Genetic Transformation of Leaf Explants of Populus tomentosa

The leaf disc method developed by Horsch et al. (1985) has been used for transformation of Populus tomentosa. The strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens used harbored a reconstructed Ti plasmid which contained gene 4 of T–DNA and the chimeric CAT(chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) gene. Leaf explants from shoot cultures of Populus tomentosa were co-culfivated with the bacterium. On the hormone free medium, teratoma-like shoots developed from the edge of the leaf explants. When the abnormal shoots were excised from the explants and transferred onto rooting medium, a mass of callus formed at the base of shoots, with new shoots developing, but without root formation. The measurement of'endogenous cytokinin showed that the transformed shoots produced 14 times as much iso-pentenyl adenosine as untransformed shoots did. All teratoma-like shoots-tested showed the presence of nopaline, and were able to grow well. on the medium containing 60-100μg/ml chloromycetin, while normal shoots turned white after 40 days. Pretreatment of A. tumefaciens with phenolic compound, salicylic acid, would increase the frequency of transformation significantly.     

Study on Origin of Populus tomentosa Carr.

This study analyzed five varieties of P. tomentosa and their putative parents, P. alba, P. davidiana, P. adenopoda and P. tremula by RAPD and artificial cross. Of 78 bands revealed by 13 arbitrary primers selected, 58 (74.36%) bands were polymorphic among P. tomentosa and four putative parents. The RAPD statistical results showed the relationship between P. tomentosa and P. alba or P. adenopoda was closer than that between P. tomentosa and P. davidiana or P. tremula . There were higher similarity and lower genetic distance between P. tomentosa and P. alba or P. adenopoda than that between P. tomentosa and the other two putative parents. The results from UPGMA, Fitch margoliash phylogenetic dendrogram were similar. In addition, artificial hybrids including reciprocal cross between P. alba and P. adenopoda were used to compare with five varieties of P. tomentosa . And those hybrids between P. alba as female and P. adenopoda as male were closer to P. tomentosa than those from reciprocal cross. The results demonstrated that P. tomentosa was a natural hybrid between P. alba as female parent and P. adenopoda as male parent.     

用RAPD探讨毛白杨起源

利用RAPD分子标记对山杨、欧洲山杨、银白杨、响叶杨及毛白杨的5个不同类型,即抱头毛白杨、截叶毛白杨、易县毛白杨、陕西毛白杨和南京栽培的毛白杨进行了分析,并进行了银白杨×响叶杨正反交实验,研究杂种后代与毛白杨的关系。RAPD分析说明,毛白杨的亲缘关系与银白杨和响叶杨较近,而与山杨和欧洲山杨的亲缘关系则较远。毛白杨在聚类图上首先是与银白杨和响叶杨聚为一类,再与山杨和欧洲山杨聚在一起。通过比较毛白杨与银白杨和响叶杨的正反交子代,发现毛白杨更接近银白杨×响叶杨的子代,而与反交子代有所区别。由此可见,毛白杨为天然杂种是没有疑义的,而且很可能是银白杨×响叶杨的杂种。本研究筛选出的13个引物,产生了78条谱带,覆盖了基因组的一定区域,其可靠性是较高的。     

广东中部两种常见灌木的生态学比较

 通过对广东中部的阳生性灌木桃金娘和阴生性灌木九节的形态学、解剖学、植物生态学以及植物生理学等方面的比较发现：处于强光照下的桃金娘通过大的根系、多的枝叶和小的叶片在水分和养分竞争中处于优势,并利用小的枝角和叶毛来避免强光的伤害,而九节则是通过其叶、枝的最经济数量和最佳位置排列来充分利用阴暗不足的光线;桃金娘通过叶片和栅栏组织厚度以及短的小脉间距在强光下能继续进行光合作用并尽快运出光合产物,而九节的叶片则可充分利用森林底层有限的光照;在南亚热带,30％左右的透光率是林下耐荫性树种九节入侵和阳生性灌木桃金娘消亡的辐射条件;九节的生态对策为K对策,而桃金娘遵循r对策;九节和桃金娘的平均光合速率分别为5.9±1.6μmol CO2·m-2·s-1和11.9±0.4μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,光补偿点分别为0.005和0.012mmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点分别为0.04和0.39μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,气孔传导率分别为0.053±0.037μmolCO2·m-2·s-1和0.101±0.013 mol·m-2·s-l,暗呼吸速率分别为0.42±0.0lμmol CO2·m-2·s-1和0.16±0.15μmolCO2·m-2·s-1,这些生理学差异、形态解剖学差异等与其生境差异有密切的关系。     

