南方红豆杉细胞双液相培养中强化紫杉醇生产的研究

研究了南主红豆杉(Taxuschinensisvar.maireiChengetFu)细胞双液相培养中前体饲喂和混合糖源作为生产培养基糖源对细胞生长和紫杉醇合成的影响。结果表明,前体饲喂(苯丙氨酸、苯甲酰胺和醋酸钠)或混合糖(麦芽糖和蔗糖)作为生产培养基糖源对南方红豆杉细胞单液相培养、更重要的是对其双液相培养的紫杉醇产量提高有显著促进作用,而且前体饲喂和混合糖源的协同作用对其双液相培养的紫杉醇产量提高有进一步的促进作用。与对照组(蔗糖作为糖源和无前体的单液相培养)相比,在南方红豆杉细胞双液相培养中,第10天加入前体,第11天加入混合糖源,紫杉醇产量提高4倍多     

Comparative lipidomics analysis of cellular development and apoptosis in two Taxus cell lines

A comparative lipidomics approach was employed to investigate the changes in membrane phospholipids during the procession of cellular development and apoptosis of two plant cell lines, Taxus cuspidata and Taxus chinensis var. mairei. Analysis of lipids by LC/ESI/MS(n) showed more than 90 phospholipid molecular species and indicated significant differences in the abundance throughout a 3-week period. Phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) were three important lipid groups that were responsible for the discrimination between the apoptotic T. chinensis var. mairei and living T. cuspidata cells. Continuous increase of phospholipase D (PLD) activity led to PA production in apoptotic T. chinensis var. mairei cells suggesting that the PLD activation and PA formation mediated the apoptosis. Comparison of the profiles of phosphatidylbutanol (PtdBut) with those of PC or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) indicated that PC rather than PE was the major substrate of PLD in vivo. These results suggest that the alternation of membrane phospholipids may regulate apoptosis, triggering an increase in taxol production of T. chinensis var. mairei cells.     

光胁迫对南方红豆杉叶片中叶绿体色素和紫杉醇含量的影响

研究了在光胁迫下南方红豆杉叶片中叶绿体色素含量和紫杉醇含量的动态变化。结果表明,与对照相比,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素的含量以及叶绿素a/叶绿素b比值在光胁迫下均减少,随胁迫时间的延长,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素的含量逐渐上升,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值先上升后下降;类胡萝卜素含量在前两周与对照相比降低,2周后高于对照;类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值高于对照,随胁迫时间的延长,其趋势先降低后上升。光胁迫处理后,南方红豆杉叶片中紫杉醇含量与对照相比,在第1周时略有下降,而后随胁迫时间的延长,紫杉醇含量在第2周开始迅速大量积累,而在处理3周时达到较高值,已增加到1.5倍,这对提高人工种植的南方红豆杉中紫杉醇含量具有非常重要的意义。     

不同产地南方红豆杉枝叶的紫杉醇含量及其指纹图谱的比较分析

采用HPLC法对来源于6个产地(陕西周至和汉中;甘肃天水;安徽胡乐、聂家山和仙寓山)的12份野生南方红豆杉[ Taxus chinensis var.mairei( Lemée et Lévl.) Cheng et L.K.Fu]枝叶中的紫杉醇含量进行了比较分析,并对不同产地南方红豆杉指纹图谱的相似度进行了比较和特征指纹图谱的构建.结果表明:不同产地南方红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇的含量有明显差异,来源于陕西和甘肃的枝叶样品中紫杉醇含量明显高于来源于安徽的样品,以产自陕西周至的枝叶样品中紫杉醇含量最高(0.019 3 mg·g-1).各样品的指纹图谱均有12个共有峰,其中9号共有峰的保留时间(32.75 min)与紫杉醇标准品一致,被确定为南方红豆杉指纹图谱的参照峰(s).各共有峰相对保留时间的RSD值均低于1％,但相对峰面积的RSD值均高于40％,说明各样品共有峰的保留时间稳定,但相对含量差异较大.除来源于安徽聂家山的2个样品外,其他样品的相似度值均在0.8以上,说明各样品间指纹图谱的相似度较高.根据12个样品的指纹图谱建立了南方红豆杉枝叶的特征指纹图谱,可用于南方红豆杉的鉴定及质量控制.由测定结果推测:不同产地南方红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇含量的差异可能与生长环境的差异有关.     

