Inbreeding depression in an arrhenotokous mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch)

Five generations of inbreeding by sibmating in an arrhenotokous mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) caused depression as measured in the hatchability of the eggs. It appeared that mainly the haploid eggs were affected.

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Zusammenfassung Inzucht über 5 Generationen verursachte bei einer arrhenotoken Spinnmilbe (Tetranychus urticae Koch) eine an der Schlüpffähigkeit der Eier gemessene Depression. Es schien, daß davon hauptsächlich die haploiden Eier betroffen waren.

     

Resistance to tedion in haploid and diploid offspring of Tetranychus urticae Koch

The susceptibility to Tedion of haploid and diploid-haploid mixtures of eggs of Tetranychus urticae Koch was examined. It was concluded for a normal susceptible strain that haploid eggs are more susceptible to Tedion than diploid eggs. This difference in tolerance between haploid and diploid eggs could not be established for a strain resistant to Tedion.Mass crosses between the susceptible and the resistant strain were made. Susceptible females, mated by resistant males, produce susceptible haploid and resistant diploid offspring. Resistant females, mated by susceptible males, gave a resistant offspring. Both sexes can also transmit resistance to Tedion. As there was a difference in tolerance between diploid offspring in the reciprocal crosses, it is assumed that either a maternal or a cytoplasmic component is also present in the genetical mechanism of Tedion-resistance.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Empfindlichkeit haploider und diploid-haploider Gemische von Eiern von Tetranychus urticae Koch gegenüber Tedion untersucht. Für einen normal empfindlichen Stamm wurde aus toxikologischen Daten und einer Verschiebung des Geschlechterverhältnisses erschlossen, daß haploide Eier gegenüber Tedion empfindlicher sind als diploide. Dieser Toleranzunterschied zwischen haploiden und diploiden Nachkommen konnte bei einem gegen Tedion resistenten Stamm nicht nachgewiesen werden.Es wurden Massenkreuzungen zwischen empfindlichen und resistenten Stämmen durch-geführt. Empfindliche Weibchen, mit resistenten Männchen gepaart, produzierten empfindliche haploide und resistente diploide Nachkommen. Resistente Weibchen, mit empfindlichen Männchen gepaart, ergaben eine resistente Nachkommenschaft. Beide Geschlechter können also die Resistenz gegen Tedion übertragen. Da bei den reziproken Kreuzungen ein Toleranzunterschied zwischen den diploiden Nachkommen auftritt, wird angenommen, daß in dem genetischen Mechanismus der Tedion-Resistenz auch eine mütterliche oder eine zytoplasmatische Komponente vorhanden ist.

     

The effect of pyrethroid lambdacyhalothrin applications on the spatial distribution of phytophagous and predatory mites in apple orchards

The spatial distribution of three phytophagous mites,Panonychus ulmi (Koch),Tetranychus urticae Koch andAculus schlechtendali (Nalepa), and two predacious mites,Zetzellia mali (Ewing) andAmblyseius fallacis (Garman), and the effect of pyrethroid lambdacyhalothrin applications on mite spatial dispersion were investigated over a 3-year period in an apple orchard in Ontario. The index of dispersion and the slope of Taylor's power law were used to evaluate dispersion patterns of mites. Panonychus ulmi showed that between-tree spatial variation decreased with an increase of population densities, whereas between-leaf variation increased with population densities. With all other four species it appeared that between-tree variation is much greater than between-leaf variation at all field population density levels. The values ofb by Taylor's power law suggested that all five species of mites are aggregated, but that in generalP. ulmi andT. urticae (b=1.427–1.872) are more aggregated than their predators (b=1.254–1.393). Taylor's regression technique suggests that pyrethroid applications causedP. ulmi, T. urticae, Z. mali andA. fallacis to be less aggregated whileA. schlechtendali was more aggregated. The impact of changes in mite spatial distribution following pyrethroid applications on sampling plans is discussed.     

Specificity of a strain ofNeozygites sp. (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) toMononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Neozygites sp. is commonly found infecting the cassava green mite,Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), in parts of northeast Brazil. The introduction of this fungus into other regions requires the knowledge of its specificity, especially in relation to natural enemies of different cassava pests. Laboratory tests indicated the development of germination tubes ofNeozygites in some females ofTetranychus bastosi Tuttle et al. andT. urticae Koch, with subsequent formation of a reduced number of hyphal bodies in someT. bastosi. No females of the phytoseiid predatorsAmblyseius idaeus (Denmark & Muma) andAmblyseius limonicus Garman & McGregor s.l. were infected byNeozygites sp.     

