基于焦磷酸测序的杉木人工林微型土壤动物多样性

为探讨微型土壤动物在人工林生态系统中的功能及其对环境变化的响应,利用18S rDNA宏基因组比较了湖南省攸县不同发育阶段(3、13、26年)以及不同栽培代数(1、2、3代)杉木人工林微型土壤动物的群落多样性及结构.结果表明:焦磷酸测序共得到94922条优质序列,平均长度为436 bp.杉木人工林微型土壤动物主要类群包括:脊索动物门60.8%、环节动物门24.0%、节肢动物门7.4%、线虫动物门3.6%、轮形动物门1.5%和扁形动物门1.2%.5块样地的ACE指数与Shannon指数具有显著性差异,其中第1代13年生杉木林的ACE指数(712.33)、Chao1指数(500.00)、Shannon指数(2.66)均最低,Simpson指数(0.26)最高,表明第1代13年生杉木林微型土壤动物多样性最低.相关分析发现,速效钾含量与ACE指数和Chao1指数之间存在显著负相关,而Shannon指数、Simpson指数与所测土壤理化性质之间无显著相关关系.各样地Jaccard相似性系数均0.4,样地间微型土壤动物群落结构差异明显.     

活性污泥微型动物种群动态与水质净化效能的关系

2001～2002年,系统地研究了高碑店污水厂四系列曝气池活性污泥中的微型动物种群动态与水质变化的相互关系。在该污水处理系统的四系列曝气池内所发现的122种原生动物中,褶累枝虫(Epistylis plicatilis)、沟钟虫(Vorticella convallaria)、有肋檐纤虫(Aspidisca costata)和半圆表壳虫(Arcella hemisphaerica)是经常大量出现的原生动物种类。冬季褶累枝虫占绝对优势。5月和6月,有肋檐纤虫为活性污泥动物群落的优势种群。纤毛虫和后口动物总数越多,污水净化效能越强,污泥的沉降性越好。游泳类纤毛虫总数与出水BOD5值呈正相关,固着类纤毛虫的多样性值与出水的总氮呈正相关,爬行类纤毛虫的多样性值与出水的硝态氮和出水总磷都呈正相关,与厌氧段总磷呈负相关。研究结果表明,微型动物种群动态规律与污水处理效果关系密切,该厂污水处理系统中四系列的硝化和反硝化显著,活性污泥的运转效能良好,各种主要污染物得到有效净化[动物学报49(6)：775～786,2003]。     

北部湾北部海域夏季微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力

2011年8月份于北部湾北部海域5个观测站位获得的分层水样,分析了表层叶绿素a含量和表层微型浮游动物丰度以及类群组成;同时于现场采用稀释培养法研究了该海域浮游植物生长率(μ)和微型浮游动物的摄食率(g)。分析和测定结果表明:调查海区的微型浮游动物丰度400—1167个/L,类群组成以无壳纤毛虫为主;浮游植物的生长率为-1.50—1.13 d-1,微型浮游动物摄食率为0.33—1.08 d-1;推算微型浮游动物对浮游植物现存量以及初级生产力的摄食压力分别为28.1%—66.0%和-7.4%—438.4%。相对于中国其他海区,8月份北部湾北部海域微型浮游动物摄食速率处于中等水平。调查期间,广西沿海高生产力海区,浮游植物生长率大于微型浮游动物动物的摄食率,浮游植物生物量处于积累期;涠洲岛以南海域,浮游植物生产力较低,微型浮游动物摄食作用是控制浮游植物生长的重要因素。     

在中国卢龙县发现G5型人A组轮状病毒

轮状病毒是引起我国儿童重症腹泻的主要病原。按照WHO轮状病毒监测方案,对2003年间河北省卢龙县开展了以医院和社区为基础的小于5岁儿童轮状病毒腹泻的监测,发现一株新型轮状病毒。该病毒用传统分型引物(G1、G2、G3、G4)扩增不出条带,对其VP7基因全序列测定和分析后确定该毒株为G5型。这是我们在亚洲首次发现的人类G5型轮状病毒。该毒株与猪的G5型C134毒株核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为88·6%和95·4%,与非洲发现的人的G5型毒株MRC3105核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性为89·9%和94%,与巴西发现的IAL-28毒株核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性为87·2%和93·3%。系统发生树分析表明:卢龙毒株LL36755与其他已经报告的两种猪和一种人类的G5型毒株可能具有相同的起源。这是人轮状病毒G5型首次在亚洲国家发现,而且该毒株可能是由人类轮状病毒与动物轮状病毒毒株自然重组产生。     

