光敏核不育水稻等位突变系的AFLP分析

通过对NK58S和NK58F这一对光敏核不育水稻等位突变系的AFLP分析,比较了AFLP,RAPD及RFLP检测DNA多态性的相对效率。结果表明,这三种分子标记的DNA多态性检出效率依次为AFLP>RAPD>RFLP;找出了水稻AFLP分析的最适反应条件;通过AFLP和集群混合分析(Bulked segregating analysis,BSA),筛选出了一批与水稻光敏核不育(PGMS)基因连锁的多态性AFLP产物,已完成了对4个多态性AFLP产物的克隆,Southern杂交证明其中2个为单拷贝顺序,另外2个为低拷贝顺序。对上述三种分子标记各自的优缺点及它们在DNA多态性检测中的适用之处进行了分析探讨。     

生态条件对籼粳交F2代穗部性状与程氏指数的影响

选用籼粳交组合(晚轮422×沈农265)F2为试材,分别在四川、上海、辽宁同年种植,研究在不同生态条件下穗部性状和程氏指数的变化趋势以及二者的关系。结果表明:在四川和上海穗较长、2次枝梗数较多、结实率较低并且与着粒密度呈极显著负相关,而在辽宁穗较短、1次枝梗数较多、结实率较高并且与着粒密度关系不显著。从北到南,程氏指数、叶毛、1-2穗节长、抽穗时壳色和子粒长宽比均呈偏粳分布,并且偏粳程度呈增加趋势。程氏指数与穗颈弯曲度相关性在各地区均未达显著水平;在四川与着粒密度呈显著负相关,与结实率和千粒重呈显著正相关;在上海与结实率呈显著正相关;在辽宁与着粒密度、1次枝梗数、2次枝梗数、粒数呈极显著负相关,与穗长呈显著正相关。因此,水稻超高产育种必须根据生态条件的差异合理地将协调穗部结构与亚种间杂交优缺点互补相结合。     

Abnormality in Male Organ Development and Fertility of Photoperiod sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice Plants Under Short Day Condition

Ten photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterile rice (PGMSR) lines were studied to observe the development of male organs of their short day (SD) plants. The results were shown as follows: 1 ) The self seed-setting rate and the percentage of fertile pollen of these PGMSR lines were much lower than those of the controls. 2) All the male sterile line plants had variant barriers in anther dehiscing and pollen scattering. In addition, some of their stigmas were devoid of pollen, and some self pollen grains on their stignas germinated weakly. 3) Female fertility of those plants was believed to be normal through observation in their embryo sac development and cross seed-setting rate. The authors deduced that the male sterile gene expression becomes the major factor for low rate of self seed-setting of PGMSR plants under SD condition.     

Primary Study of Rice AFLP Analysis-Optimization of Reaction Conditions and Analysis of Thermo sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice Allelic Mutant Lines

AFLP analysis was performed between a pair of thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) rice allelic mutant lines (5460S and 5460F). The reaction conditions for rice AFLP assay were optimized. The relative efficiencies for polymorphism detection of RFLP, RAPD and AFLP were compared. The results indicated that the efficiency for polymorphism detection in rice was in the order of AFLP > RAPD > RFLP, and also indicated that AFLP was a powerful DNA molecular marker technique for polymorphism detection, especially in the case of extremely low polymorphism, such as isogenic lines and allehc mutant hnes. Some of the AFLP products between the TGMS rice allehc mutant lines were cloned. Three of them were used as mixed probes to screen BAC library of rice line 5460S. 12 positive clones were screened out. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of these three molecular marker systems were discussed.     

光敏核不育水稻农垦58S与其衍生不育系的叶绿体DNA的比较

扩增了光敏核不育系农垦58S及从它衍生出来的5个两用核不育系叶绿体DNA的ORF（open reading frame）100、ORF29-TrnC^GCA、rps16（ribosomal proteins16）基因内含子和TrnT^UGU-TrnL^UAA（tRNA^Thr（UGU）-tRNA^-Leu（UAA）等4个片段,并测定了其序列。研究结果表明,粳型光敏核不系农垦58S的叶绿体为粳型。农垦58S衍生的核不育系中,粳型核不育系7001S以及3个籼型核不育系1103S、培矮64S和广占63S的叶绿体DNA为粳型,与选育者提供的细胞质系谱一致。籼型核不育系W6154S的叶绿体DNA为籼型,与选育者提供的细胞质系谱不一致,推断选育者在选育过程中更换过细胞质（曾用不育系作过父本）。5个粳型叶绿体DNA的rps16基因内含子和TrnT^UGU-TrnL^UAA间区的序列相互之间有1-2个单核苷酸的变异。     

粳稻穗角与谷粒性状的相关性及谷粒性状遗传分析

粳稻穗角小的品种产量高而品质差。谷粒性状与产量和品质都有关联。为培育产量与品质相协调的品种提供相关遗传信息, 测定了粳稻直立穗品种丙8979和弯曲穗品种C堡及其重组自交系349个株系的穗角和7个谷粒性状, 分析了穗角与谷粒性状之间的相关性, 并运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型, 对7个谷粒性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明, 穗角与粒厚、长厚比和宽厚比均无显著相关, 而与千粒重、粒长、粒宽和长宽比均呈极显著正相关。7个谷粒性状均受2对主基因+多基因控制, 2对主基因的作用方式因性状而异。千粒重、粒长、长厚比和宽厚比4个性状以主基因遗传为主; 粒宽、粒厚和长宽比3个性状以多基因遗传为主。     