Haploid and diploid cell cultures from a haplo-diploid insect

Summary

This is the first report of haploid and diploid cell culture from the haplo-diploid parasitoid wasp, Mormoniella vitripennis. Cells were cultured from haploid and diploid wasps by collecting populations of eggs from virgin females (unfertilized, haploid, parthenogenetic eggs) and mated females (mostly fertilized, diploid eggs). Eggs were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol, followed by 50% Chlorox, and rinsed in phosphate buffered saline; larvae were allowed to hatch in culture. Larval cells were dissociated and cultured at 28°C in the presence of Grace's medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum. Most cells in the HMV (predominantly haploid) and DMV (predominantly diploid) cell cultures grew in suspension in the first week, formed monolayers of fibroblasts and epithelial cells by the second week in culture, and continued to grow in monolayers and vesicle-like structures for up to three months. Chromosome analysis of HMV. cells demonstrated over 70% haploid cells, with five chromosomes (N=5). The remainder were aneuploid. No diploid cells (2N= 10) were found in the HMV cell culture. Chromosome analysis of DMV cultures revealed 62% diploid, with ten chromosomes; 13% were haploid, with five chromosomes; the remainder were aneuploid. These data confirm that haploid and diploid cells can be cultured from a haplo-diploid insect species. The HMV cells which are predominantly haploid, and DMV cells which are predominantly diploid may be valuable models for the study of cellular and gene activity in haploid and diploid genetic milieux.     

Biological studies ofAmblyseius olivi,a new predator of eriophyid mites infesting olive trees in Egypt [Acari: Phytoseiidae]

The development was faster and reproduction was higher whenAmblyseius olivi Nasr & Abou-Awad fed on the eriophyid miteEriophyes olivi Zaher & Abou-Awad. The duration increased and reproduction decreased on the tetranychid miteTetranychus (T.) uriticae Koch. The predator female consumed daily 120 and 8 individuals ofE. olivi andT. (T.) uriticae respectively. The daily reproduction was as low as 0.6–0.3 eggs/♂/day when females were maintained on royal jelly, molasses, honey or their combinations.

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Résumé Le développement était plus rapide et la reproduction était plus élevée quandAmblyseius olivi Nasr & Abou-Awad se nourrissait de l'Eriophyide:Eriophyes olivi Zaher & Abou-Awad. La durée augmentait et la reproduction décroissait avecTetranychus urticae Koch. Le prédateur femelle consommait quotidiennement 120 et 8 individus deE. olivi et deT. (T) urticae. respectivement. La reproduction quotidienne était faible 0,6–0,3 œuf/♂/jour quand les femelles étaient maintenues sur gelée royale, molasses, miel ou leurs combinaisons.

     

Characteristics of development and reproduction in Typhlodromus pyri on Tetranychus urticae and Cecidophyopsis ribis. I. Overwintered females

The results of a study of bionomic parameters in overwintered females of Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten under constant laboratory conditions (18±1°C, RH 75%, 18L:6D) are described. The predatory mites were fed two prey species, the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch and the eriophyid gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribis (Westwood). The results indicate that T. pyri females survive and reproduce on C. ribis as well as on T. urticae. However, the average fecundity of females feeding on C. ribis was lower (13.79 eggs) compared with that of females fed T. urticae (29 eggs). The length of preoviposition period varied greatly (8 to 96 days), the number of ovipositing females increasing at a statistically significant rate on T. urticae. Differences in the mean duration of postoviposition period (35.27 and 52.50 days) and longevity in the laboratory (97.82 and 116.04 days) were not statistically significant. Accumulation of metabolites in the alimentary canal was noted in some females of T. pyri.     

Biological studies of the predacious miteTyphlodromus pelargonicus a predator of the two spotted spider miteTetranychus urticae on cucumber plants [Acari: Phytoseiidae; Tetranychidae]

The predacious miteTyphlodromus pelargonicus El-Badry preyed on the different developmental stages of the two spotted spider miteTetranychus urticae Koch. The development was quickest and the number of prey consumed was highest when individuals were maintained on eggs compared with nymphs or adult female stages. The predator was able to develop and reproduce on the eriophyid miteEriophyes dioscoridis. Soliman & Abou-Awad, nymphs of the tobacco whiteflyBemisia tabaci (Genn.) and pollen grains ofPhoenix dactylifera andRicinus communis. The average number of eggs/♀/day was 1.4, 0.7, 1.2 and 0.9 on eriophyid, whitefly,Ph. dactylifera andR. communis respectively.      

