安徽石蒜属4种植物核型研究

本文分析了安徽境内石蒜属ＬｙｃｏｒｉｓＨｅｒｂ．４种植物的核型,并结合有关文献探讨它们的核型变异。结果表明,乳白石蒜Ｌ．ａｌｂｉｆｏｌｉａＫｏｉｄｚ．的核型为２ｎ＝１９＝３ｍ＋７ｓｔ＋４ｔ＋５Ｔ,属３Ｂ型;中国石蒜Ｌ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＴｒａｕｂ．为２ｎ＝１６＝６ｍ＋１０Ｔ,属３Ｂ型;石蒜Ｌ．ｒａｄｉａｔａ（Ｌ’Ｈｅｒ．）Ｈｅｒｂ．为２ｎ＝２２＝４ｓｔ＋１８ｔ,属４Ａ型;换锦花Ｌ．ｓｐｒｅｎｇｅｒｉＣｏｍｅｓ．ｅｘＢａｋｅｒ．为２ｎ＝２２＝２ｓｔ＋２０ｔ,属４Ａ型。以上各种植物均未发现随体和次缢痕,通过核型比较,可见同种不同居群间在染色体数和核型结构上均存在较大的变异。     

Karyotype Analysis of 5 Species of Polygonatum Mill.

The present paper reports the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of five species in Polygonatum from Anhui of China. The materials used in this work are listed in Table 1, Photomicrographs of somatic metaphase and karyograms of the five species of Polygonatum in Plate 1, 2, 3, the idiograms in Fig. 1-11 and a comparison of the karyotype of them is provided in Table 2. The results are shown as follows: 1. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.)Druce Two materials were examined. One from Mt. Huangshan, Anhui, has 2n= 16 = 10m (3sc)+ 6sm (Plate 1 :A, B). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 1. The chromosomes range in length from 2.85 to 8.85 μm, with the total length 48.63μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.11, The karyotype belong to Stebbins’(1971) 2B. The two chromosomes of the first pair have arm ratios 1.01 and 1.29 respectively, and The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the short arm, showing heterozyosity .The chromosome num ber of 2n= 16 in P. odoratum and its karyotype are reported for the first time. The other from Langyashan, Chu - xian, Anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 10m (Isc)+2sm+6st(2sc) (Plate 1: C, D). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 2. The chromosomes range in length from 2.43 to 8.29μm, with the total length 46.67µm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.41. The karyotype is also of 2B. In a somatic chromosome complement the 2nd pair have one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. 2. Polygonatum filipes Merr. Two materials were examined. One from the Huangshan, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes: 2n= 16 and 2n=22. This paper reports one of them. The karyotype formula is 2n=22=8m+8sm(2sc)+6st(Plate 3: Q, R). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 3. The chromosomes range in length from 2.55- 5.85μm, with the total length 45.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.29. The karyotype belongs to 3B. The other material from the Fangchang, Anhui, is shown to have four cytitypes: 2n= 14, 2n= 16, 2n=20 (Plate 3: W) and 2n=22. This paper reports two of them. Type I: the karytype formula is 2n=14=10m+4sm (Plate 3: S, T). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 5. The chromosomes range in length from 2.59 to 7.61μm, the total length 37.44μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.94. the karyotype belongs to 2B. Type II :The karyotype formula is 2n=16=8m+4sm+4st (Plate 3: U, V). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 4. The chromosomes range in length from 2.65 to 8.21 μm, the total length 46.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.10. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The chromosome numbers of 2n=20, 2n= 14 and 2n=22, and karyotype of 2n= 14 and 2n=22 in P. filipes are reported for the first time. 3. Polygonatum cytonema Hua Two materials were examined. One from the Langyashan, Chuxian, anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 8m (2sc)+ 6sm+ 4st (Plate 2: K, L). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 7. The chromosomes range in length from 3.41 to 9.21 μm, the total length 56.34μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.70. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The other material from the Huangshan, Anhui, has two cytotypes: 2n=20 and 2n= 22. Type I: The karyotype formula is 2n= 20= 8m+ 6sm+ 6st (Plate 2: M, N). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 8. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 5.03μm, with the total length 32. 91μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2. 87. The karyotype is also of 2B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=22=6m+ 8sm+4st+ 4t (Plate 2: O, P ). The idiogram is Shown in Fig. 10. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 4.95 μm, with total length 35.05μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.83. The karyotype brlongs to 3B. 4. Polygonatum desoulayi kom. The material from Xuancheng, Anhui, is found to have karyotype 2n = 22 = 10m (2sc) + 6sm (lsc) + 6st ( Plate 2. I, J). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 6. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 5.61μm, with the total length 41.98μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.02. The karyotype is also of 3B. The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. The chromosome number and karyotype of Chinese material are reported for the first time. 5. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. The material from the Langyashan, Chuxian, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes. Type 1: the karyotype formula is 2n = 18 = 2m+ 2sm+ 10st+ 2t+ 2T (Plate 1: G, H). The idiogram is shown in Fig.9. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 4.03μm, with total length 28.28μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.17. The karyotype classification belongs to 3B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=24=6m+4sm+12st+2T (Plate 1: E, F). The idiogram is shown in Fig. II. The chromosomes range in length from 2.01 to 5.03μm, with total length 41.36μm and the ratio of longest to shortest 2.50. The karyotype is also of 3B. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of Chinese material are reported for the first time.     

