六种植物对Pb的吸收与耐性研究

为了选择和筛选重金属Pb的耐性与富集植物,在温室砂培盆栽条件下对铅锌尾矿区附近生长的6种植物(山野豌豆（Vicia amoena Fisch）、草木樨(Melilotus suavena Ledeb)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus Turca)、酸模（Rumex acetosa）、紫苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和羽叶鬼针草(Bidens maximowicziana Oett))体内Pb的含量与分布、重金属Pb的迁移总量、根系的耐性指数做了研究;拟定了６种植物对Pb的耐性临     

黔西北铅锌矿区植物群落分布及其对重金属的迁移特征

重金属耐性植物和超富集植物的筛选、鉴定和驯化是植物修复技术研究与发展的关键。以黔西北4个不同恢复年限的铅锌矿为研究对象,通过群落生态调查利用聚类分析方法筛选出研究区域中重金属耐性植物优势种,并分析其对重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的迁移富集能力。结果表明:4个矿区共发现高等植物22种,分属13科21属,筛选出9种重金属耐性植物优势种,其中转运系数大于1的植物有:黄花蒿(Cu)、珠光香青(Zn)、大叶醉鱼草(Zn/Pb/Cd)、野艾蒿(Cu/Zn/Pb/Cd);没有富集系数大于1的植物。其中大叶醉鱼草具有耐贫瘠、耐旱、生物量大等优势,可将其作为典型的重金属耐性先锋植物,用于矿区废弃地的植物修复。     

香根草和鹅观草对Cu、Pb、Zn及其复合重金属的耐性研究

采用根伸长实验研究了香根草和鹅观草对重金属的耐性随着溶度的升高,耐性指数下降,当香根草和鹅观草受Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+单一污染时,三元素的危害作用依次为Cu2+>Pb2+>Zn2+;在Cu、Pb、Zn混合溶液中,其两种植物耐性指数的大小及变化与单一元素Cu溶液最为相似,Cu在溶液中起到主导因子作用;香根草与鹅观草相比,不论是受Cu、Pb、Zn单一污染还是三者的复合污染,香根草比鹅观草都具有较强抵制重金属的胁迫能力,其耐性指数大都大于0 5。因此香根草具有对重金属较强的耐性,在重金属污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料。     

铅胁迫对不同湿地植物耐性和吸收的影响

人工湿地系统中湿地植物种类的选取是影响其去除重金属效率的关键因素。通过水培试验研究了Pb胁迫(CK,10 mg·L~(-1),20 mg·L~(-1))对18种挺水湿地植物的耐性及吸收的影响。结果表明:Pb胁迫条件下,供试湿地植物根部对Pb的积累能力较强,Pb被根系吸收后大部分被固定于根部,只有少量被转运至地上部分;不同湿地植物对Pb的吸收差异显著(P0.01);在20 mg·L~(-1)处理条件下,Pb地上部分最高浓度的植物是小婆婆纳,为8226 mg·kg~(-1),独穗飘拂草Pb浓度最低,为50 mg·kg~(-1);此外,不同湿地植物对Pb的耐性指数差异显著(P0.01),Pb耐性较高的植物如水花生的Pb含量远高于毒性阈值,表明湿地植物除了通过根的排斥作用减少Pb向上转运的策略外,还可能通过体内存在相应的解毒机制来减少过量Pb带来的毒害。本研究结果为湿地植物修复重金属污染土壤提供了有力的科学依据。     

高砷区植物的生态与化学特征

 土壤砷污染是一种十分严重的环境问题,但目前尚无经济有效的治理方法。利用各种重金属的耐性与富集植物修复重金属污染土壤是当前的研究热点。通过对两个中国典型的砷矿区（炼砷区）土壤与植物的系统调查与采样分析,发现若干种植物对砷具有极强的耐性和不同程度的富集能力。砷在不同植物中的含量分别为：蜈蚣草（Pteris vittata）羽片1 600 mg·kg-1 DW,剑叶凤尾蕨(Pteris ensiformis)地上部1 230 mg·kg-1 DW,酸模(Rumex acetosa)地上部 440 mg·kg-1     