胸径、构件和季节对南方红豆杉中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量的影响

系统采集了12个不同胸径的南方红豆杉当年生针叶和树皮样品,用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)测定其紫杉醇(taxol)和10-去乙酰基巴卡亭Ⅲ(10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ,10-DAB)含量,结果显示针叶的两种被测试物质含量的平均值分别为0.0127mg·g-1和0.0805mg·g-1,树皮的这两种物质含量平均值分别为0.1164mg·g-1和0.4842mg·g-1。当年生针叶、树皮中紫杉醇含量与胸径相关性不显著。对植株不同构件(枝条、针叶、树皮和根)中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量的测定表明,根中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量最高,当年生针叶紫杉醇含量最低。天然和人工栽培南方红豆杉当年生针叶中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量呈明显的季节变化,各月份间含量差异显著,人工栽培和天然植株针叶在生长速度明显减缓的10月份,紫杉醇和10-DAB含量均出现一个明显的峰值。     

美丽镰刀菌培养液对东北红豆杉悬浮细胞防御反应及紫杉醇合成的影响

美丽镰刀(Fusarium mairei)是一分离自南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)的产紫杉醇内生真菌,用B5培养基培养6 d,去菌尘幺后制得美丽镰刀菌培养液,并从中提取其胞外多糖.研究了4%(V/V)美丽镰刀菌培养液及4%(W/V)胞外多糖两种处理,对东北红豆杉(T.cuspidata)悬浮细胞防御反应及紫杉醇合成的影响.结果表明:两种处理均能诱导东北红豆杉细胞的防御反应.但美丽镰刀菌培养液的影响明显大于胞外多特(P<0.05).另外,两种处理均可促进东北红豆杉细胞紫杉醇的合成与释放.美丽镰刀菌培养液处理得到的紫杉醇与其释放率分别是对照的2.5倍8.8倍,而胞外多糖处理得到的紫杉醇与其释放率则分别是对照的1.5倍与3倍.     

Salicylic acid-induced taxol production and isopentenyl pyrophosphate biosynthesis in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis var. mairei

The influences of salicylic acid (SA) on taxol production and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) biosynthesis pathways in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis var. mairei were investigated by adding SA and mevastatin (MVS), a highly specific inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in the mevalonate pathway for IPP biosynthesis, into the culture systems. The cell death and taxol production were induced upon the introduction of SA, and 20mg/l was proved to be the optimal SA concentration in terms of the less damage to Taxus cells and marked activation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). In the coexistence of SA (20mg/l) and MVS (100 nmol/l), the taxol content (1.626 mg/g dry wt) was higher than that (0.252 mg/g dry wt) of the MVS-treated system but almost equal to that (1.581 mg/g dry wt) of the SA-treated system. It is thus inferred that the activated non-mevalonate pathway should be responsible for the formation of IPP in taxol biosynthesis in the presence of SA.     

植物生长调节剂对南方红豆杉愈伤组织培养和紫杉醇合成的影响

通过不同种类和水平植物生长调节剂对南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensisvar.mairei)愈伤组织诱导、生长和紫杉醇合成能力影响的研究发现:诱导培养初期,以无植物生长调节剂的MS为基本培养基,在附加不同植物生长调节剂组合作用下愈伤组织产生的时间和生长、在相同植物生长调节剂组合作用下不同外植体愈伤组织的产生时间和生长均表现出较显著差异,2,4-D/NAA高于0.4时,不利于南方红豆杉愈伤组织的诱导。转换到附加不同植物生长调节剂组合的B5培养基上后,随培养继代次数的增加,生长差异逐渐缩小,直至不显著,表明参考不同文献报道最优配方所设计的各植物生长调节剂组合对南方红豆杉愈伤组织的生长均较适宜,有利南方红豆杉愈伤组织生长的植物生长调节剂优化组合没有唯一性。但不同调节剂组合作用下的同源愈伤组织中、相同调节剂作用下不同源愈伤组织中紫杉醇含量均存在着极显著差异,适当水平(2 mg/L)的2,4-D单用,或与适当水平的KT、6-BA、KT GA配合使用,对南方红豆杉愈伤组织紫杉醇的合成较有利,NAA则不太有利,幼茎和叶愈伤组织产紫杉醇的水平较其它愈伤组织为高。     