The Discovery of Diploid Lycoris radiata (L′Her.) Herb. from Anhui

Lycoris radiata (L′Her. ) Herb. containing wild and cultural types, is distributed in China and Japan. The karyotype variation in three populations of the species from Anhui is studied in this paper. (1) Wuhu wild population has a karyotype 2n=21+1B= 1m+12st +8t+1B. The chromosomes range in length from 7.50 to 14.10 µm with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 1.88. The karyotype belongs to Stebbins’(1971) 3A. (2) Huangshan wild population has two cytotypes: 2n=22 and 2n=22+1B. Type Ⅰ: The karyotype formula is 2n=22=12st+10t. The chromosomes range in length from 6.85 to 9.95 µm. with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 1.45. The karyotype belongs to 4A. Type Ⅱ: The karyotype formula is 2n=22+1B=6st+14t+2T+1B (plate 1: 7,8). The chromosomes range in length from 6.50 to 11.02 µm. with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 1.70. The karyotype belongs to 4A. (3) Wuhu cultural type has a karyotype 2n=33=30st +3t. The chromosomes range in length from 7.10 to 9.35 µm with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 1.32. The karyotype belongs to 4A. This result agrees well with the previous reports. The diploid types of Lycoris radiata (L´Her.) Herb. are found in Anhui for the firsttime.     