金属矿区芒草种群对重金属的积累及其与土壤特性的关系

通过分析大型综合金属矿区中经历不同污染强度与污染时间胁迫的芒草（Miscanthus sinensis）种群对4种主要重金属的积累状况,初步揭示芒草对这些重金属的积累特性与土壤重金属含量的关系。结果表明,1芒草根茎叶对4种重金属的的积累顺序为：根〉叶〉茎;2芒草对Cd、Pb的积累量与土壤中这两种重金属含量之间存在显著（P〈0．05）正相关关系;对Cu、Zn的积累量与土壤含量之间无显著相关,主要是因为土壤最高Cu与Zn含量已超过芒草对这两种元素积累所需的最大量,成为对芒草构成胁迫的主要因子。在该矿区的酸性条件下,芒草对Pb、Zn、Cu3种重金属的吸收率随pH值升高而升高,pH接近的样地,芒草的吸收率主要受土壤重金属含量的影响。结合各种群对四种重金属的积累状况判断,强度胁迫下的种群可能已发生耐性分化,从而产生较其它种群更强的耐重金属特性。总体上芒草是一种多重金属耐性植物,对这四种重金属的耐性顺序是：Cd〈Cu〈Zn-Pb。     

粤东铅锌尾矿区四种莎草的重金属富集特性研究

从梅州丙村铅锌尾矿区近污水排放区采集了土壤与四种优势植物样品, 分别测定和分析了Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr、Cd、Mn 七种重金属含量。结果表明, 该矿区土壤污染严重且为强酸性。Cd、Pb、Zn、Mn、Cu 的污染指数均大于3, 且综合污染指数为319.16, Zn、Pb、Cd 均超出国家土壤环境质量(GB15618-1995)的二级标准, 也远超过广东土壤背景值, 有很大的潜在生态风险, 重金属单因子生态风险指数大小排序为Cd>Pb>Zn>Mn>Cu>Ni>Cr。两歧飘拂草(Fimbristylis dichotoma)、细辐射枝藨草(Scirpus filipes)、多枝扁莎(Pycreus polystachyus)地下部分的Pb 含量均超过超富集植物临界含量标准, 因此这三种植物有作为Pb 富集植物的潜力。贝壳叶荸荠(Heleocharis chaetaria)对镍的富集系数超过1, 细辐射枝藨草对Mn 的转移系数大于1。这四种植物对土壤的重金属污染有很强的耐性, 与非矿区土壤中生长相比, 长势并无显著差异, 且地下部分重金属含量都很高, 说明对它们土壤中的重金属有一定的固定作用, 可作为这些区域植被恢复的先锋植物。     

某冶炼厂周围8种植物对重金属的吸收与富集作用

采用野外采样系统分析法,研究了沈阳冶炼厂的8种植物对重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd)的吸收与富集作用以及可能的耐性机制.结果表明,植物对重金属的吸收和富集,因植物种类、部位及重金属种类而不同.茼麻(Abutilon theophrasti)对Pb的吸收和富集能力较强,小白酒花(Conyza canadensis)、三裂叶豚草(Ambrosia trifida)、酸模叶蓼(Polygonum lapathifolium)、茼麻、龙葵(Solanum nigrum)、绿珠藜(Chenopodium acuminatum)和菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)对Zn的吸收和富集效果较好,绿珠藜和茼麻对Cu的吸收和富集能力较强,龙葵、绿珠藜、茼麻、酸模叶蓼和小白酒花对Cd的吸收和富集能力较强.这些植物向地上部转移某些重金属的能力很强,转移系数大于1,可用于植物提取方式的污染土壤修复.其他转移系数小于1的植物,适合于重金属污染土壤的植物稳定.     

公路绿化植物油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和小叶杨(Populus simonii)对重金属元素的吸收与积累

对内蒙古西部公路绿化植物油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）、小叶杨（Populus simonii）及其根际土壤中重金属元素（Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr）和类金属元素（As和Se）含量以及根际土壤重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cr）形态、土壤pH值进行了测定。对比分析了公路沿线不同绿化植物及其不同器官对重金属元素的吸收与积累特征。结果表明：绿化植物根际土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度以Cd为最高。随原子序数的递增,小叶杨和油松两种植物的根部和茎叶两种营养器官中重金属的含量均表现出“N”字形变动趋势。而且重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量具有Zn〉Cu〉Ni,Cr,As,Pb〉Cd〉Hg的基本规律。小叶杨茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni和Pb的富集能力较根部为强,油松茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni、Cu和Pb的富集能力较根部为强。绿化植物根际土壤重金属元素有效态占总量百分比的大小序列为Zn〉Pb〉Ni、Cr〉Cu,与重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量大小序列Zn〉Cu〉Ni、Cr、As、Pb〉Cd〉Hg并非趋于一致。公路绿化植物对根际土壤中重金属元素的吸收和积累与重金属元素有效态所占的比例有关。     