Screening of taxol-producing endophytic fungi from Taxus chinensis var. mairei

A total of 38 endophytic fungus strains were isolated from Taxus chinensis var. mairei by aseptic technique. Genomic DNA was extracted from isolated endophytic fungi and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the presence of Taxus taxadiene synthase (TS) gene, a rate-limiting enzyme gene in the taxol biosynthetic pathway. Twelve out of 38 isolated endophytic fungus strains showed PCR positive for the ts gene. Subsequently, taxol and its related compounds were extracted from culture filtrates and mycelia of the PCR positive strains, separated by column chromatography and analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrum. The analysis result showed that 3 strains could produce taxol and its related compounds at the detectible level. This study indicates that molecular detection of the ts gene is an efficient method for primary screening of taxol or its related compounds-producing endophytic fungi which can improve prominently screening efficiency.     

南方红豆杉根际溶无机磷细菌的筛选、鉴定及其促生效果

【目的】对南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)根际溶无机磷细菌进行了分离、筛选与鉴定,并对获得的高效溶磷菌株进行了温室盆栽试验。本研究为通过生物途径改善南方红豆杉磷素供应,促进其生长提供了优良的菌株资源。【方法】利用选择培养基从南方红豆杉根际土壤中共分离出具溶磷能力的细菌;采用NBRI-BPB培养基进行复筛获得溶磷能力较强的溶无机磷细菌;并采用钼锑抗比色法测量其在NBRIP培养基中经4d发酵后的可溶性磷含量;通过形态指标、生理生化测定、Biolog系统和16S rDNA序列分析鉴定细菌种类;并进行了溶磷菌株的室内盆栽实生苗接种试验。【结论】从南方红豆杉根际共分离出4株高效溶磷细菌,分别鉴定为荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)、蜡状芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、草木樨中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)和地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis);4株细菌对南方红豆杉苗期的生长有明显的促进作用。     

影响南方红豆杉细胞生长及紫杉醇含量的因素

研究了影响南方红豆杉细胞生长及紫杉醇含量的稀土和氮源.结果表明 ,较低浓度(1×10-5 mol/L)的稀土元素对南方红豆杉细胞的生长及紫杉醇的合成有一定促进作用,较高浓度(1×10-4 mol/L)的稀土元素则起抑制作用.3种稀土中以使用10-5 mol/L的镱效果最好.当NH+4/NO-3质量浓度比例为2/25以及总氮源浓度为27 mmol/L时,细胞的生长率和紫杉醇的含量达到最大.     

Cell Apoptosis Induced by Oligosaccharide in Suspension Cultures of Taxus chinenesis

Taxol production of Taxus chinensis（Pilger） Rehd. var.mairei (Lemeeet Lévl.) Cheng et L. K. Fu induced by oligosaccharide from Fusarium oxysporum f.vasinfectum (Atkinson) Snyder et Hansen was studied in suspension cultures, and it was found that oligosaccharide triggered cell apoptosis. Under transmission electron microscope the following morphological changes were observed: cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm, nuclear fragmentation, and the increase of high electron density bodies in vacuole in great quantity. In oligosaccharide treated cells, agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that DNA was digested into oligonucleosomal fragments that were times of 200 bp appearing as DNA ladders. Control cells were in normal physiological state, they were intact, abundant in organelle and with integral nucleus DNA, and the rate of taxol biosynthesis in these cells was very low. After the oligosaccharide to the culture system, the defense system of cells was elicited and the secondary metabolism was strengthened, i.e. phenolics were accumulated in the medium, the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was increased quickly and secondary wall of cells was thickened. The activity of L phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), the critical enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway, was increased promptly 1 h after elicitation. The rate of taxol production was improved sharply and the maximal taxol concentration at 72 h was six times that of control. Appearance of cell apoptosis was accompanied with the highest concentration of taxol in suspension cultures.     