Report on Karyotypes of 10 Species of Liliaceae (s. l.) From Qinling Range

The karyotypes of 10 species of the Liliaceae from the Qinling Range are reported as follows. I. Polygonatum Mill. (1) P. odoratum ( Mill. ) Druce was found to have the karyotype 2n=20=12m+8sm ( Plate 3, Fig. I), which belongs to Stebbins’ (1971) karyotype classification 2B. The chromosomes range from 3.88 to 11.26μm in size. Table 2 shows the karyotypes and number fundamentals (N.F.) of 13 materials from 12 different localities. The N. F. of these materials can be classified into two groups: N.F. =36 and N.F.=40, besides one (N.F. =38) from Beijing. N. F. =36 covers all the materials with 2n= 18 which have relatively symmetrical karyotypes ( all consisting of m and sm chromosomes), one with 2n=20 (10m+6sm+4st) and one with 2n=22 (14m+8st). N.F. =40 include four materials with 2n= 20 (all of m and sm chromosomes ) and 3 with 2n= 22 (10m+ 8sm+ 4st). ￥ It is considered that there are two original karyotypes, 2n= 18 with N. F. = 36 and 2n= 20 with N.F. =40, which are relatively symmetrical. All the more asymmetrical karyotypes with some st chromosomes have probably evolved from the symmetrical karyotypes without st chromosomes by centric fission. (2) P. zanlanscianense Pamp. has the karyotype 2n=30=18m(2SAT) + 4sm+ 6st+ 2t (Plate 1, Fig. 1) which belongs to 2C. The chromosomes range from 2.16 to 9.76μm. ￥ II. Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. The karyotype of this species is 2n = 16= 8m(2SAT )+ 6sm + 2st (Plate 1, Fig. 1 and Table 3 ) , which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 2.33 to 5.30μm. Most species in Asparagus, including A.Filicinus, are reported to have basic number x= 10, and therefore 2n= 16 is a new chromosome number for A.filicinus. EL-Saded et.al.(1972) gave a report of n=8 for A. stipularis from Egypt, while Delay (1947) reported 2n = 24 for A. trichophyllus and A. verticillatus, Sinla(1972 ) gave a report of 2n=48 for A.racemosus. It is certain that there are two basic numbers in the genus Asparagus. III. Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino was found to have the karyotype 2n=24=4m+8st+12t (Plate 1, Fig. 1 ), which belongs to 3B. The chromosomes range from 8.71 to 20.24μm. IV. Smilax discotis Warb. was shown to have the karyotype 2n=32=4m+22sm+4st (2SAT)+2t (Plate 1, Fig. 1 and Table 3), which belongs to 3C. The first pair is much longer than others. The chromosomes range from 1.79 to 9.21μm. The chromosome number and karyotype of S. discotis are both reported for the first time. V. Reineckia carnea (Andr.) Kunth is of the karyotype 2n=38=28m+10sm (Plate 2, Fig. 1 ), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 5.65 to 12.75μm. VI. Tupistra chinensis Baker was found to have the karyotype 2n=38=25m+ 13sm (Plate 2, Fig. 1), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 8.11 to 23.82μm. A pair of heterozygous chromosomes is arranged at the end of the idiogram. The eighth pair possesses an intercalary satellite. Huang et al. (1989) reported the karyotype of T. chinensis from Yunnan as 2n = 38 = 24m+ 14sm without any intercalary satellite. Nagamatsu and Noda (1970) gave a report on the karyotype of T. nutans from Bhutan, which consists of 18 pairs of median to submedian chromosomes and one pair of subterminal chromosomes. And one pair of submedian chromosomes possess intercalary satellites on their short arms. VII. Rohdea japonica (Thunb) Roth. was found to have the karyotype 2n=38=30m+6sm+2st ( Plate 2, Fig. 1), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 7.94 to 18.29μm. Nagamatsu and Noda (1970) reported that the karyotype of R.japonica from Japan was the same as that of Tupistra nutans from Bhutan. But we have not discov ered any chromosome with an intercalary satellite. VIII. Hosta Tratt. (1) H. plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers was shown to have 2n=60. The 60 chromosomes are in 30 pairs,which can be classified into 4 pairs of large chromosomes (7.32- 8.72μm ), 3 pairs of medium-sized ones (4.72-5.60μm), and 23 pairs of small ones (1.40-3.64μm), (Plate 3 ,Table 4 ). The karyotype of H. plantaginea is reported for the first time. (2) H. ventricosa (Salisb.) Stearn was counted to have 2n=120, The 120 chromosomes are in 60 pairs, which can be classified into 8 pairs of large chromosomes (7.00- 8.40μm ), 6 pairs of medium-sized ones(4.40- 6.15um ), 46 pairs of small ones (1.20- 3.85μm), (Plate 3, Table 4). Based on the karyotypes of H. plantaginea and H. ventricosa, the latter is probably a tetraploid in the genus Hosta. Kaneko (1968b) gave a report on the karyotype of H. ventricosa, which is of8 pairs of large chromosomes, 4 pairs of medium-sized and 48 pairs of small ones.     

