急性感染对中国明对虾非特异免疫水平的影响

本文研究了哈维弧菌（Vibrio harveyi）急性感染和WSSV急性暴发后中国明对虾（Fenneropenaeus chinensis）非特异性免疫水平的变化。给中国明对虾幼虾腹肌注射30μL哈维弧菌菌液（7.2×107CFU/mL）,以未注射及注射无菌生理盐水为空白对照组和盐水对照组,检测急性感染48h之内不同时间段死亡个体及仍然存活的中国明对虾幼虾的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和溶菌酶（LSZ）活性。受到哈维弧菌攻击仍然存活的幼虾SOD活性极显著高于空白对照组、生理盐水对照组和感染后48h内死亡个体,而感染后48h内死亡个体的SOD活性与两对照组虾无显著差异。弧菌感染的幼虾LSZ活性较两对照组有极显著的降低,越早死亡的个体LSZ活性越低。通过环境胁迫诱导暴发WSSV症状的中国明对虾与未表现出WSSV症状者相比,总血淋巴细胞密度（THCs）、腹肌SOD活性及LSZ活性均极显著地降低,血清蛋白浓度极显著升高,而血清酚氧化酶（PO）活性增高不显著。     

对虾白斑综合症病毒囊膜蛋白VP28的表达及其抗病毒感染作用

根据GenBank上WSSV囊膜蛋白基因vp28的序列,设计并合成引物,PCR扩增得到vp28基因,成功构建重组表达载体pET22b-vp28并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。基因工程菌株37℃IPTG诱导,表达产物经Western-blot和SDS-PAGE检测显示有与预期大小32kDa相符合的目的蛋白。用Ni2 -柱纯化的目的蛋白分别直接注射螯虾和包被饲料投喂螯虾,实验结果表明vp28在大肠杆菌中的表达产物有显著提高虾体抗WSSV感染力的作用,而且注射效果更好。     

对虾白斑综合症病毒囊膜蛋白VP19的融合表达及其抗病毒感染作用

根据GenBank上WSSV囊膜蛋白基因vp19的序列,设计并合成引物,PCR扩增得到vp19基因并克隆到pGEM‐T载体中,经过BamHⅠ/HindⅢ酶切、连接并将vp19插入到pET32b表达载体中。用重组质粒pET32b-vp19转化大肠杆菌Origam(iDE3)pLysS,在IPTG诱导下,融合蛋白Trx-VP19以可溶性的形式得到表达,经SDS-PAGE和Western-blot检测显示其分子量与预期的大小相符合。目的蛋白经Ni2 柱纯化并定量后分别直接注射鳌虾和包被饲料投喂鳌虾。实验结果表明注射Trx-VP19可以提高鳌虾个体抗WSSV感染力的作用。     

对虾—病毒互作的分子机制研究

白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)是危害对虾的主要病原,给全球水产养殖业带来了巨大经济损失,但至今仍未发现有效的防治方法。过去10年来,国内外学者在WSSV侵染和对虾抗病毒免疫的研究方面取得了长足的进展,该文主要介绍这方面的研究进展。     

对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒体内增殖模型的建立

应用对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒（WSSV）,对淡水克氏螯虾、罗氏沼虾、日本沼虾和两种淡水蟹（中华绒螯蟹、长江华溪蟹）进行人工感染实验。结果除淡水克氏螯虾之外,其它受试的虾蟹均不能感染WSSV。克氏螯虾3个不同剂量级感染至12d平均死亡率为94％。从发病或死亡个体采集血淋巴,经电镜负染色可观察到完整的病毒粒子,其形态大小、靶细胞组织病理均与从中国对虾中分离的WSSV相似或相同。同时,通过原位杂交技术进一步证明该实验的可靠性。克氏螯虾重复感染效果良好,有可能成为研究WSSV的一种理想的病毒体内增殖模型。     

Effect of processing treatments on the white spot syndrome virus DNA in farmed shrimps (Penaeus monodon)

Aims: To investigate the effect of processing treatments on the destruction of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) DNA in WSSV‐infected farmed shrimps (Penaeus monodon). Methods and Results: The presence of WSSV was tested by single step and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primers 1s5 & 1a16 and IK1 & IK2 were used for the single step PCR and primers IK1 & IK2–IK3 & IK4 were used for the nested PCR. Various processing treatments such as icing, freezing, cooking, cooking followed by slow freezing, cooking followed by quick freezing, canning, and cold storage were employed to destroy the WSSV DNA. Of the processing treatments given, cooking followed by quick freezing was efficient in destroying WSSV DNA in WSSV‐infected shrimp products. Canning, and cooking followed by slow freezing process had some destructive effect on the WSSV DNA, as WSSV DNA in such processed shrimp products was detected only by nested PCR. Icing, slow freezing, quick freezing, and cooking processes had no effect on the destruction of WSSV DNA. A gradual increase in the destruction of WSSV DNA was observed as the cold storage period increased. Conclusion: The results indicated that cooking followed by quick freezing process destroy the WSSV DNA. Significance and Impact of the Study: WSSV can be destroyed by cooking followed by quick freezing and this combined process can reduce the disease transmission risks from commodity shrimps to native shrimps.     