元宝山南方红豆杉构件种群结构研究——Ⅰ.大小结构

在资源量调查的基础上选择样地,采用１０ｍ×１０ｍ样方为基本调查单位,研究南方红豆杉种群,结果发现其在元宝山的种群是通过茎干萌生幼苗（构件）来延续和扩大的。种群结构可分为类型Ⅰ初始增长型、类型Ⅱ增长型种群前期类型、类型Ⅲ增长型种群、类型Ⅳ稳定型种群。对各样地的种群大小结构与大小级进行相关分析和负指数函数拟合,Ｐ１、Ｐ２、Ｐ３、Ｐ６、Ｐ７样地及种群综合大小结构呈显著相关关系。种群现状虽枯倒树较多但仍为稳定种群,元宝山红豆杉种群繁殖方式的发现和研究对开发和保护红豆杉植物资源具有重要意义。     

Stimulation of taxol production and excretion in Taxus spp cell cultures by rare earth chemical lanthanum

The trivalent ion of a rare earth element, lanthanum, was tested for elicitor-like effects on taxol production in suspension cultures of four different Taxus spp cells. In T. yunnanensis cell cultures, the lanthanum ion at concentrations from 1.15 to 23.0 microM stimulated taxol production. The lanthanum ion also promoted taxol excretion by the T. yunnanensis cells considerably. The maximum stimulation of taxol production was achieved by the addition of 5.8 microM La3+ to the culture during mid-log growth phase, increasing the volumetric taxol yield by nearly threefold, from 2.61+/-0.37 to 9.89+/-1.92 mg l(-1) over a 28 day culture period. At higher concentrations, i.e. 23.1 and 46.2 microM, however, the lanthanum ion caused significant growth inhibition. For the other three Taxus cell lines, namely an embryo and a leave cell of T. chinensis and a stem cell of T. chinensis marv, the addition of lanthanum ion to the culture only had a significant effect on taxol production by the T. chinensis marv stem cells, increasing the volumetric yield by about threefold to 4.69+/-0.76 mg l(-1). These results suggest that lanthanum has elicitor-like effects on secondary metabolite synthesis of plant cell cultures.     

红豆杉细胞培养产物提取策略及其对紫杉醇的影响

研究了硫酸铈铵及原位提取对红豆杉细胞悬浮培养过程中细胞生长、紫杉醇合成及释放的影响。红豆杉细胞悬浮培养过程中培养第12d添加2mg/L硫酸铈铵能获得最大紫杉醇产量8．3mg/L,其中2．4mg/L释放到细胞外,分别为对照组的4倍及12倍。同时添加2mg/L硫酸铈铵、5％油酸(v/v)时胞外紫杉醇产量达到9mg/L,为对照组的45倍。将硫酸铈铵及原位提取与补料培养相结合,最高紫杉醇产量可达24．5mg/L,其中60％释放到胞外。     

南方红豆杉毛状根诱导体系的建立及毛状根中 紫杉醇的分离纯化研究

目的:研究发根农杆菌对南方红豆杉转化的转化体系和毛状根中紫杉醇的提取纯化工艺;方法:采用发根农杆菌对南方红豆杉不同外植体进行诱导,并对影响毛状根转化的因素进行分析。采用超临界CO2流体萃取法、硅胶柱色谱法以及高效液相法对毛状根中的紫杉醇进行分离提纯;结果:成功构建了南方红豆杉毛状根诱导体系。其中农杆菌的种类、外植体类型、预培养和共培养时间、培养基中激素浓度均影响毛状根的转化率。毛状根经高压纸电泳检测显示表达冠瘿碱。毛状根中紫杉醇经超临界CO2法提取及硅胶柱色谱法分离提纯,采用高效液相法分析显示其纯度可达到98%。结论:发根农杆菌诱导南方红豆杉产生的毛状根中可产生紫杉醇,可作为紫杉醇的主要来源。     