Karyotypes of the Genus Fritillaria from South Anhui

This paper reports chromosome numbers and karyotypes of five species of the genus Fritillaria from south Anhui. The origin of the material used in this work is provided in Table 1, micrographs of mitotic metaphase in Plate 1,2, and the parameters of chromosomes in Table 2. Except F. thunbergii Miq., the karyotypes and chromosome numbers of all the species in this paper were studied for the first time. The results are shown as follows: 1. Fritillaria qimenensis D. C. Zhang et J. Z. Shao Collected from Qimen, Anhui, it has the karyotype formula 2n = 24+4Bs = 3m+lsm+8st (2sc)+12t (2sc)+4Bs (Plate 1:1, 2). The chromosomes range in length 8.72-19.13μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.19. Therefore, the karyotype belongs to Stebbins’ (1971) 3B. The secondary constrictions are found on the long arms of 7th and 10th pairs. All the five B-chromosomes are of terminal centromeres. The two chromosomes of the second pair show heteromorphy (Fig. 1, E) with arm ratios 1.86 and 1.56 respectively. 2. Fritillaria monantha Miq. var. tonglingensis S. C. Chen et S. F. Yin Collected from Tongling, Anhui, this species is shown to have three chromosome numbers, 2n =24+5Bs, 2n=24+2Bs and 2n=24. This paper reports 2 cytotypes: Type I: 2n = 24+5Bs = 4m+8st (2sc) +12t (2sc) +5Bs (Plate 1: 3, 4). The chromosomes range in length from 10.40 to 22.19μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.13. It belongs to 3B of stebbins’(1971) karyotypic symmetry. The secondary constrictions are found on the short arms of 7th and the long arms of 9th chromosome pairs. The metacentric B-chromosomes and the small satellites located on the short arms are major characters of this cytotype. Type II: 2n=24=2m+2sm+8st(2sc)+12t(2sc) (Plate 1:5, 6). The chromosomes range in length from 13.84 to 29.81μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.15. The karyotype belongs to Stebbins’3B. The secondary constrictions are found on the long arms of 5th and 10th pairs. No B-chromosomes are found. 3. Fritillaria xiaobeimu Y. K. Yang, J. Z. Shao et M. M. Fang Collected from Ningguo, Anhui, it has karyotype formula 2n = 24 = 2m+2sm+10st (4sc) + 10t (Plate 2:7, 8). The chromosomes range in length from 13.86 to 26.27μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 1.89. The karyotype belongs to stebbins’3A. The secondary constrictions are found on the long arms of 7th and 9th pairs. 4. Fritillaria ningguoensis S. C. Chen et S. F. Yin Collected from Ningguo, Anhui, it is of karyotype formula 2n = 24 = 2m+2sm+8st (2sc) +12t (Plate 2: 9, 10). The chromosomes range in length from 9.11 to 23.23μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.55. The karyotype belongs to Stebbins’3B. The secondary constrictions are only found on the long arms of the 10 th pair. 5. Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. Collected from Ningguo, Anhui, it is of karyotype formula 2n = 24 = 2m+2sm+8st(2sc) +12t(2sc)(Plate 2:11, 12). The chromosomes range in length from 8.83 to 19.85μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.25. The karyotype belongs to stebbins’3B. There are secondary constrictions on the long arms of 5th and 7th pairs. The karyotype of the Ningguo material is similar to that of the Huoqiu (Anhui) material reported by Xu Jin-lin et al. (1987), but it is obviously different from 2n=2m(sc)+2sm+4st(2sc)+16t (2sc) reported byZhai et al. (1985) for the material from Xingjiang, Northwest China.     

Studies on the Karyotype of 5 Samples of Allium Sect. Bromatorrhiza Ekberg

The karyotypes of 5 samples in Allium Sect. Bromatorrhiza Ekberg were analysed in this paper. In Allium wallichii Kunth, the first sample is a diploid, with genome formula is AA and karyotype formula is K(2n)=2x=14=2m(SAT)+2m+10sm. The second is an autotetraploid, with genome formula AAAA, karyotype formul K(2n)=4x=28=2m(SAT)+6m+20sm. These two karyotypes belong to “3A”. The two karyotypes of A. wallichii Kunth are similar in morphology, though different in ploidy. In Allium hookeri Thwaites, the first sample is a dibasic autoallotriploid. Its genome formula is AAB₁; the basic number of the genome A is 7 and that of the genome B₁ is 8. The karyotype formula is K(2n)=2x+x'=22=(12sm+2t)+(1m+4sm+1st+2t). The second is also an autoallotriploid. The genomes in pairs are similar to those in the first sample in size and morphology of chromosomes. However, the unpaired genome differs from the first one apparently. Therefore, its genome formula is AAB₂, and karyotype formula is K(2n)=2x+ x'=22=(12sm+2t)+(3m+1sm+2st+2t). The third is doubling of the first karyotype. It is an autoallohexaploid, with genome formula AAAAB₁ B₁ and karyotype formula K(2n)=4x+2x'= 44= (24sm+4t) + (2m+8sm+2st+4t). These three karyotypes belong to “3A”.     

安徽黄精属的细胞分类学研究

本文首次报道黄精属ＰｏｌｙｇｏｎａｔｕｍＭｉｌｌ我国三种特有植物的染色体数目和核型,结果如下：安徽黄精Ｐ．ａｎｈｕｉｅｎｓｅ发现两个细胞型：（１）２ｎ＝２４＝４ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋１４ｓｔ;（２）２ｎ＝２０＝４ｍ十６ｓｍ＋１０ｓｔ;　　黄精Ｐ．ｌａｎｇｙａｅｎｓｙ２ｎ＝１８＝６ｍ＋８ｓｍ＋４ｔ;距药黄精Ｐ．ｆｒａｎｃｈｅｔｉｉ有三个细胞型：（１）２ｎ＝２２＝８ｍ＋８ｓｍ（２ｓｃ）＋６ｓｔ;（２）２ｎ＝２０＝２ｍ＋１４ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ;（３）２ｎ＝１８＝４ｍ＋８ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ＋２Ｔ,全部属３Ｂ核型。黄精属植物安徽共有１０种,本文对９种黄精的染色体数目、核型进行了比较研究,发现它们可划分成三个类群,与中国植物志（第十五卷）的形态分类基本相符。     

