapted to Antarctic conditions, and which by their abundance may be deemed successful. Research is done into terrestrial, fresh-water and marine systems. Additionally, there is a major research programme into the biologv, environment and principal predators of krill, Euphausia superba. The Antarctic is a laboratory where opportunities exist for natural experiments to test theories and elucidate basic biological problems.     

Breeding antarctic krill in captivity

Antarctic krill were maintained in large aquaria at Port of Nagoya Aquarium, Japan, under controlled photoperiod and were fed on phytoplankton and enriched animal feed. Maturation and spawning were induced after the light : dark (L : D) cycle was increased from 8 : 16 or 12 : 12 to 24 : 0, or when the L : D cycle was held constant at 14 : 10. This study is one of the first studies that demonstrate initiation of maturation and spawning events of krill under controlled photoperiod. Out of three experimental batches of krill, a total of 28 spawning events were observed. The mean number of eggs per event was 1424 with a range between 139 and 3458. The mean hatching success per batch was 19.1%. The relation between photoperiod and maturity/spawning is discussed. Furthermore, hatching is compared to previous studies and the reason for the low success is discussed.