元宝山南方红豆杉种群结构——Ⅱ、高度结构

在资源调查的基础上选择样地 ,采用样方调查法研究红豆杉种群高度结构 ,结果表明南方红豆杉种群是通过茎干萌生幼苗 (构件 )来延续和扩大的 ,其结构为塔型 ,存活曲线为中间微凸而近于直线 ,是稳定型种群结构。幼苗幼树级占 95.3% ,其次为高度 9.1～ 11m的成年树级 ,占 1.6 %。为了扩大和延续 ,南方红豆杉种群通过大量萌生 (繁殖 )构件并进行自我调节 ,使幼树幼苗有较高的死亡率 ;种群个体进入优势层后 ,高度生长缓慢 ,而径向生长加快 ,因此 9.1～ 11m级数量增多。种间种内竞争的结果形成南方红豆杉种群世代不同大小个体的高度结构。南方红豆杉种群高度与胸径的关系为幂函数相关关系 ,高度与年龄 (<6 0 a)的关系为线性相关关系     

Enhanced taxol production and release in Taxus chinensis cell suspension cultures with selected organic solvents and sucrose feeding

Suspension culture of Taxus chinensis cells was carried out in aqueous-organic two-phase systems for the production and in situ solvent extraction of taxol (paclitaxel). Three organic solvents, hexadecane, decanol, and dibutylphthalate, were tested at 5-20% (v/v) in the culture liquid. All of these solvents stimulated taxol release and the yield per cell, though decanol and higher concentrations of the other two solvents depressed biomass growth significantly. Ten percent dibutylphthalate was the optimal solvent for improving taxol production and release with minimal cell growth inhibition. The time of solvent addition to the culture also affected taxol production, with the addition during the late-log growth phase being most favorable. By feeding sucrose to the culture near the stationary growth phase, the cell growth and taxol production period was extended from 27 to 42 days. The combining of the two-phase culture and sucrose feeding increased the taxol yield by about 6-fold compared with the single-phase batch culture, to 36.0 +/- 3.5 mg/L, with up to 63% taxol released. This study shows that in situ solvent extraction combined with nutrient feeding is an effective process strategy for production and recovery of secondary metabolites in plant cell suspension culture.     

补料培养与溶氧控制联合应用对红豆杉细胞培养的影响

为进一步提高红豆杉 (Taxuschinensis (Pilg.)Rehd .)细胞培养过程中紫杉醇的产量 ,采用细胞悬浮培养方法研究了补料培养与溶氧控制联合应用对紫杉醇产量的影响。 5L反应器中补料培养研究表明 ,培养过程中第 16天添加含 2 0g/L蔗糖的补料培养液有利于细胞的生长及紫杉醇的合成。 2 0L反应器中补料培养的研究结果表明 :2 0 %饱和度培养时紫杉醇含量最高 (0 .98mg/gDW) ,但 4 0 %～ 6 0 %溶氧饱和度能提高紫杉醇的产量。进一步研究表明 ,细胞在 6 0 %溶氧饱和度培养 2 0d后转入 2 0 %溶氧饱和度继续培养 12d ,能显著提高紫杉醇产量。补料培养与溶氧控制联合应用时 ,2 0L反应器中红豆杉细胞培养紫杉醇产量可达 18.7mg/L。     

南方红豆杉盆栽扦插育苗技术研究

南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var. mairei)是中国特有的国家一级保护植物。2009-2010年采用2年龄实生苗为采条母株进行室内盆栽扦插试验研究,结果表明:珍珠岩和河沙两种基质相比较,珍珠岩上生根率显著高于河沙,是更佳选择;用市售的"花语牌"快速促根剂配制成5、10、15、2 0mg/mL 4个浓度分别处理插穗基部并以蒸馏水作对照发现,10 mg/mL、15 mg/mL处理有利于生长,15 mg/mL处理后生根率显著高于5 mg/mL、10 mg/mL、20 mg/mL及对照。再以同一浓度生根粉分别浸泡4 h、8 h、10 h作对比发现,8 h和10 h处理后生长效果较好,10 h的生根率显著高于4 h、8 h。