珍珠菜属三种植物的核型研究

对国产三种珍珠菜属 (Lysimachia)植物进行了核型研究 ,其中点腺过路黄 (LysimachiahemsleyanaMaxim .)染色体核型 2n =2 2 =2m +4sm +8st+8t,聚花过路黄 (L .congestifloraHesmsl.)核型 2n =2 4=2m +2sm +1 0st+1 0t及山萝过路黄 (L .melampyroidesR .Knuth)染色体数目 2n =2 2 ,核型 2n =2 2 =4m +6sm +4st+8t,为首次报道。本文还分析了黄连花亚属 (subgen.Lysimachia) 2组 8种植物的核型 ,结果表明黄连花组(sect.Lysimachia)核型类型 1A ,过路黄组 (sect.Nummularia)核型类型 3A或 3B。     

二倍体石蒜在安徽发现

本文以根尖细胞为材料,观察了石蒜Lycoris radiata(L′Her．)Herb．三个不同居群植物的染色体数目和核型,发现石蒜为一复合体,包括两种不同类型：(1)三倍体类型,主要包括一群以鳞茎无性繁殖的园艺栽培植株,其染色体数目和核型为2n＝33=33t(st),属“4A”核型,且极其稳定。(2)二倍体类型,主要包括一群野生植株,变异较大,我们发现有下列几种情况：一是芜湖产石蒜(L．radiata)的野生材料,其染色体数目和核型为2n=21+1B=1m+12st+8t+1B,属“3A”核型,在石蒜种内迄今未见有类似报道;另一是黄山产野生材料,观察到两个细胞型,绝大多数细胞为2n=22＝12st+1Ot,极个别细胞出现2n＝22+1B=6st+14t+2T+1B的情况,均属“4A”核型。芜湖和黄山野生材料的染色体数目和核型均为首次报道。石蒜(L．radiata)的二倍体类群也是首次在安徽发现。     

Studies on Karyotype of Cephalanthera erecta and C. falcat

The present paper reports karyotype analysis of Cephalanthera erecta and C. falcata from Lushan, China. (1) The karyotype formula of C. erecta is 2n=34=10m+ 14sm+ 10st. C. falcata has two cytotypes: type A is 2n = 34 = 8m + 16sm + 10st, while type B is 2n = 34 = 8m + 22sm + 4st. The type B is a translocation homozygote derived from the type A by chromosomal structural reorganization, which involved a translocation between the short arms of the 1st pair of chromosomes and the long arms of the 3rd pair. The type B is similar to the type A in morphological characterissties. (2)In the light of Stebbins’ classification of karyotypic asymmetry, three karyotypes of C. erecta and C. falcata belong to “3C”. Such an asymmetrical karyotype in a primitive genus like Cephalanthera of Orchidaceae may be of great significancefor a discussion on evolution and deserves a further study.     

Karyotype Variation and Evolution of Sect. Thea in Guizhou

Karyotypes of seven species, one variety and 11 forms of Sect. Thea occurring in Guizhou Province, were investigated by the wall degradation hypotonic method. The micrographs of their somatic metaphase are shown in plates 1-2 and the parameters of chromosomes according to Li and Chen (1985) are given in Table 1 and the idiograms in Fig. 1. The karyotype formulae are as follows: Camellia quinquelocularis 22=30=24m+6sm; C. tetracocca 2n=30=22m+8sm; C. taliensis 2n=30=22m+8sm; C. gymnogyna 2n=30=22m +6sm+2st and 2n=30=20m=8sm+2st; C. gymnogynoides 2n=30=22m +6sm+2st and 2n=30=20m+8sm+2st; C. jungkiangensis 2n=30=20m+8sm+2st; C. sinensis 2n =30+20m+8sm+2st, and C. sinensis var. ruoella 2n=30=20m+8sm+2st. All the karyotypes belong to Stebbins “2A”. The following main aspects are discussed. 1. Chromosome numbers: All these species are found to have 2n=30. Based on the previous and present reports, It clearly indicates that evolution of this group has taken place mainly on diploid level, but not on polyploid one. 2. The karyotype variation: Generally, all the karyotypes examined are similar, but according to symmetry of karyotype, they may be grouped into two types. One is characterized by metacentric (m)and submetacentric (sm)chromosomes, involving C. quinquelochlaris, C. tetracocca, C. taliensis, while the other is characterized by a pair of subtelocentric (st) chromosome besides m and sm chromosomes, involving C. gymnogyna, C. gymnogynoides, C. jungkiangensis, C. sinensis and C. sinensis var. ruoella. It is suggested that the mechanism for karyotype variation and speciation in Sect. Thea be pericentric inversion or reciprocal translocation. The first type is more symmetrical than the second one, and is thus relatively primitive. 3. The orginal center of Sect. Thea: Based on the analysis of karyotypes, morphological characters, geographical distribution and biochemical features, the authors consider that the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau including the contiguous area in Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou is the original center, from where it radiated, resulting in the present distribution pattern of Sect. Thea.4. Taxonomic treatment of Sect. Thea: The taxonomic treatment of Sect. Thea is complicated and still confused up to now. The number of species is more than 40 according to Zhang’s taxonomic system (1984), but, recently, most of them are reduced by Min (1992). Further work should be based on the concept of morphological discontinuity and in formation from other branches of sciences. Whether two types of karyotype are two biological species remains questionable.     