白斑综合征病毒囊膜蛋白在对虾免疫保护应用中的研究进展

白斑综合征自上世纪90年代初在水产养殖业中爆发以来,其病原体白斑综合征病毒的研究一直在深入开展,特别是WSSV结构蛋白的功能学研究尤为广泛,其主要方向集中在病毒囊膜蛋白对虾体的免疫保护上,并取得了显著的保护效果。从利用病毒囊膜蛋白作为亚单位疫苗免疫虾体、利用囊膜蛋白对应抗体保护虾体、构建囊膜蛋白基因核酸疫苗和利用RNAi干扰技术保护虾体等四个方面,对当前WSSV囊膜蛋白在对虾免疫保护中的应用进行了概述,并对其应用前景作一展望,旨在为及早开发出有效防治白斑综合征疾病的技术途径提供借鉴参考。     

Sequencing and Amplified Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Ribonucleotide Reductase Large Subunit Gene of the White Spot Syndrome Virus in Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) from American Coastal Waters

In the present study, the existence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) collected from 3 different American coastal waters (New York, New Jersey, and Texas) was confirmed by 2-step diagnostic polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization analysis. When geographic isolates were also compared using a gene that encodes the WSSV ribonucleotide reductase large subunit RR1 (WSSV rr1), a C¹⁶⁶¹-to-T point mutation was found in the New Jersey WSSV isolated. This point mutation, which resulted in the creation of an additional RsaI endonuclease recognition site, was not found in the WSSV from the New York and Texas blue crab samples, or in the WSSV Taiwan isolate, or in any of the other WSSV geographical isolates for which data are available. WSSV rr1-specific RsaI amplified restriction fragment length polymorphism of an amplified 1156-bp fragment thus distinguished the New Jersey blue crab samples from the other WSSV isolates. Received June 29, 2000; accepted October 11, 2000     

对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒同源性比较的研究

比较我国沿海不同海域对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒三个分离株：即唐海分离株（渤海湾）、宁波分离株（东海）,深圳分离株（南海）的同源性。三个WSSV分离株基因组的限制笥内切酶（Sac Ⅰ,HindⅢ,PstⅠ）酶切多态（RFLP）以及病毒结构蛋白图谱完全一致,证实造成我国从南对北对虾爆发性流行病的对虾白斑杆状病毒为同一种病毒。利用高保真Taq酶,分别以报道的日本对虾杆状病毒（RV－PJ－PRDV）,斑节对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒（WSBV－PmNOBⅢ）基因组核酸片段特异性引物进行PCR扩增,结果均能从中国一杆状病毒（WSSV）基因组中扩增得到相应大小的PCR产物,扩增产物序列分析表明中国对虾白斑杆状病毒（WSSV）与斑节对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒（WSBV－PmNOBⅢ）,日本对虾相状RV-PJ=PRDV)同源率分别为100％与97％,其结果为证实亚洲及太平洋地区对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒为同一种病毒或同一种病毒的不同株系提供了依据。     

WSSV对锯缘青蟹的致病性及血清酶指标影响

锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)俗称青蟹,是我国重要的海水养殖蟹类.近年来,浙江、福建、广东等青蟹主要养殖地区出现了严重的青蟹病害.对浙江省养殖青蟹的发病原因和流行病学调查发现,白斑综合征病毒(white spotsyndrome virus,WSSV)与青蟹发病存在较大相关性.为进一步研究WSSV对青蟹的致病性和发病机理,作者采用白斑综合征病毒的除菌过滤液,以1:10-1:10000稀释度注射感染青蟹,结果表明1:10、1:100感染组的青蟹死亡率达100%,1:1000感染组死亡率为66.7%,1:10000感染组死亡率为38.9%.根据攻毒悬液的病毒浓度计算出WSSV对青蟹的LD50为1.19×104拷贝/只(7.93×103拷贝/g组织);取WSSV感染青蟹血淋巴进行PCR检测,攻毒死亡青蟹的WSSV检出率为100%,表明WSSV对青蟹有很强的致病力.分析病毒感染濒死蟹的血清酚氧化酶(PO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、符草转氨酶(GOT)等主要酶指标,发现病毒感染青蟹的PO、POD和SOD活力明显低于对照组,而ALP、GPT和GOT的活力则明显高于对照组;用WSSV单克隆抗体对感染蟹进行免疫组化分析,发现WSSV主要侵染青蟹的鳃、甲壳下表皮、心脏、肠、胃等组织的上皮细胞,尤其以鳃上皮细胞损害最为严重.     