The nucleolar cycle in karyomeres ofTetranychus urticae Koch (Acari,Tetranichidae) in relation to replication of fragments of holokinetic chromosomes

Summary Chromosomes and nucleoli in the karyomeres of cleavage eggs of the arrhenotokous spidermiteTetranychus urticae Koch were treated with a silver-staining procedure for nucleolar material to establish the number of nucleoli and of the chromosomes that produce them. Each of the three holokinetic chromosomes of the haploid chromosome complement produces nucleolar material. This is confirmed by observations on the ultrastructure of karyomeres in serial sections of interphase cleavage divisions. These findings are thought to be in agreement with facts from previous radiation research and may help to explain the fate of induced fragments in holokinetic chromosomes.     

Molecular approach in spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae): Preliminary data on ribosomal DNA sequences

DNA sequence data were used to examine phylogenetic relationships between six species of economically important Tetranychidae mites:Eotetranychus carpini (Oudemans),E. pruni (Reck),Tetranychus pacificus McGregor,T. mcdanieli McGregor,T. turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski andT. urticae Koch. With primers directed toward conserved elements flanking the target region, the Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to amplify the ITS2 spacer of the ribosomal DNA molecule. The nucleotide sequence of a 300-bp fragment of the ITS2 was determined by direct sequencing and nucleotide divergence used for intra-generic comparison in mites. The resulting phylogenetic tree expressing interspecific relationships in genusTetranychus agrees with morphological data. The study demonstrates the usefulness of the approach in the assessment of the systematics and evolution of the group.     

Predation by Allothrombium pulvinum on the spider mites Tetranychus urticae and Amphitetranychus viennensis: Predation Rate, Prey Preference and Functional Response

The deutonymphs of Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing (Acari: Trombidiidae) are among the most important natural enemies of spider mites in North, North East and West Iran. In this study, maximum predation rate and preference experiments were conducted with A. pulvinum deutonymphs on apple leaf discs, to determine their preference for either of two spider mite species: Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Maximum predation rate tests showed that the predatory mite consumed more eggs and females of T. urticae than of A. viennensis. Furthermore, the Manly’s preference index for eggs and females of T. urticae confirmed that T. urticae were the preferred prey. The functional response of A. pulvinum deutonymphs on females of T. urticae was examined over a 24-h period. Predation of A. pulvinum deutonymphs presented with females of T. urticae followed a type III functional response. Estimated handling time for the predatory mites was 4.51 h and attack coefficient b, which describes the changes in attack rate with prey densities in a type III functional response, was 0.021.     

Karyotypes and sex determination of ten species of phytoseiid mites (acarina: Mesostigmata)

The chromosomal picture was studied on early cleayage divisiona of 10 phytoseiid mites, using the aceto-orcein smear technique. Eggs of 9 species have either a haploid (4) or a diploid (8) number of chromosomes:Amblyseius rubini Swirski & Amitai,A. swirskii Athias,A. hibisci Chant,A. ohilenensis (Dosse),A. largoensis (Muma),Typhlodromus athiasae Porath and SwirskiT. rhenanus (Oud.) sensu latiore,Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias, andI phiseius degeneraus (Berlese).Typhlodromus oceidentalis Nesbitt has 3 and 6 chromosomes. In sections and smears of post embryonic stages belonging to mites representative of the four genera, a haploid number was found in males, whereas in females somatic cells contained 2n and ovaries n as well as 2n. Thus it is shown that sex is determined by the haplo-diploid (arrhenotokous) mechanism. Males differ from females in the structure of the interphase nuclei belonging to the central nervous system. Contribution from The Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research (NUIA.) Bet Dagan, Israel, 1968 Series, No. 1331-E.     

Comparison ofTetranychus evansi andT. urticae [Acari: Tetranychidae] as prey for eight species of phytoseiid mites

Eight phytoseiid species were tested to evaluate and compare their potential as predators ofTetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard andT. urticae (Koch). The study was conducted using arenas of excised nightshade (Solanum douglasii Dunal) and Lima bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaves infested with eitherTetranychus species. When the prey wasT. evansi, the predatorsAmblyseius californicus (McGregor) andPhytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot from Ventura, California, showed the highest oviposition rates. However, those rates were 4 to 6 times lower than rates for the same predators feeding onT. urticae. OnlyA. californicus and the strain ofP. persimilis from Beni-Mellal, Morocco, had survivorship higher than 50% 8 days after the beginning of the experiment. The results indicated thatT. evansi is an unfavorable prey for all the phytoseiids tested.