粤东铅锌尾矿三种优势植物对重金属的吸收和富集特性研究

为探讨铅锌矿废弃地优势植物在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的应用潜力,利用野外采样分析法,从粤东梅县丙村铅锌尾矿区采集其三种优势植物类芦、黄荆、盐肤木的根、茎、叶和土壤样品,测定和分析Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd四种重金属含量.结果表明:该矿区土壤污染严重,Pb、Zn、Cd含量远超土壤环境质量的三级标准,Cu超出二级标准;根际土壤和非根际土壤重金属含量均为Pb＞Zn＞Cu＞Cd,但根际土壤的重金属含量显著低于非根际土壤;这三种植物对Pb、Zn、Cu的转移系数大于1.0,对Cu的富集系数最高,Pb最小,但对四种重金属的富集系数均小于1.0,均未达到超富集植物临界含量标准.三种植物为该矿区的优势植物,说明它们对土壤的重金属污染有很强的耐性,虽然并非典型的超富集植物,但对污染土壤仍有较好的修复效果.     

重金属铅对鲫鱼乳酸脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响

在实验室条件下,采用毒性实验方法研究不同浓度重金属铅(Pb2 )对鲫鱼血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和血液过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.研究结果表明,随着金属离子铅浓度的增高血清中乳酸脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性下降,但两种酶对铅离子影响的敏感程度不同.影响LDH活性的最低铅离子浓度为0.1mmol/L,而CAT为0.5mmol/L,当Pb2 浓度为1mmol/L时,LDH活性降至10%左右,而CAT仅下降50%左右.对重金属离子浓度与酶活性的定性和定量分析为有效监控鱼类生存环境提供了有价值的参考资料.     

Functional expression of a bacterial heavy metal transporter in Arabidopsis enhances resistance to and decreases uptake of heavy metals

Large parts of agricultural soil are contaminated with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Although most environments are not heavily contaminated, the low levels observed nonetheless pose a high risk of heavy metal accumulation in the food chain. Therefore, approaches to develop plants with reduced heavy metal uptake are important. Recently, many transgenic plants with increased heavy metal resistance and uptake of heavy metals were developed for the purpose of phytoremediation. However, to reduce heavy metal in the food chain, plants that transfer less heavy metals to the shoot are required. We tested whether an Escherichia coli gene, ZntA, which encodes a Pb(II)/Cd(II)/Zn(II) pump, could be useful for developing plants with reduced heavy metal content. Yeast cells transformed with this gene had improved resistance to Pb(II) and Cd(II). In Arabidopsis plants transformed with ZntA, ZntA was localized at the plasma membrane and improved the resistance of the plants to Pb(II) and Cd(II). The shoots of the transgenic plants had decreased Pb and Cd content. Moreover, the transgenic protoplasts showed lower accumulation of Cd and faster release of preloaded Cd than wild-type protoplasts. These results show that a bacterial transporter gene, ZntA, can be functionally expressed in plant cells, and that that it may be useful for the development of crop plants that are safe from heavy metal contamination.     

Extraction and environmental risk assessment of heavy metal in the municipal dewatered sludge using rhamnolipid treatment

Heavy metal could lead to serious environmental risk to the ecosystem, destroy human health via the food chain. The heavy metal removal from sludge is an emergent issue. In this work, rhamnolipid, an environment-friendly material, was used to enhance heavy metal extraction from the sludge. The results showed that Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Mn maximum extraction efficiencies were 35.10 ± 2.31%, 45.33 ± 3.24%, 27.58 ± 3.35%, 24.12 ± 3.51%, 43.31 ± 2.53% and 22.10 ± 2.11%, respectively; most of exchangeable and reducible fractions, and partly oxidizable and residual fractions have been extracted by the rhamnolipid solution. After treatment, I_R values of heavy metals increased in the treated sludge, the I_R values for Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Mn were 0.24 ± 0.01, 0.25 ± 0.03, 0.21 ± 0.02, 0.32 ± 0.03, 0.22 ± 0.021 and 0.41 ± 0.03, respectively. M_F values indicated that heavy metal mobility order was Zn>Ni>Cu>Mn>Cr>Pb in the treated sludge. According to the two risk assessment methods (risk assessment code, RAC and potential ecological risk index, PERI), the risk assessment of heavy metal was investigated in the after treatment sludge, which indicated that rhamnolipid could extract the mobility of heavy metal and lead to no or low risk to the ecosystem. Therefore, rhamnolipid was utilized to enhance heavy metal extraction from dewatered sludge in this study, which is a promising technique for heavy metal extraction from the dewatered sludge.     