用简并寡核苷酸探针筛选对虾白斑综合征病毒DNA多聚酶基因片段

根据一些病毒的DNA多聚酶氨基酸序列中特有的保守序列VYGDTD设计的简并寡核苷酸 ,经地高辛标记后与对虾白斑综合征病毒基因库克隆杂交 ,筛选出一段长度为 70 7bp的EcoRI基因片段 ,该片段在一个开放阅读框内。并含DNA多聚酶B家族特有的保守序列YGDTDS。经与基因库比较 ,其氨基酸序列与藻类DNA病毒科 (Phycodnaviridae)的几株藻类病毒的DNA多聚酶片段有部分相似 ,因此推测该核苷酸片段为对虾白斑综合征病毒DNA多聚酶基因的部分序列。     

WSSV囊膜蛋白VP37和VP39基因酵母双杂交诱饵载体的构建及其激活作用检测

对虾暴发性流行病是近十年来危害对虾养殖业发展的重要病害之一,其主要病原为对虾白斑综合症病毒（WSSV）^[1]。近年来对WSSV的研究主要集中在其囊膜蛋白、黏附蛋白等结构蛋白方面^[2]。本实验室经病毒结合分析^[3]和病毒铺覆蛋白印迹技术（Virus overlay protein blot assay,VOPBA）初步研究,已证实WSSV存在4种病毒黏附蛋白（VAP）,其中VAP1已确定为WSSV囊膜蛋白VP37^[4],该蛋白存在有特征性的细胞结合域（RGD）。编码的蛋白包含281个碱基,与Huang C,et al.^[5]报道的VP37一致,     

Real-time quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification as a simple method for detecting white spot syndrome virus

Aims:  White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) continues to be the most pathogenic virus among the crustacean aquaculture causing mass mortality. In the present study, we established a one-step, single tube, real-time accelerated loop-mediated isothermal amplification (real-time LAMP) for quantitative detection of WSSV.
Materials and Methods:  A set of six specially designed primers that recognize eight distinct sequences of the target. The whole process can be completed in 1 h under isothermal conditions at 63°C. Detection and quantification can be achieved by real-time monitoring in an inexpensive turbidimeter based on threshold time required for turbidity in the LAMP reaction. A standard curve was constructed by plotting viral titre against the threshold time ( T _t) using plasmid standards with high correlation coefficient ( R ² = 0·988).
Conclusions:  Sensitivity analysis using 10-fold dilutions (equivalent to 35 ng  μ l⁻¹ to 35 ag  μ l⁻¹) of plasmid standards revealed this method is capable of detecting upto 100 copies of template DNA. Cross-reactivity analysis with DNA/cDNA of IHHNV, TSV, YHV-infected and healthy shrimp showed this method is highly specific for quantitative detection of WSSV.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  WSSV real-time LAMP assay appears to be precise, accurate and a valuable tool for the detection and quantification of WSSV in large field samples and epidemiological studies.     

ORF390 of white spot syndrome virus genome is identified as a novel anti-apoptosis gene

Apoptosis serves as an important defense strategy employed by host cells against viral invasion. Many viruses contain the anti-apoptotic genes to block the defense-by-death response of host cells. In this study, we tried to identify the putative anti-apoptotic genes in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) genome. We confirmed that actinomycin D could induce apoptosis of shrimp primary cells. However, the apoptosis triggered by actinomycin D was inhibited by WSSV infection. As mutants of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), AcMNPVDelta35k/pol+ lacks a functional P35 gene undergoing apoptosis and its infection could induce Sf9 cell apoptosis. To identify the putative apoptotic suppressor gene of WSSV, overlapping cosmid clones representing the entire WSSV genome were individually cotransfected along with genome DNA of AcMNPVDeltaP35k/pol+. Using this marker rescue assay, a WSSV DNA fragment that was able to rescue AcMNPVDeltaP35k/pol+ infection in Sf9 cells was isolated. By further sequence analysis and rescue assay, the ORF390 was identified as a novel anti-apoptotic gene. The ORF displays two putative caspase9 cleavage sites LLVETDGPS, VKLEHDGSK, and a caspase3 cleavage site EEDEVDGVP. The ORF was cloned into the pIE1 vector and then the recombinant vector was transfected into Sf9 cells. The Sf9 cells did not show obvious characteristics of apoptosis when infected with AcMNPVDeltaP35k/pol+. And the transient expression of ORF390 allowed AcMNPVDeltaP35k/pol+ replication in Sf9 cells and resulted in the formation of polyhedra successfully. The results indicate that function of ORF390 in WSSV is a kind of apoptotic suppressor like P35 in AcMNPV.     