季节性冻融期间土壤动物对岷江冷杉凋落叶质量损失的贡献

冬季凋落物的质量损失是中高纬度和高海拔地区凋落物分解的关键, 但冬季凋落物分解是否与土壤动物的贡献有关, 不同冻融时期(冻融初期、深冻期和融化期)的土壤动物对凋落物分解的贡献是否存在差异? 对这两个问题仍缺乏必要的关注。为了解季节性冻融期间土壤动物对岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)凋落物分解的贡献, 采用凋落物分解袋法, 调查了季节性冻融期间(2010年10月底至2011年4月中旬), 不同网孔(0.020 mm、0.125 mm、1.000 mm和3.000 mm)凋落物分解袋内的岷江冷杉凋落叶质量损失, 分析了微型、中型和大型土壤动物对岷江冷杉凋落叶分解的贡献。在季节性冻融期间, 0.020 mm、0.125 mm、1.000 mm和3.000 mm分解袋内的岷江冷杉凋落叶质量损失率分别为12.13%、13.07%、14.95%和18.74%。不同体径的土壤动物对季节性冻融期间岷江冷杉凋落叶质量损失的贡献率总共为35.28%; 不同孔径凋落物袋内土壤动物的类群和个体相对密度与凋落叶的质量损失率呈现相对一致的变化趋势。在季节性冻融的3个阶段中, 土壤动物对岷江冷杉凋落叶质量损失的贡献率均为: 微型土壤动物<中型土壤动物<大型土壤动物。其中, 微型、中型和大型土壤动物分别在深冻期、冻融初期和融化期表现出最高的贡献率, 分别为6.56%、11.77%和21.94%。然而相对于其他冻融时期, 深冻期中型和大型土壤动物对岷江冷杉凋落叶质量损失的贡献率最低。这些结果清晰地表明了川西高山季节性冻融期间土壤动物调控着凋落物分解的生态过程, 是高山冬季凋落物分解的重要因素之一。     

潜流人工湿地在城市污水三级处理中的应用

采用页岩/钢渣强化潜流人工湿地作为城市污水处理厂三级处理工艺.结果表明:在平均水力负荷为0.32 m·d-1的条件下,当进水有机物(CODcr)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)平均浓度为33.9、15.1和1.57 mg·L-1时,出水CODcr平均浓度为13.6 mg·L-1去除率为60%,面积速率常数KA值为0.3 m·d-1温度对CODcr的去除影响不明显;出水TN浓度在5.4～14.3 mg·L-1之间波动,KA值为0.09～0.31 m·d-1,去除率受温度的影响较大,随着进水硝态氮比例的提高和运行时间的延长,湿地对TN的去除效率有上升趋势;稳定阶段出水TP浓度为0.6 mg·L-1去除率为50%,KA为0.26 m·d-1温度对,TP去除影响不大.     

香港水域夏季微型浮游动物摄食研究

20 0 0年 8月在香港牛尾海 ( A站 )和龙鼓水道 ( B站 )的 2个典型站位采样 ,用半现场的稀释法研究了夏季香港水域浮游植物的生长率和微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力等。结果表明 :A、B站浮游植物主要以硅藻为主 ,但 A站甲藻比重比 B站要高。A站 <5 μm的微型浮游植物比 B站要少 ,从细胞大小上 B站的浮游植物更易被微型浮游动物所摄食。A站微型浮游动物类群主要以异养鞭毛藻为主 ,而 B站为砂壳纤毛虫 ,其细胞丰度分别为 770和 62 0 ind./L。 A、B站浮游植物碳 /叶绿素 a浓度比率分别为 2 7.1 5和88.66。 A站浮游植物的内禀生长率相似于 B站 ,分别为 1 .0 4和 0 .98d- 1。浮游植物在 A站的净生长率是0 .33d- 1,而在 B站则出现了负增长 ,其净生长率是 - 0 .5 8d- 1。微型浮游动物在 A、B站的摄食率分别为0 .71和 1 .5 6d- 1,摄食压力分别占到了浮游植物现存量的 1 43.7%和 2 0 9.7% ,初级生产力的 78.6%和1 2 6.6% ,对浮游植物碳的摄食率分别达到 35 1和 5 5 2 μg C/( L·d)。A站的浮游植物生长要高于 B站 ,B站的微型浮游动物摄食压力要明显高于 A站。与其它海区比较香港水域微型浮游动物摄食压力处于中等水平。黑暗长时间培养实验的结果表明此水域微型浮游动物摄食率稀释法实验应在适量添加营养盐并在     