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Résumé Huit espèces d'Acariens phytoseiides étaient testées en vue de comparer leurs potentialités prédatrices vis-à-vis deTetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard et deTetranychus urticae (Koch). L'étude était réalisée sur des feuilles détachées deSolanum douglasii Dunal et dePhaseolus vulgaris L. Les feuilles avaient été infestées avec l'une ou l'autre des espèces deTetranychus. Amblyseius californicus (McGregor) etPhytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, de Ventura, ont donné les taux d'oviposition les plus élevés avecT. evansi, mais ces taux étaient 4 à 6 fois inférieurs à ceux obtenus lorsque la proie étaitT. urticae. SeulsA. californicus et la souche deP. persimilis de Beni-Mellal avaient une survie supérieure à 50%, 8 jours après le début du test. Les résultats indiquent queT. evansi n'est pas une proie favorable pour toutes les espèces testées.

     

Asymmetric reproductive interference between two closely related spider mites: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">T. turkestani</Emphasis> (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov and Nikolskii and Tetranychus urticae Koch RF (red form) (Acari: Tetranychidae) are closely related species. Previously, the two species were found in separate agricultural habitats in Israel. Here, additional collections were undertaken and mixed populations of the two species were found. Manipulation experiments were conducted in order to test whether sexual interactions occur when T. turkestani and T. urticae RF share the same host. Interspecific crosses showed that the two species are capable of producing viable F₁ females, but that these females are sterile as their F₂ eggs failed to hatch. This indicates a post-zygotic reproductive barrier, supporting the current placement of T. turkestani as a separate taxon. Mating behavior parameters revealed that males of both species courted virgin conspecific and heterospecific females at the same rate and readily tried to copulate with them. Female mate recognition seemed to be more reliable in T. turkestani than in T. urticae RF as the number of copulations was significantly higher and their duration significantly shorter in the T. turkestani interspecific (T. turkestani ♀ × T. urticae RF ♂) as compared to the intraspecific crosses, a phenomenon not observed in T. urticae RF. In mixed cultures, a significant reduction in female production was observed for T. urticae RF but not for T. turkestani, suggesting an asymmetric reproductive interference effect in favor of T. turkestani. The long term outcome of this effect is yet to be determined since additional reproductive factors such as oviposition rate and progeny survival to adulthood may reduce the probability of demographic displacement of one species by the other in overlapping niches.     

Effect of cannibalism on predation,oviposition and longevity of the predacious mite,Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez (Acari: Stigmaeidae)

Cannibalism (intraspecific predation) on conspecific eggs was investigated in the predatory stigmaeid mite, Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez in the absence of eggs of Tetranychus urticae Koch (no-choice tests) and presence of three densities of prey eggs simultaneously (choice tests) in the laboratory. Data show that cannibalism occurs in immatures and adult females of the predator, which successfully developed and reproduced on conspecific eggs as an alternative prey in the absence of prey eggs. In no-choice tests, cannibalism rate on conspecific eggs by A. exsertus stages was significantly lower than the predation rate on T. urticae eggs. The predatory mite exhibited a marked decline in oviposition rate when preyed on conspecific eggs compared with feeding on prey eggs. The developmental duration and longevity of A. exsertus females were significantly longer 1.9 and 1.7 times, respectively, when fed on conspecific eggs than feeding on T. urticae eggs. The propensity of the predator towards cannibalism depends on the prey density, when T. urticae eggs and conspecific eggs are present simultaneously. Provision of increased densities of prey eggs significantly decreased cannibalism and predation by A. exsertus stages, which fed generally less on conspecific eggs than on T. urticae eggs in choice tests. The oviposition rate of the predator increased significantly, as the egg density of the prey increased. The developmental period and longevity of A. exsertus females showed significantly gradual shortness with increasing egg density of the prey.     

Characteristics of development and reproduction in Typhlodromus pyri on Tetranychus urticae and Cecidophyopsis ribis. II. Progeny of overwintered females

The results of this study on the bionomic parameters in progeny of overwintered females of Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten under constant laboratory conditions (18°C, R.H. 75%. 18L:6D) are described. The predatory mites were fed overwintering forms of two prey species, the two-spotted spider mite. Tetranychus urticae Koch and the black currant gall mite. Cecidophyopsis ribis (Westwood). The results corroborate that T. pyri is able to complete its life-cycle and reproduce when it feeds exclusively on the black currant gall mite. Juvenile development of females feeding on T. urticae and on C. ribis was 19.4 and 20.9 days respectively, while in males it was 18.4 and 17.5 days. Mortality of juveniles feeding on T. urticae was higher (33.0%) compared with that of juveniles fed on C. ribis (10.7%). The highest mortality was noted in protonymphs fed on T. urticae (21.9%). The difference between the mean total fecundity of females fed on T. urticae (16.4 eggs) and on C. ribis (17.8 eggs) was not statistically significant. Mean duration of preoviposition, oviposition and postoviposition periods were 19.1, 25.0 and 14.5 days in females fed on T. urticae and 19.7. 50.2 and 5.0 in those fed on C. ribis.     