籼稻光(温)敏核不育系抽穗与结实对光周期和温度的反应特性

在控制光长与温度的人工气候室,研究了7个核不育系籼稻抽穗与结实的光、温反应特性。二九青S、安农S-1、衡农S,CY8526S,W6154S,KS-14植株抽穗的感光性均弱,光周期敏感期(PSP)为-6至8天,仅8902S中等,PSP为31天,抽穗的高温促进率(TSR)一般为20％左右,感温性均属中等:KS-14为41％属强级。它们结实对光周期一般不敏感,仅二九青S、CY-8526S8902S在LD下结实率明显下降,但未达到全不育程度,因此均不是光敏核不育系;它们结实对温度均极敏感,30℃高温下5个品系全不育,W6154S在高温与20℃低温下都近于全不育;衡农S则在低温下近于全不育。供试7个不育系全为温敏不育系,它们结实的最适温度范围相当狭窄。     

Microcalorimetric Investigation on Metabolic Activity and Effects of La (III) in Mitochondria Isolated from Indica Rice 9311

Thermogenic metabolic curves were determined by the ampoule method at 303 K using a TAM air isothermal microcalorimeter in mitochondria isolated from rice 9311 (Oryza sativa L). From the thermogenic curves the activity recovery rate constant k and the maximum heat power P _m were obtained. Both were positively correlated to the protein content of rice mitochondria. The corresponding correlation coefficients were 0.9959 and 0.9950, respectively, indicating that the in vitro metabolic activity of mitochondria can be reliably expressed by these parameters. Addition of La (III) ions in concentrations ranging from 0 to 130 μg/mL resulted in significantly higher k and P _m values. Concentrations from 140 to 180 μg/mL had the opposite effect. These results are consistent with previous reports on the effects of rare earth elements on plant growth. We propose that the lanthanum-induced change of mitochondrial metabolic activity is a possible mechanism by which La (III) ions influence indica rice 9311 growth.     

钙和钙离子载体A23187对水稻早期胚胎离体发育的影响

研究了不同浓度的钙(Ca^2 )和钙离子载体A23187对水稻早期胚胎离体发育的影响。结果表明：(1)Ca^2 对授粉后3～5d水稻胚胎离体发育的调控具有时间和浓度效应。培养基中不含Ca^2 或Ca^2 浓度较高(10^-1mol／L)时,3d原胚离体分裂和生长完全受到抑制;4～5d早期分化胚受到一定程度的影响;而Ca^2 浓度为10^-3mol／L时,不同时期的水稻胚胎均表现出最佳的生长速度和最高的离体胚胎发生频率;在相同的钙浓度条件下,胚龄越大,胚胎发生频率及总诱导频率越大。(2)A23187影响水稻胚胎的离体生长和形态发生：胚胎越小,影响越大;浓度越高,抑制作用越强。     

K、V、T型小麦细胞质雄性不育系叶绿体DNA的SSR分析及RuBP羧化酶活性比较

为了探讨小麦细胞质雄性不育(CMS)与叶绿体DNA(cpDNA)的关系,揭示CMS机理。以2套K、V、T型同核异质不育系(A)及其保持系(B)‘太911289’和‘冀5418’、育性恢复的F_1和各自的质供体粘果山羊草(Aegilops kotschyi)、偏凸山羊草(Aegilops ventricosa)、提莫菲维小麦(Triticum timopheevii)为试验材料,利用cpSSR引物对小麦cpDNA进行比较分析,筛选出代表不同胞质不育系的引物,探讨CMS与叶绿体的关系;同时测定由叶绿体DNA与核DNA共同编码的RuBP羧化酶的活性,为小麦K、V、T雄性不育类型的应用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)K型、V型、T型不育系与保持系的cpDNA之间均呈现多态性,且不同的细胞质之间存在特异片段,这从DNA水平上提供了3类不育系胞质来源不同的证据,并分别找到5对和7对可以鉴定V型和T型不育系的特异引物。(2)除K型‘冀5418’与其胞质供体的cpDNA出现差异外,不育系与其胞质供体的cpDNA没有差异,而且不育系与其育性恢复的F_1代cpSSR扩增片段之间也没有差异,很好地遗传了其母本性状。(3)在起身期和开花期,不仅2套不育系的RuBP羧化酶活性显著高于保持系,且在不育系与恢复系杂交的F_1中,随着育性的恢复其RuBP羧化酶活性高于保持系而低于各自不育系;而在拔节期的不育系与保持系之间、不育系之间、以及F_1代与不育系和保持系之间的RuBP酶活性大小没有显著差异。这可能与拔节期主要是营养生长有关系。     

焦核与大核龙眼雌配子体发育、授粉受精及早期胚胎发育的比较研究

利用人工授粉,采用压片法对大核龙眼‘九月乌’和焦核龙眼‘闽焦64-1’、‘闽焦64-2’、‘白核’等的自交与杂交后花粉管的生长特性进行研究,同时应用常规石蜡切片技术对大核与焦核龙眼的雌配子体以及合子胚早期发育进行观察。结果表明,龙眼胚珠在单核胚囊形成前就开始败育,且焦核品种(系)的败育率显著高于大核品种。不同亲本组合的授粉率存在差异,所有授粉组合在授粉36～48 h后均能观察到1个花粉管生长并进入胚囊受精。焦核品种(系)的胚胎在谢花后10 d开始败育,且败育率明显高于大核品种。受精是龙眼子房发育的首要条件,胚珠败育的雌蕊在谢花后10 d不膨大,不能发育形成焦核果实。谢花后10～30 d的早期胚胎败育是形成焦核龙眼的主要原因。焦核品种‘白核’胚乳具有成胚能力。约有24%的‘闽焦64-1’胚珠在胚胎发育过程中,其助细胞、合点端细胞及胚乳发生异常,这可能与早期胚胎败育有关。