七种药用植物的染色体研究

对山东７种药用植物的染色体进行了研究。结果表明：田旋花（ＣｏｎｖｏｌｖｕｌｕｓａｒｖｅｎｓｉｓＬ）的染色体数目为２ｎ＝７８;蜜柑草（ＰｈｙｌａｎｔｈｕｓｍａｔｓｕｍｕｒａｅＨａｖａｔａ）的染色体数目为ｎ＝８８;挂红灯（ＰｈｙｓａｌｉｓａｌｋｅｋｅｎｇｉＬｖａｒｆｒａｎｃｈｅｔｉ（Ｍａｓｔ）Ｍａｋｉｎｏ）的染色体数目为２ｎ＝２４,核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝２ｍ＋１８ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＋２ｓｔ（ｓａｔ）,核型“２Ａ”型;无剌曼陀罗（ＤａｔｕｒａｓｔｒａｍｏｎｉｕｍＬｖａｒｉｎｅｒｍｉｓ（Ｊａｃｑ）ＳｃｈｉｎｚｅｔＴｈｅｌ）的染色体数目为２ｎ＝２４,核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝２０ｍ＋４ｓｍ,核型“１Ｂ”型;决明（ＣａｓｉａｔｏｒａＬ）的染色体数目为２ｎ＝２６,核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２６＝２４ｍ＋２ｓｍ,核型“１Ａ”型;荔枝草（ＳａｌｖｉａｐｌｅｂｅｉａＲＢｒ）的染色体数目为２ｎ＝１６,核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１６＝６ｍ＋１０ｓｍ,核型“２Ａ”型;车前（ＰｌａｎｔａｇｏａｓｉａｔｉｃａＬ）的染色体数目为２ｎ＝３６,核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝３６＝３２ｍ＋４ｓｍ,核型“１Ａ”型。     

中国栎属九种植物的核型分析

报道了中国栎属 ( Quercus L inn.) 9种植物的核型。结果如下 :帽斗栎 ( Q.guyavaelofia) :2 n=2 4 =2 2 m+2 sm,属于“1A”类型 ;富宁栎 ( Q.setulosa) :2 n=2 4 =2 0 m+4sm,属于“2 A”类型 ;炭栎 ( Q.utilis) :2 n=2 4 =2 4 m,属于“2 A”类型 ;乌冈栎 ( Q.phillyraeoides) :2 n=2 4 =2 0 m+4sm,属于“2 B”类型 ;匙叶栎 ( Q.dolicholepis) :2 n=2 4 =2 0 m+4sm,属于“2 B”类型 ;岩栎( Q.acrodonta) :2 n=2 4 =2 2 m+2 sm,属于“2 B”类型 ;麻栗坡栎 ( Q.marlipoensis) :2 n=2 4 =2 4 m,属于“1B”类型 ;锥连栎 ( Q.franchetii) :2 n=2 4 =2 2 m +2 sm ,属于“1B”类型 ;麻栎 ( Q.acutissima) :2 n=2 4 =2 0 m+4sm,属于“2 B”类型 .其中除麻栎外 ,另 8种的核型系首次报道。研究结果表明 ,上述核型在种间较相似 ,但以组为单位进行比较时 ,则有一定的价值 ,有可能为揭示栎属的系统演化提供新的证据。     

石蒜新核型及染色体数目在安徽的发现

对安徽省马鞍山的石蒜居群进行了核型分析 ,发现了石蒜的一种新的染色体数目及核型。按Levan等 (1 964)标准 ,核型公式为 2n =2 4=6m +8sm +6st+4t,为 3A核型 (Stebbin,1 971 )。与目前国内外学者的观察结果差异很大。马鞍山居群的新染色体数目及核型均为首次报道。     