Control of phytoseiids in a spider mite mass-rearing system (Acari: Phytoseiidae,Tetranychidae)

Phytoseiid mites which contaminated the spider mite colony and interfered with the mass-rearing of spider mites were controlled by dipping in hot water. Immersion for 60 s in water of 50°C killed all stages ofAmblyseius fallacis (Garman),A. womersleyi Schicha andPhytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Only approximately 0.3% of theA. womersleyi eggs hatched, and this seems negligible. The populations ofTetranychus kanzawai Kishida andT. urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) were reduced. However, they recovered well. Although this treatment resulted in the withering of some soybean seedlings, the next trifoliate leaf to be produced was normal. A very satisfactory result was obtained when this technique was applied to the mass-rearing system.     

Different responses of three predatory mite species toTetranychus urticae,Eriophyes dioscoridis andBrevipalpus pulcher: Evidence for the existence of kairomones and allomones

The responses of 3 phytoseiid mite speciesPhytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot,Phytoseius finitimus Ribaga andAmblyseius gossipi Elbadry to allelochemics emitted by prey mite speciesTetranychus urticae Koch,Brevipalpus pulcher (Canestrini & Fanzago) andEriophyes dioscoridis Soliman & Abou-Awad were studied using a test of two-choice assays. The repellent effect elicited by the tenuipalpid mite,B. pulcher and the eriophyid mite,E. dioscoridis againstP. persimilis could be an evidence for the existence of allomones produced by these 2 prey species. The negative response ofP. persimilis to the different stadia ofB. pulcher and the attraction ofP. finitimus toward the same prey suggest that the volatile semiochemicals produced by this prey act as kairomones forP. finitimus and as allomones forP. persimilis. The strong attraction ofP. finitimus andA. gossipi to the different stadia ofT. urticae and the considerable attraction of either predator toB. pulcher compared to the neutral response toE. dioscoridis reveal that both predators show a hierarchy of preference for the kairomones of the 3 prey species studied.      

Functional response ofAllothrombium pulvinum deutonymphs (Acari: Trombidiidae) on two-spotted spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Functional responses of deutonymphs of the predatory mite,Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing, on eggs and adult females of two-spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae Koch, were determined in the laboratory. Predation experiments were conducted on lima bean leaf discs over a 24-h period at 25±2°C, 30–50% RH and 24L: 0D photoperiod. Prey densities ranged from 10 to 120T. urticae eggs per disc or 2 to 32 adult females per disc.Allothrombium pulvinum deutonymphs were more effective againstT. urticae eggs than its adult females. The role ofA. pulvinum deutonymphs in integrated and biological pest control is discussed.     

Influence of food and temperature on development and oviposition ofEuseius stipulatus andTyphlodromus phialatus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

The influence of feeding and temperature on life table parameters ofEuseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot) andTyphlodromus phialatus Athias-Henriot was determined in laboratory tests. Both phytoseiids developed and reproduced readily when fed onCarpobrotus edulis (L.) pollen andPanonychus citri (McGregor) Intrinsic rates of increase (r _m ) at 25°C forE. stipulatus andT. phialatus were 0.197 and 0.126, and, when fed onP. citri, 0.129 and 0.144, respectively.Tetranychus urticae Koch offered as prey allowed normal development and oviposition ofT. phialatus, but no eggs were laid byE. stipulatus when fed on this spider mite. Eggs and honeydew ofAleurothrixus floccosus Mask. furnished sufficient nutrition for development of immatures ofE. stipulatus. Larvae ofPlanoccocus citri Risso, and honeydew and eggs ofA. floccosus, allowed adult survival but no egg-laying of the predaceous mites.Lorryia formosa Cooreman was not a favoured prey species.Life tables were calculated forE. stipulatus fed on pollen andT. phialatus fed onP. citri at constant temperatures of 18, 25, and 32°C. Maximum development was reached at 32°C, withr _m values of 0.225 forE. stipulatus and 0.179 forT. phialatus. In general, both phytoseiids showed medium to high total number of eggs per female and long oviposition periods when compared with other phytoseiid species.When mating took place at 32°C,E. stipulatus females were not able to lay eggs, thus suggesting an interference of high temperatures with fertilization in this species. No hatching was observed in eggs of either species when kept at relative humidities of 50% or lower. The possible significance of these responses is discussed in relation to population trends observed in the field.