芽变毛白杨形态解剖和同功酶初步分析

目的:为了解芽变毛白杨(以下称芽变杨)新品种的特点及融合亲本。方法:试验以芽变杨、毛白杨和大官杨为研究对象,进行形态学、同功酶等分析。结果:在外部形态上芽变杨既有毛白杨和大官杨的特点,具有两亲本折中的形态。显微观察,导管壁较厚,管腔占木质部的比例小。同功酶谱带具有两亲本特有的条带,这为芽变杨是大官杨和毛白杨两者的融合突变提供了直接证据。     

Two-phase temporary immersion system for Agrobacterium rhizogenes genetic transformation of sage (Salvia tomentosa Mill.)

Hairy root cultures of Salvia tomentosa were initiated by transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. To prevent necrosis in the explants and to protect young hairy roots, Amberlite XAD-4 resin, in combination with a temporary immersion cultivation system, was applied. HPLC analyzes showed that the resin adsorbed more than 93% of the released phenolic acids and 100% of the released flavonoids. The decreased content of the released phenolics significantly reduced their destructive effects on the plant tissues, prevented, and speeded up the appearance of hairy roots.     

化州柚查尔酮合成酶基因克隆与序列分析

利用CTAB-LiCl法提取高质量的化州柚总RNA,采用RT-PCR技术克隆查尔酮合成酶基因,获得广东道地药材化橘红资源化州柚的查尔酮合成酶基因。该基因编码区全长1176bp,编码391个氨基酸残基,与同样来源于柑橘属的查尔酮合成酶基因同源性高达98%。CTAB-LiCl法能提取高质量的化州柚总RNA,可以用于后续基因克隆和分析;克隆获得的查尔酮合成酶具有编码区,与同属植物相同基因具有高度序列同源性。     

三倍体毛白杨速生林土壤养分因子及pH值动态变化

通过连续4a测定2年生三倍体毛白杨(B304)及其对照二倍体(1319)林地内0-20cm、20-40cm和40-60cm土层中土壤理化指标(包括pH值、有机质、全N、碱解N、全P、有效P、全K和速效K含量),以明确三倍体毛白杨种植对土壤养分及其理化性质的影响。试验结果表明,(1)在4a生长期内林地土壤的pH值呈现碱性增强变化;B304的平均pH值由8.13升至8.43,1319由8.12升至8.78,虽然二者没有显著差异,但三倍体对林地的pH值影响相对较小,更利于土壤酸碱平衡及土壤缓冲力的稳定性;(2)土壤中有机质及碱解N含量呈现先降低后升高的变化特点,品种间差异不显著;(3)在2006年,毛白杨林地土壤中有效P和速效K含量显著下降,降幅均为0-20cm20-40cm40-60cm;(4)年份、土层及年份和土层的交互作用对毛白杨土壤pH值及所测定的全部养分因子影响均达显著水平(P0.05);而品种、年份、土层三者的交互效应对土壤pH值、有机质、全N、全P和速效K的含量影响也达到了显著性水平。体现了三倍体毛白杨速生林种植对当地不同土层理化性质和养分因子影响的时间效应,生产中应采取积极措施改善或减缓土壤环境恶化,促进林木更好生长。     

Transformation of Populus tomentosa with Insecticidal Cowpea Proteinase Inhibitor Gene

Cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) gene, an insecticidal gene, was introduced into poplar ( Populus tomentosa Carr. ) by gene transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefac/ens (Smith et Townsend) Conn. The influences on regeneration and transformation frequency of poplar by the concentration and addition of kanamycin were compared. Kanamycin resistant (Kmr) plantlets were obtained by 3 -4 cycles screening in selective condition. The ability of leaf regeneration and shoot subculture and rooting from the transformed and non-transformed plants in the presence of 50 mg/L kanamycin was examined. The presence of CpTI gene in the transgenic plants were confirmed by PCR and PCR-Southern blot. Assay on proteinase inhibition activity demonstrated that leaf protein extracts of the transgenic poplar showed higher inhibition activity against trypsin than that of control plants.     

The chitinase gene (Bbchit1) from Beauveria bassiana enhances resistance to Cytospora chrysosperma in Populus tomentosa Carr.

The Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa Carr.) is susceptible to infection by plant diseases which severely affect its growth and substantially decrease its economic value. A chitinase gene (Bbchit1) from Beauveria bassiana was introduced into Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa Carr.) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The T-DNA of plant transformation vector contained the β-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) under the control of CaMV 35S promoter and the neomycin phosphotransferase selection marker gene (NPTII) driven by the nos promoter. GUS activity was detected in most of the kanamycin-resistant plants tested. Stable integration of transgenes in the plant genome was confirmed using PCR. RT-PCR analysis showed that the Bbchit1 gene was transcribed in the transformed plants. When evaluated for resistance to poplar fungal pathogens with an in vitro assay, crude extracts from leaves and shoots of transgenic lines were inhibitory against the pathogenic fungus Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr. Similarly, Bbchit1 overexpression enhanced disease resistance to C. chrysosperma in the transformed poplar plants, indicating that is gene is potentially useful to protect the trees against fungal diseases.     

The Taxonomy of the Genus Corchoropsis Sieb. et Zucc.

Since its establishment, the genus Corchoropsis Sieb. et Zucc. Has not been well understood. In the present paper, the genus is revised based on examination of herbarium specimens. One species consisting of two varieties is recognized. C. psilocarpa Harms et Loes. is reduced to a variety under C. tomentosa and C. intermedia Nakai, C. tomentosa var. glabrescens Nakai, C. tomentosa f. glabrescens (Nakai) Hara, C. tomentosa var. micropetala Y. T. chang, and C. tomentosa var. tomentosicarpa P. L. Chiu et G. R. Zhong are reduced as synonyms of C. tomentosa var. tomentosa.     

海南省首次发现光合软体动物绒毛海天牛北大核心CSCD

本文首次报道了光合软体动物Elysia tomentosa K.R.Jensen,1997在我国海南省的分布情况。2021年9月,本课题组在海南省文昌市云龙湾采集到该物种,通过线粒体基因组核糖体16S rRNA以及组蛋白H3基因(H3)位点部分DNA序列比对,确定该物种为Elysia tomentosa。参考该物种学名并根据其外部形态特征,建议该物种中文学名为“绒毛海天牛”。通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)鉴定其生活环境中的藻类,确定了该物种共生叶绿体的来源为总状蕨藻(Caulerpa racemose);利用叶绿素荧光诱导曲线,检测了绒毛海天牛的光合荧光特征。这是本课题组在海南省沿海地区发现分布的又一种光合软体动物,进一步丰富了对海南岛沿岸海天牛分布的认知,也为研究光合作用的进化与内共生机理提供新的研究材料。     

气候变暖对内蒙古地区小白杨物候的影响

基于1982—2006年内蒙古地区17个小白杨物候观测站的气温以及小白杨春季和秋季物候资料,对该区小白杨春季和秋季物候的变化趋势进行了研究,分析了物候期变化与气候变暖的关系,并利用逐步回归方法建立了小白杨始花期和落叶期变化的预估模型.结果表明：1982—2006年间,研究区气温呈增加趋势,该区小白杨春季物候呈提前趋势,秋季物候呈延后趋势;小白杨始花期与冬、春季气温呈负相关,主要影响因子为3—4月的平均气温;落叶期与秋季气温呈正相关,主要影响因子为8—10月的平均气温;根据气候变化国家评估报告,未来内蒙古地区春、秋季平均气温分别升高1.5 ℃～5.4 ℃和1.2 ℃～4.4 ℃,小白杨始花期将提前3.9～17.8 d,落叶期将延后3.0～12.4 d.     

Monoterpenoid oxindole alkaloid production by Uncaria tomentosa (Willd) D.C. cell suspension cultures in a stirred tank bioreactor

Cell growth, monoterpenoid oxindole alkaloid (MOA) production, and morphological properties of Uncaria tomentosa cell suspension cultures in a 2-L stirred tank bioreactor were investigated. U. tomentosa (cell line green Uth-3) was able to grow in a stirred tank at an impeller tip speed of 95 cm/s (agitation speed of 400 rpm), showing a maximum biomass yield of 11.9 +/- 0.6 g DW/L and a specific growth rate of 0.102 d(-1). U. tomentosa cells growing in a stirred tank achieved maximum volumetric and specific MOA concentration (467.7 +/- 40.0 microg/L, 44.6 +/- 5.2 microg/g DW) at 16 days of culture. MOA chemical profile of cell suspension cultures growing in a stirred tank resembled that of the plant. Depending on culture time, from the total MOA produced, 37-100% was found in the medium in the bioreactor culture. MOA concentration achieved in a stirred tank was up to 10-fold higher than that obtained in Erlenmeyer flasks (agitated at 110 rpm). In a stirred tank, average area of the single cells of U. tomentosa increased up to 4-fold, and elliptical form factor increased from 1.40 to 2.55, indicating enlargement of U. tomentosa single cells. This work presents the first report of U. tomentosa green cell suspension cultures that grow and produce MOA in a stirred tank bioreactor.     