主要生态环境变化对离体瘤胃菌丛降解粗纤维能力的影响

瘤胃微生物动物体外发酵是在模拟反刍动物瘤胃生态环境的装置中进行的 .用长期在动物体外培养和筛选、继代的瘤胃菌丛 90 52 3 1在人工瘤胃装置中研究主要生态条件变化对其降解粗纤维能力的影响 ,发现在温度 30～ 40℃ ,扰动 60～ 72r·min- 1 、2 0min·h- 1 和底物C/N比为 1 0 /1的生态条件下分解粗纤维的能力最强 .发酵 5d可达到纤维分解率 36～ 41 %的水平 .     

獐子岛海域冬季分级叶绿素a的分布特征及其影响因素

于2016年1月对獐子岛海域进行了航次调查,研究了獐子岛海域浮游植物粒级结构的空间分布特征及其环境影响因素。结果表明:冬季表层总叶绿素a、小型(20μm)、微型(2~20μm)和微微型(0.45~2μm)浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的范围分别为0.24~0.92、0.15~0.58、0.09~0.46、0~0.03μg·L-1,平均叶绿素a的浓度分别为0.69、0.36、0.33、0.002μg·L-1,小型、微型和微微型浮游植物对浮游植物总量的贡献率分别为51.72%、48.01%、0.26%;底层总叶绿素a、小型、微型和微微型浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的范围分别为0.29~1.77、0.12~1.45、0.17~0.50、0μg·L-1,平均叶绿素a的浓度分别为0.78、0.43、0.34、0μg·L-1,小型、微型和微微型浮游植物对浮游植物总量的贡献率分别为52.97%、47.03%、0;从垂直分布上来看,表、底层总叶绿素a及两种粒级浮游植物(20μm、2~20μm)的浓度均差异不显著,分布较为均匀;从水平分布上来看,总叶绿素a及两种粒级浮游植物(20μm、2~20μm)浓度的表、底层空间分布趋势相近,均呈现出由獐子岛海域西北部向南部逐渐降低的趋势。RDA分析表明,温度、盐度、溶解氧、颗粒态有机物、NO2--N和NH4+-N是影响獐子岛海域冬季浮游植物粒级结构变动的重要因素。     

橡胶树未成苗体细胞胚的茎芽分化及利用

以橡胶树未成苗体细胞胚为试材,选取未成苗双子叶胚、连体胚、多子叶胚、单子叶胚和子叶愈伤化胚作为外植体,研究不同体细胞胚类型的外植体分化茎芽的情况,并利用其进行幼态微型芽条的培育研究。结果表明:在植株诱导培养基中培养80d后,未成苗双子叶胚、连体胚、多子叶胚、单子叶胚、子叶愈伤化胚均能分化出芽,双子叶胚分化率最高(达90%),单子叶胚最低(20%),多子叶胚和连体胚最多可分化出芽3个,双子叶胚2个。幼态微型芽条增殖的最优培养基为MS+6-BA2mg·L-1或MS+6-BA2mg·L-1+KT1mg·L-1,而添加NAA对芽的伸长有抑制作用;适宜幼态微型芽条伸长培养的基本培养基为MS。     

利用微型生物指示评价污水处理厂运行的研究进展

目前基于理化指标和出水水质来调控污水处理厂运行工况存在一定滞后性,且建立的控制策略不利于系统长期稳定地运行.活性污泥工艺运行状态对微型生物的种群结构具有显著影响,可利用微型生物种群结构来指示和评价污水处理厂运行,且有利于建立面向种群优化的控制系统.在介绍微型生物分类、鉴定、计数的基础上详细阐述了微型生物种群结构与污水处理厂运行状态的相关性与内在联系,力求为今后利用微型生物种群结构特性来指示,评价污水处理厂的运行奠定基础.并对此方面的研究方向进行了展望.     

The microfauna communities and operational monitoring of an activated sludge plant in China

The composition of the microfauna community in aeration tanks at the Baoding Sewage Treatment Plant in China was analysed each week from July 2002 to July 2003. The community composition of these microfauna populations was compared with effluent quality data recorded on the same days. A total of 94 species of ciliates, 40 species of amoebae and 13 species of large flagellates were identified in the 50 samples analysed. Numbers of metazoa including rotifers, nematodes, gastrotrichs and oligochaeta were also recorded. Although, Aspidisca cicada showed the highest mean abundance and was present in 98% of the samples, factor analysis revealed, among other things, that high Vorticella convallaria and Arcella hemisphaerica populations correlated with good performance of the treatment plant, while high numbers of Litonotus obtusus indicated poor conditions for settlement of sludge. These results show some agreement with an earlier study of sewage plants in Beijing, but analysis of more plants having a diversity of input components working under a range of different operating conditions should be performed to gain a general understanding of the value of indicator species for predicting the efficiency of activated sludge plants in China.     