一株耐铅、锌、铬菌株的分离鉴定及其吸附能力

【背景】采矿带来的土壤重金属污染问题对生态环境和人类健康产生了极大的危害,因此矿区重金属污染问题亟待解决。生物修复法成本低、资源广、没有二次污染,是修复土壤重金属污染的有效途径。【目的】以山东省曲阜市某煤矸石山周围土壤为材料,采用平板划线法分离筛选一株同时对铅、锌、铬有高耐性且吸附能力强的菌株。【方法】通过形态学特征、生理生化鉴定、分子生物学方法鉴定菌种;采用原子吸收分光光度计测量各重金属的浓度。【结果】鉴定菌株为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),命名为Bacillus cereus MZ-11。菌株MZ-11在pH为5.5-8.5、温度为15-45°C、NaCl质量分数为2%-8%时可正常生长。菌株MZ-11最高耐铅、锌、铬浓度高达1 000、1 200、1 600 mg/L。在培养基中铅、锌、铬3种重金属浓度分别为初始浓度(含Pb2+、Zn2+、Cr6+浓度分别为50、60、80 mg/L)、初始浓度的5倍、10倍、20倍的条件下,MZ-11对Cr6+和Zn2+的吸附比例则随浓度的提高逐渐增大,吸附百分比均在98%-99%以上。对Pb2+的吸附比例有一个最高值,并且P...     

Relationship Between Testate Amoeba (Protist) Communities and Atmospheric Heavy Metals Accumulated in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barbula indica</Emphasis> (Bryophyta) in Vietnam

We studied the relationships between testate amoeba communities and heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn, and Fe) concentrations in the moss Barbula indica sampled at 29 sites in and around the city of Hanoi (Vietnam). Our first approach was to compare the heavy metal concentrations and testate amoeba variables between the city (zone 1) and the surrounding (zone 2). Mean moss concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cu were significantly higher and testate amoeba species richness and abundance were significantly lower in zone 1 and the abundance of eight taxa differed significantly between the two zones. We then studied the correlation between heavy metals and testate amoebae. Species richness and abundance were correlated negatively to Pb concentration. Shannon H′ was negatively correlated to both Pb and Cd. The abundance of several species was negatively correlated with Pb, Cd, Zn, and Ni; however, at the community level, Pb emerged as the only significant variable in a redundancy analysis. Our results suggest that testate amoebae are sensitive to and may be good bioindicators for heavy metal pollution, especially lead. Further research is needed to understand the causal relationships underlying the observed patterns.     

Characterization of lactic acid bacteria-based probiotics as potential heavy metal sorbents

Aim: To isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and determine whether they could potentially be used as heavy metal (cadmium and lead) absorbing probiotics. Methods and Results: The study used 53 environmental (mud and sludge) samples to isolate cadmium‐ and lead‐resistant LAB, by following spared plate technique. A total of 255 cadmium‐ and lead‐resistant LAB were isolated from these samples. The survival of 26 of the LAB was found after passing through sequential probiotic characterizations. These 26 probiotic LAB exhibited remarkable variations in their metal‐resistant and metal‐removal abilities. Of 26, seven (Cd54‐2, Cd61‐7, Cd69‐12, Cd70‐13, Pb82‐8, Pb96‐19 and Cd109‐16) and four (Pb71‐1, Pb73‐2, Pb85‐9 and Pb96‐19) strains displayed relatively elevated cadmium‐ and lead‐removal efficiencies from water, respectively, compare with that of the remaining strains. Strains Cd70‐13 and Pb71‐1 showed the highest cadmium (25%) and lead (59%) removal capacity from MRS (De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe) culture medium, respectively, amongst the selected strains and showed a good adhesive ability on fish mucus. A phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rDNA sequences revealed that the strains Cd70‐13 and Pb71‐1 belong to Lactobacillus reuteri. Conclusion: Excellent probiotic, metal sorption and adhesive characteristics of newly identified Lact. reuteri strains Cd70‐13 and Pb71‐1 were isolated, which indicated their high potential abilities to survive in the intestinal milieu and to uptake the tested metals from the environment. Significance and Impact of the Study: To our knowledge, this is the first study that has aimed to isolate, characterize and identify metal‐resistant LAB strains that have potential to be a probiotic candidate for food and in vivo challenge studies in the intestinal milieu of fish for the uptake and control of heavy metal bioaccumulation.     