Identification of the quinone species in cyanide-sensitive and cyanide-insensitive mitochondria of Moniliella tomentosa.

Moniliella tomentosa was investigated for the presence of different quinones that might be involved in the cyanide-sensitive and/or cyanide-insensitive electron-transport pathways. The naturally occurring quinone in Moniliella tomentosa was found to be ubiquinone-45. Other quinone species could not be detected. The concentration of ubiquinone-45 in mitochondria is not related to the presence or absence of the alternative oxidase activity.     

水肥耦合效应对毛白杨苗木生物量的影响

水和肥是促进毛白杨速生高产的两大重要因素,研究水肥耦合效应对毛白杨苗木的生物量影响具有重要的现实意义.本文以毛白杨杂种无性系87号嫁接苗为试材,采用水、氮、磷三因素五水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计,于2008年3-10月在北京林业大学苗圃进行盆栽试验,研究了不同水肥耦合水平对毛白杨苗木生物量的影响,并建立了毛白杨生物量的水肥耦合回归模型.结果表明: 土壤水分是影响毛白杨生物量的主要因素,其次为氮肥和磷肥.随着三者投入量的增加,毛白杨生物量增加;当三者增加到一定程度时,继续投入则使其生物量下降.土壤水分与氮肥交互作用显著,且有较好的正效应;而氮肥与磷肥、土壤水分与磷肥交互作用不明显.经模型寻优,水肥调控的最佳组合为: 土壤水分控制在田间持水量的73.37%,氮肥和磷肥的施用量分别为4.14 和1.41 g·plant^-1;此时的毛白杨苗木生物量达到68.30 g·plant^-1.     

田麻属的分类学研究

本文对田麻属植物的分类进行了研究,确认1种2变种,归并了1种3变种1变型,降级1种。     

香港桃金娘灌木群落植物生物量 和净第一性生产量

本文研究香港桃金娘灌木林植物生物量和净第一性生产量。结果表明(1)桃金娘茎的直径与高度与各组分的生物量有明显的相关关系。(2)桃金娘叶子占地上部活植物生物量的20.2%,花和果如果以它的峰值计算,其占地上部活植物生物量的9.6%,茎和枝占70.4%。(3)地上部和地下部活植物生物量分别为1553g*m     

Morchella tomentosa: a unique belowground structure and a new clade of morels

Mechanisms involved in post-fire morel fructification remain unclear. A new undescribed belowground vegetative structure of Morchella tomentosa in a burned boreal forest was investigated north of Fairbanks, Alaska. The name "radiscisclerotium" is proposed to define this peculiar and elaborate below-ground vegetative structure of M. tomentosa. Bayesian and maximum parsimony analyses based on ITS rRNA regions and nLSU gene strongly supported a new clade composed of M. tomentosa within the genus Morchella.     

北京市顺义区公路绿化植物群落的光环境特性

公路绿化是国土绿化的重要组成部分,对于促进社会经济和自然生态系统的和谐发展具有重要的作用.以北京市顺平路(S305)顺义段两侧绿化的毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)和垂柳(Salix babylonica)群落为研究对象,应用WinSCANOPY For Canopy Analysis冠层分析仪及软件采集、分析照片,研究比较了不同径阶的两种群落光环境特性和冠层结构指标:光合光量子通量密度(photosynthetic photon quanta flux density,PPFD)、总空隙度(gap fraction)、叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、平均叶倾角(mean leaf angle,MLA)等,得出以下结论:不同径阶两种群落的冠层总辐射水平基本相同,林下直射和总辐射随胸径增加而降低,而林下散射没有明显变化规律;毛白杨群落总空隙度随胸径增加先降低后增加.垂柳群落总孔隙度随胸径增加而降低,并且平均值低于毛白杨群落;两种群落叶面积指数都随胸径增加而增加,但是垂柳群落叶面积指数稍大于毛白杨群落;两种群落平均叶倾角随胸径增加而降低,平均值约为32°;从消光系数分析,可以看出毛白杨群落冠层截获光辐射能力较强,林下光环境较差;对比林下散射变化情况与平均叶倾角变化情况,还可看出林下散射在一定程度上受冠层平均叶倾角的影响显著.因此,两种群落相比,毛白杨群落的总光辐射变化更明显,并且比垂柳群落差.如果只考虑光环境,垂柳群落更有利于建立绿化复层群落结构,这为公路绿化建立复层的、多样性的和稳定性的群落结构提供了基础分析和参考.