四种风毛菊属植物的核型研究

本文首次报道产于我国华北地区风毛菊属（ＳａｕｓｓｕｒｅａＤＣ．）４种植物的染色体数目和核型。四个种的染色体数目均是２ｎ＝２６,都是２倍体。它们的核型是：糠风毛菊（Ｓ．Ｐａｌｅａｔａ）Ｚｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝１８ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ,属２Ｂ型,华北风毛菊（Ｓ．ｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａ）Ｚｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝１４ｍ＋４ｓｍ＋８ｓｔ,属２Ｂ型;狭苞凤毛菊（Ｓ．ｄｉｅｌｓｉａｎａ）Ｚｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝８ｍ＋１２ｓｍ＋６ｓｔ,属２Ｃ型;银背凤毛菊（Ｓ．ｎｉｖｅａ）２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２６＝１８ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ,属２Ａ型。染色体中均未发现随体。     

风毛菊属5种植物的核型分析

采用常规压片法,对风毛菊属(Saussurea)5种植物的染色体数目和核型类型进行分析。结果表明:大耳叶风毛菊(S.macrota)核型公式为2n=2x=26=10m+12sm+4st,属2A型;长梗风毛菊(S.dolichopoda)核型公式为2n=2x=26=14m+8sm+4st,属2A型;川陕风毛菊(S.licentiana)核型公式为2n=2x=28=12m+16sm,属2B型;杨叶风毛菊(S.populifolia)核型公式为2n=2x=28=6m+18sm+4st,属2B型;尾叶风毛菊(S.caudata)核型公式为2n=2x=30=14m+14sm+2st,属2A型。这5种风毛菊属植物中,除大耳叶风毛菊染色体数目和核型类型与前人报道的一致外,其余4种植物的染色体数目和核型类型均为首次报道,并在川陕风毛菊中发现1对B染色体。     

杨属派间核型比较研究

对杨属五派代表种的核型进行了分析,各代表种核型公式如下:欧洲山杨(白杨派)2n=2x=38=21m(2SAT)+4sm+13st(1SAT);小叶杨(青杨派)2n=2x=38=1M+26m(1SAT)+8sm(1SAT)+1st+2t(1SAT);大叶杨(大叶杨派)2n=2x=38=2M+22m+8sm+6st;胡杨(胡杨派)2n=2x=38=2M+23m+3sm+10st(2SAT);箭杆杨(黑杨派)2n=2x=38=3M+29m(2SAT)+5sm+1st。杨属派间核型差异主要表现在中部与次中部着丝点(M,m)和近端部与端部着丝点(st,t)染色体数目上。白杨派和胡杨派具较多的st、t染色体,核型不对称系数比其它派高。按Stebbins理论白杨派和胡杨派属进化类型。     

醉鱼草属四个种的核型分析

报道了醉鱼草属（Btuldleja）4个种的染色体核型。云南醉鱼草（B.yunnanensis）的核型公式为2n=2x=38=22m＋16sm,皱叶醉鱼草（B．crispa）为2n=2x=38=26m＋10sm＋2st,密蒙花（B．officinalis）为2n=2x=38=20m＋16sm＋2st,口本醉鱼草（B．japonica）为2n=2x=38=20m＋16sm＋2st。日本醉鱼草的核型为2B型,其它3个种的核型为2A型。根据核型分析结果,结合形态学特征和已有的细胞学资料,初步讨论了醉鱼草组（Sect．Neemda）两个系（Series）可能的演化关系。     

Karyotype of Four Species in Buddleja ( Loganiaceae) *

The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of the 4 species in genus Buddleja were reported. The karyotype formulas are 2n= 2x= 38= 22m+ 16sm ( B1 yunnanensis) , 2n= 2x= 38= 26m+ 10sm+ 2st ( B1 crispa) , 2n= 2x= 38= 20m+ 16sm + 2st ( B1 off icinalis ) , and 2n= 2x= 38= 20m+ 16sm+ 2st ( B1japonica) . Karyotype of B1japonica belongs to Stebbins. s 2B type and other 3 species belong to Stebbins. s 2A type. Based on the cytological data ( karyotypes and the recorded chromosome numbers) and the species morphologies, the evolution trend of the two series in Sect1Neemda was briefly discussed.     