Limitation of sludge biotic index application for control of a wastewater treatment plant working with shock organic and ammonium loadings

This study aimed to determine the relationship between activated sludge microfauna, the sludge biotic index (SBI) and the effluent quality of a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) working with shock organic and ammonium loadings caused by periodic wastewater delivery from septic tanks. Irrespective of high/low effluent quality in terms of COD, BOD₅, ammonium and suspended solids, high SBI values (8–10), which correspond to the first quality class of sludge, were observed. High SBI values were connected with abundant taxonomic composition and the domination of crawling ciliates with shelled amoebae and attached ciliates. High SBI values, even at a low effluent quality, limit the usefulness of the index for monitoring the status of an activated sludge system and the effluent quality in municipal WWTP-treated wastewater from septic tanks. It was shown that a more sensitive indicator of effluent quality was a change in the abundance of attached ciliates with a narrow peristome (Vorticella infusionum and Opercularia coarctata), small flagellates and crawling ciliates (Acineria uncinata) feeding on flagellates.     

青藏东缘若尔盖高寒草甸中小型土壤动物群落特征及季节变化

中小型土壤动物是生态系统的重要组成部分。为了查明高寒草甸生态系统的中小型土壤动物群落特征及其变化动态,2008至2009年间,利用定位观测方法对青藏东缘若尔盖高寒草甸的中小型土壤动物进行了5次调查。结果为:(1)捕获中小型土壤动物9318只,隶属于3门7纲88类;平均密度为39941.67 个/m²;大类群中,线虫纲(Nematoda)的个体数占总个体数的91.50%,蛛形纲(Arachnida)(主要为蜱螨目)、弹尾纲(Collembola)、寡毛纲(Oligochaeta)和昆虫纲(Insecta)分别占3.73%、2.55%、1.12%和1.07%;(2)土壤动物的群落密度、类群数、密度-类群指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数均有显著的季节差异(P<0.01或P<0.05),表明高寒草甸生态系统的中小型土壤动物群落多样性对季节变化具有高度敏感性;(3)线虫纲、蛛形纲、弹尾纲、寡毛纲和昆虫纲的密度变化趋势基本一致,并均有显著的季节差异(P<0.05);(4)各季节间的Sorensen群落相似性系数低于Morisita-Horn相似性系数,表明季节变化对群落物种组成的影响相对较强,对优势类群个体密度的影响相对较弱;(5)中小型土壤动物群落的类群数和密度,以及弹尾纲、寡毛纲和昆虫纲的密度均与温度有显著的负相关(P<0.01或P<0.05),线虫和蛛形纲的密度与温度和降水均有不显著的负相关(P>0.05)。研究结果表明若尔盖高寒草甸的中小型土壤动物群落组成和多样性具有明显的季节特征,而温度是影响其季节变化的最主要气候因素;另外,从温度、降水及其年间变化对中小型土壤动物的影响可知全球气候变暖在短期内将会对高寒草甸土壤动物群落产生不利的影响。     

Microbial-feeding nematodes and protozoa in soil: Their effectson microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in decomposition hotspots and the rhizosphere

Food web studies from a range of ecosystems have demonstrated that the fauna contributes about 30% of total net nitrogen mineralization. This results mainly from the activities of microbial-feeding microfauna (nematodes and protozoa). Microbial and microfaunal activity is concentrated at spatially discrete and heterogeneously distributed organic substrates, including the rhizosphere. The dynamics of microfauna and their effect on nutrient cycling and microbial processes at these sites is reviewed. The potential manipulation of microfauna, either as an experimental tool to further understand soil microbial ecology or as a practical means of managing nutrient flows in agroecosystems, is discussed.     