Heavy metal tolerance and accumulation in metallicolous and non-metallicolous populations of Thlaspi caerulescens from continental Europe

In continental Europe, the heavy metal hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens occurs both on heavy-metal polluted soils (subsp. calaminare) and on soils with normal heavy metal content (subsp. caerulescens). In order to assess the extent and partitioning of variation in heavy metal tolerance and foliar mineral composition, twelve families from two populations of each subspecies were grown in pots in four soil treatments differing in heavy metal (Zn, Pb) and macronutrient concentrations. The two subspecies differed systematically in many respects. Subsp. calaminare had a higher survival at high levels of heavy metals and a higher tolerance index in all treatments. It also had three times lower foliar zinc and lead concentrations when grown at moderate levels of heavy metals. This, together with a negative correlation of foliar Pb concentration with growth in subsp. caerulescens, suggests that heavy metal accumulation per se is not a mechanism of tolerance in this species. Variation among families within populations accounted for a larger proportion of total variance in growth and mineral composition than variation between populations. Additionally, within population variation in heavy metal tolerance and accumulation was significantly lower in subsp. calaminare. This suggests that, adding to a background constitutive tolerance at the species level, natural selection has increased heavy metal tolerance in metallicolous populations of Thlaspi caerulescens.     

Soil factors affecting patchiness in community composition of heavy metal-contaminated areas of Western Europe

The vegetation at various sites within two separate areas (Mechernich and Aachen) of the Eifel Mountains, Germany/Belgium, both characterized by elevated concentrations of heavy metals in their soils, was surveyed in order to investigate the relationships between soil chemical attributes and floristic composition. In both areas, the typical heavy metal communities can form distinct zones, clearly separated from the surrounding heavy metal-sensitive vegetation. However, an intergrading of heavy metal-tolerant and-sensitive vegetation types is not uncommon and such overlaps can occupy large areas. In Mechernich, soil toxicity is primarily determined by the effects of lead, which is best expressed in terms of the Pb/Ca ratio rather than the absolute levels of this metal in the soil. Soils of heavy metal-sensitive vegetation types have a low Pb/Ca ratio, whereas it is considerably higher in areas supporting heavy metal vegetation. Zinc appears to exert little influence on the floristic composition of the investigated vegetation types. In Aachen, zinc is the predominant heavy metal determining vegetation development. Absolute zinc levels of soils do not accurately reflect zinc toxicity. Analogous to the role of the Pb/Ca ratio in the Mechernich area, the Zn/Ca ratio not only separates heavy metal-sensitive and highly tolerant vegetation units, but also gives a good indication of the gradient operating between the two vegetation types. Lead is probably only of local importance in influencing species composition.     

Faecal Excretion Dynamic during Subacute Oral Exposure to Different Pb Species in Rattus norvegicus

Faecal excretion is a basic means of detoxification upon ingestion of Pb-contaminated feed. In order to determine a time course of Pb elimination after oral exposure to two different forms of this heavy metal (lead acetate vs. phyto-bound Pb), a feeding study was carried out in experimental rats using the Pb phyto-hyperaccumulator Pistia stratiotes as a model diet. The effect of starvation on Pb excretion was further studied in rats that were fed plant material. Twelve Pb doses (7 μg Pb/1 g BW) were administered orally over a 5-week period. Faeces samples were collected 24 and 72 h post-exposure. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and electrothermal absorption spectrometry methods were used for determination of heavy metal concentrations. Up to 53 % of ingested Pb was rapidly eliminated from the exposed rats via faeces within 24 h after exposure. Faecal excretion in exposed rats differed significantly when compared to that of the control group. Fasting before exposure reduced Pb excretion by up to 50 %. Faecal excretions of both examined Pb forms exhibited almost identical patterns. Considerable differences were revealed concerning total excretion levels; lead acetate was excreted in amount greater extent than those of phytobound Pb. Results of our study suggest that Pb forms occurring in the P. stratiotes tissues are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract to a greater extent than Pb from lead acetate. Therefore, higher portions of ingested Pb can be available for potential accumulation in tissues of exposed subjects.