A Study on Karyotypes of the Genus Lycoris

The genus Lycoris (Amaryllidaceae) consists of about 20 species, all of which are confined to temperate China, Japan and Korea. Cytological investigations, including a reexamination of the karyotypes of 14 taxa, measurements of relative nuclear DNA content, and meiotic configuration observations on some specific forms and interspecific hybrids, have been carried out by the present authors in order to re-evaluate the mode of karyotype evolution and the role of hybridization in the speciation of Lycoris. These have resulted in a new theory for explaining the karyotype evolution in the genus, which will be considered elsewhere. The present paper deals with observations on karyotypes of 11 species, 1 variety and 2 artificial hybrids. Results obtained through karyotype analysis, as shown by the data in Table 1, Plates I-VI and Figs. 1-2, reveal that: (1) the karyotypes of Lycoris rosea, L. radiata var. pumila, L. sprengeri, L. haywardii, L. caldwellii, L. squamigera and L. radiata are, on the whole, consistent with those reported by the previous authors^{[1,2,3,4,5,8,10,12]};(2) the I (rodshaped) chromosomes of L. chinensis and L. longituba are all T’s (telocentric) instead of t’s (acrocentric) or t(Sat)’s; (3) the three materials of L. aurea of different sources have shown a karyotypic differentiation: one with 2n=14=8m+6T, and the others with 2n=16=6m+10T: (4) both of the karyotypes of L. straminea and L. albiflora are 2n=19=3V+6I, inconsistent with 2n=16=6V+10I for the former and with 2n=17=5V+12I for the latter as reported by Inariyama (1953), Bose and Flory (1963) and Kurita (1987). The following aspects are worthwhile discussing: 1. The types of chromosomes. Karyotype analyses reveal the existence of three major chromosome types in Lycoris: (1) m (metacentric) chromosomes: (2) t (acrocentric) chromosomes, with short arms, (3) T (telocentric) chromosomes, sometimes with dot-like terminal centromeres. To distinghish t’s from T’s is of paramount importance for solving the problem of karyotype evolution in Lycoris. Bose (1963) pointed out that in the species with 2n=22, all I chromosomes were t’s, while in species with 2n=12-16, all I chromosomes were T’s. Our results of chromosome observations are consistent with Bose’s remarks. Some authorst^[3,6] have probably mistaken the dot-like terminal centromeres of T’s of L. longituba and L. chinensis as the short arms of t’s. 2. The significance of Robertsonian change in karyotype evolution. Although chromosome numbers and karyotypes are very variable in Lycoris, as shown in Table 1, the total number of arms of a chromosome complement of any species is always multiples of 11. Hence, it seems likely that Robertsonian changes have taken part in karyotype alteration, The genus has a series of basic chromosome numbers: 6, 7, 8 and 11. But which is the most primitive one? It is uncertain whether a successive decrease in chromosome numbers as a result of Robertsonian fusion or a gradual increase in chromosome numbers brought about by fission (fragmentation) has been the essential mechanism for karyotype evolution and speciation in Lycoris. These problems are of crucial importance and will be discussed in our subsequent papers. 3. The origin of polyploids. As evident from Table 1, there are two levels of ploidy differentiation in Lycoris: (1) di ploids with 2n=22 or the equivalent of 22, (2) triploids with 2n=33 or the equivalent of 33. The most common way of origination of triploids in plants is the hybridization of diploids with Tetraploids. But tetraploids have never been found in Lycoris. Thus, it is suggested that the triploids have originated from the combination of an unreduced gamete of a diploid with a normal gamete of another diploid. 4. The role of hybridization in speciation. Results of karyotype analyses show that hybridization has taken an important part in the speciation of Lycoris. Two types of hybrids have been found: (1) 2n=19= 3V+ 16I, L. straminea, L. albiflora and the two artificial hybrids L. sprengeri×L. chinensis and L. haywardii× L. chinensis all possess this karyotype. It could be seen from the above chromosome number and karyotype that this sort of karyotype is exactly half of the total sum of 2n=22I and 2n=16= 6V+10I. It is, therefore, quite evident that taxa possessing this karyotype are all diploid hybrids of 2n=22 and 2n=16, (2) 2n=27=6V+21I, L. caldwellii and L. squamigera possess this karyotype. It is reasonable to assume, too, that they are segmental allotriploids and have arisen from the combination of an unreduced diploid gamete of 2n=16 and a normal haploid gamete of 2n=22. The origin of the hybrid karyotype 2n=17=5V+12I reported by Inari- yama (1953) is similar to that of 2n=19, except that one of the parents possesses 2n=12= 10V+2I instead of 2n=16=6V+10I. The origin of the other hybrid karyotype 2n=30=3V+ 27I reported by Bose (1963) is similar to that of 2n=27, but the diploid gamete comes from taxa possessing 2n=22 instead of 2n=16.