Microfaunal response to fertilization of an arctic tundra stream

1. As part of a whole-system study, the response of the heterotrophic microfaunal community colonizing artificial substrata (polyfoam units) to fertilization of an arctic tundra stream was followed for 6 weeks during the summer. 2. Dominant heterotrophic microfauna observed included amoebae (approximately 40% of colonizing biomass), rotifers (36% of biomass) and ciliates (25% of biomass). 3. Biomass of heterotrophic microfauna on artificial substrata was not significantly different in a control reach and an experimental reach fertilized with phosphorus (loading rate ten times ambient), but in a reach fertilized with both phosphorus and nitrogen (loading rates ten times ambient) biomass was double that of the control and phosphorus-fertilized reaches. The lack of response in the phosphorus reach was probably due to greater insect grazing as a result of previous phosphorus fertilization of this reach. 4. Abundance of microfauna on epilithic surfaces in the river was higher on rocks from pools than on rocks from riffle areas, but abundance on the artificial substrata was higher than on the natural rocks. 5. The results suggest that microfauna of arctic tundra streams are regulated by grazers and that their importance in transfers among trophic levels is greater in pools than in riffles.     

Prediction of effluent quality in papermaking wastewater treatment processes using dynamic kernel-based extreme learning machine

Papermaking wastewater accounts for a large proportion of industrial wastewater, and it is essential to obtain accurate and reliable effluent indices in real-time. Considering the complexity, nonlinearity, and time variability of wastewater treatment processes, a dynamic kernel extreme learning machine (DKELM) method is proposed to predict the key quality indices of effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD). A time lag coefficient is introduced and a kernel function is embedded into the extreme learning machine (ELM) to extract dynamic information and obtain better prediction accuracy. A case study for modeling a wastewater treatment process is demonstrated to evaluate the performance of the proposed DKELM. The results illustrate that both training and prediction accuracy of the DKELM model is superior to other models. For the prediction of the quality indices of effluent COD, the determinate coefficient of the DKELM model is increased by 27.52 %, 21.36 %, 10.42 %, and 10.81 %, compared with partial least squares, ELM, dynamic ELM, and kernel ELM, respectively.     

Effect of soluble and particulate organic compounds on microfauna the community in subsurface flow constructed wetlands

The effect of particulate and soluble organic load on experimental subsurface flow constructed wetlands was evaluated by means of changes in the microfauna community. Two experimental constructed wetlands with a length of 0.93 m, a width of 0.59 m and a wetted depth of 0.3 m were monitored for a period of 5 months with both physical–chemical and biological analyses carried out on a weekly basis. The results obtained suggest that there are no relevant differences in terms of pollutant removal efficiency when particulate or soluble organic matter is supplied. However, the microfauna composition appears to be highly dependent on the source of organic matter supplied. Specifically, when the wetland was supplied with particulate matter, the ciliates represented more than the 60% of the total microfauna abundance at the initial section of the system, whereas when it was supplied with soluble matter, the heterotrophic microflagellates represented more than the 95%. Furthermore, the increase in particulate organic load doubled the ciliate abundance in the system, whereas the increase in soluble organic load caused a hundred fold decrease of microflagellate abundance.     

How do soil fauna and soil microbiota respond to beech forest growth?

The dynamics and performance of soil biota during forest rotation were studied in monoculture beech stands forming a chronosequence of four different age-classes(30,62,111,153 yr).Biomass was monitored in major groups of microflora,microfauna,mesofauna,and macrofauna.Resource availability(litter layer,soil organic mater),biomass of the two dominant decomposer groups(microflora,earthworms)as well as the biomass of mesofauna and microfauna were found to remain quite stable during forest succession.Nevertheles...     

Protozoan and metazoan communities treating a simulated petrochemical industry wastewater in a rotating disc biological reactor

The microfauna of adhered biofilms treating a simulated petrochemical plant wastewater was investigated in relation to the organic loading and the toxicity. Experiments in a six-compartment laboratory rotating biological reactor were performed at organic loadings of 0.99, 1.38 and 1.97g/l.day. The concentration of organic compounds in the artificial wastewater (phenol, acetophenone and styrene), toxicity of the wastewater, number of representative types of microfauna, their biomass and species diversity were monitored along the reactor. During this study 25 species were identified and attributed to seven classes of the three types Sarcomastigophora, Ciliophora and Nemathelminthes. Eight species from 18 ciliates have been reported in the literature as being commonly found inhabitants of aerobic wastewater treatment plants. An inverse relationship between the number of microfauna representatives and the organic loading was found. The presence of the most common species was related to the reactor operating conditions. A correlation between the toxicity of the wastewater measured by the Paramecium express-test and the distribution and abundance of microfauna was established. This express-test made it possible to predict the biological quality of the biofilm of activated sludge. Therefore, it is recommended as one of the control parameters to monitor systems of biological wastewater treatment.