Generation of recombinant monoclonal antibodies to study structure-function of envelope protein VP28 of white spot syndrome virus from shrimp

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major pathogen in shrimp aquaculture. VP28 is one of the most important envelope proteins of WSSV. In this study, a recombinant antibody library, as single-chain fragment variable (scFv) format, displayed on phage was constructed using mRNA from spleen cells of mice immunized with full-length VP28 expressed in Escherichia coli. After several rounds of panning, six scFv antibodies specifically binding to the epitopes in the N-terminal, middle, and C-terminal regions of VP28, respectively, were isolated from the library. Using these scFv antibodies as tools, the epitopes in VP28 were located on the envelope of the virion by immuno-electron microscopy. Neutralization assay with these antibodies in vitro suggested that these epitopes may not be the attachment site of WSSV to host cell receptor. This study provides a new way to investigate the structure and function of the envelope proteins of WSSV.     

对虾白斑综合征病毒囊膜蛋白VP110 N端结构特征、原核表达及检测

VP110为对虾白斑综合征病毒(White Spot Syndrome Virus,WSSV)的囊膜蛋白。相似性分析发现,VP110与昆虫DNA病毒经口感染关键因子PIF2具同源性,且同源区主要位于N端150~600aa。同时两者均在N端前端含一个跨膜区。为了研究VP110 N端保守区的功能,将vp110 N端基因(Svp110,450~1 830 bp)克隆至p ET-16b及p GEX-4T1原核表达载体中,同时分别在大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)、Rosetta 2菌株中优化表达条件,诱导VP110 N端蛋白(s VP110)表达。实验结果表明,重组质粒p ET-16b-Svp110在37℃1 mmol/L IPTG条件下可得到表达,但16℃下表达量很低。而重组质粒p GEX-4T1-Svp110则在16℃下得到较高表达。同时,Rosetta 2菌株的表达量高于BL21(DE3)。该研究表明Rosetta 2菌株更适合作为WSSV结构蛋白的表达,同时VP110在不同载体中的表达受温度的影响。VP110 N端蛋白的表达为VP110的功能研究打下了基础。     

Proteomic analyses of the shrimp white spot syndrome virus

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a unique member within the virus family Nimaviridae, is the most notorious aquatic virus infecting shrimp and other crustaceans and has caused enormous economic losses in the shrimp farming industry worldwide. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of WSSV morphogenesis, structural proteins, and replication is essential for developing prevention measures of this serious parasite. The viral genome is approximately 300kb and contains more than 180 open reading frames (ORF). However, most of proteins encoded by these ORF have not been characterized. Due to the importance of WSSV structural proteins in the composition of the virion structure, infection process and interaction with host cells, knowledge of structural proteins is essential to understanding WSSV entry and infection as well as for exploring effective prevention measures. This review article summarizes mainly current investigations on WSSV structural proteins including the relative quantities, localization, function and protein-protein interactions. Traditional proteomic studies of 1D or 2D gel electrophoresis separations and mass spectrometry (MS) followed by database searches have identified a total of 39 structural proteins. Shotgun proteomics and iTRAQ were initiated to identify more structural proteins. To date, it is estimated that WSSV is assembled by at least 59 structural proteins, among them 35 are defined as the envelope fraction (including tegument proteins) and 9 as nucleocapsid proteins. Furthermore, the interaction within several major structural proteins has also been investigated. This identitification and characterization of WSSV protein components should help in the understanding of the viral assembly process and elucidate the roles of several major structural proteins.     

对虾白斑综合症病毒与虾鳃细胞膜特异性结合关系的确立

对虾白斑综合症病毒(White spot syndrome virus,WSSV)是养殖对虾的一个主要病原,也是目前发现的基因组最大的动物病毒(基因组约290kDa,双链环状)。WSSV病毒粒子为卵形杆状,外被囊膜,囊膜在尾部延伸成一长尾。它不仅能感染对虾,还能感染其它淡水及海水甲壳类。养殖对虾被感染后,3—10d内累积死亡率可达100％,给对虾养     

对虾白斑综合征病毒的细胞因子受体基因的分析与表达

在对虾白斑综合征病毒(White spot syndrome virus,WSSV)的基因组中发现一个具有细胞因子受体特征的开放阅读框,该阅读框全长2022个核苷酸,编码674个氨基酸,蛋白质理论分子量为76kDa。该基因含有真核生物细胞因子gp130受体特征序列。为了研究该基因的功能,采用PCR方法从病毒基因组中扩增出基因片段,克隆到pGEM-T Easy载体中,经BamH I和Sal I双酶切后插入pET28b表达载体中。重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌BL21中,IPTG诱导后,经SDS-PAGE电泳表明在。76kDa处有目的蛋白表达。用冰浴超声波对诱导后的菌液进行处理以获得初步纯化的蛋白,作为抗原人工免疫实验兔子以获得含特异性抗体的抗血清。该基因的表达成功,为其功能的进一步深入研究奠定了基础。