不同纤维素原料超临界水解的研究

分别以稻草秸秆、经预处理的稻草秸秆、脱脂棉、微晶纤维素和定性滤纸为原材料,利用间歇式的超临界反应设备,在400℃的盐浴中进行木质纤维素的超临界水解,采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法对产物中的还原糖进行测定,研究反应时间对不同纤维素原料水解产糖的影响。结果表明:在超临界条件下,不同原料在较短的时间内还原糖含量均出现峰值,随着反应时间的延长还原糖产量呈现下降的趋势;稻秆、预处理后的稻秆、脱脂棉、微晶纤维素和定性滤纸的最大产糖量分别为7.42、9.05、12.55、18.01和14.24 g/L;与此对应的最佳反应时间分别为3.5、4、3、3、4 min;对应的最大还原糖产率分别为14.84%、18.10%、25.10%、36.02%、28.48%。     

糖化变温的不同处理对黑蒜品质的影响

以大蒜为原料,在高温高湿环境下,采用由5%食盐水浸泡6 h,-80℃冷冻6 h,45℃恒湿酶活1 d,恒湿变温糖化,45℃干燥5 d等工艺过程组成的黑蒜加工新工艺,以感官评价与理化指标检测相结合的方法,开展了黑蒜加工糖化变温的不同处理条件对黑蒜色泽、气味、口感、还原糖、总酚和还原力的影响研究。结果表明:糖化变温参数变温前80℃4 d,变温后65℃1 d为最佳。所加工的黑蒜为黑褐色,无辛辣味、酸甜适口,软糯有弹性;总糖、还原糖和总酚含量分别为69. 06%、32. 14%和0. 67%,且具有较好还原力。     

微波条件下LiCl/DMAc溶解稻秆纤维素制备还原糖

利用氯化锂/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(LiCl/DMAc)溶剂体系在微波控制条件下对稻秆纤维素进行溶解预处理以提高纤维素酶解糖化效率。考察了微波时间和微波强度对产糖量及还原糖转化率的影响。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和热重分析仪(TG)对预处理前后稻秆纤维素的微观形貌及热稳定性进行表征,并利用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)对酶解糖液进行糖成分鉴定和含量分析。结果表明,微波加热能够有效促进LiCl/DMAc对稻秆纤维素的溶解。与原生稻秆相比,经微波-LiCl/DMAc法溶解后再生纤维素出现明显解聚,热分解温度由290℃降至220℃。在微波功率为385 W、加热溶解时间为7 min时,所得稻秆纤维素还原糖转化率由30.90%上升至98.67%;HPLC谱图表明,糖液中主要成分为葡萄糖和木糖,分别占所得还原糖总量的43.74%和48.55%。     

六种白腐菌预处理对毛白杨木材酶水解效果的影响

通过化学分析和酶水解试验,研究了不同的白腐菌对毛白杨的预处理效果及不同组分的降解对酶水解的影响。毛白杨木片经6种白腐菌预处理30d后,各组分都发生了降解,其中半纤维素的损失最为显著,Trametes ochracea C6888引起半纤维素降解率高达47.19%,其次是纤维素和酸不溶木素的降解。在后续酶水解过程中,6种白腐菌处理后的样品显示出不同的水解模式,菌株Trametes ochracea C6888、T. pubescens C7571和T. versicolor C6915预处理效果最为显著,还原糖得率在整个酶水解过程中一直高于对照,其中T. ochracea C6888在水解96h后还原糖得率达到15.93%,比未处理样品提高了25%。分析酸不溶木素降解率及半纤维素降解率与还原糖得率的关系发现,不同菌株在作用同一种基质时,预处理效果差异显著,木质素和半纤维素的脱除都会影响木质纤维素的酶水解。     

有机酸处理对羊肉贮藏品质的影响

采用3种有机酸（乙酸、乳酸、柠檬酸）处理后的羊肉样品与对照组,在0～4℃条件下贮藏,分别在不同的贮藏时间点,同时取样测定各处理样品的pH值、色泽、汁液损失和菌落总数,分析乙酸、乳酸和柠檬酸处理对羊肉贮藏品质指标的影响。结果表明：2%的乙酸、2%乳酸和2%柠檬酸处理能够有效地抑制贮藏过程中杂菌的繁殖,维持样品较低pH值水平和缓慢上升速度,同时提高羊肉贮藏过程中汁液损失率;乙酸、乳酸、柠檬酸处理对羊肉色泽L*值和a*值的影响较小,但b*值较对照组增加;乙酸、乳酸和柠檬酸处理能够有效延长羊肉的保质期。     

有机酸和维生素对小麦某些生理生化特性的影响

生物试验研究表明,５０μｇ／ｇ的维生素Ｂ１、Ｂ２和Ｂ６混合液及２０μｇ／ｇ鸟囊素、阿魏酸、香草酸、水杨酸和苯甲酸单独或混合浸种可促进小麦早分蘖、多分蘖,提高小麦成穗率和产量,扬花期叶面喷施,可提高旗叶的过氧化物酶活性,降低丙二醛的积累,延缓叶片衰老,提高光合效率。     

外源有机酸对镉胁迫下秋华柳镉积累特征的影响

为探究外源有机酸在加强秋华柳(Salix variegata Franch.)镉积累效率中的应用潜力,采用营养液培养方法,研究了5种100μmol/L外源有机酸(草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸)对50μmol/L Cd胁迫下秋华柳生长适应性及Cd积累特征的影响,并通过化学平衡程序VISUAL MINTEQ v3.0计算溶液中不同化学形态Cd(游离态和螯合态Cd)的含量。结果表明:柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸的添加有效缓解了Cd对秋华柳的毒害,明显促进了秋华柳的生长。除草酸处理组外,其余4个有机酸处理组培养液中游离Cd~(2+)含量均得到较大提升,显著促进了秋华柳对Cd的吸收。柠檬酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸和苹果酸的添加显著提高了秋华柳植株的Cd积累量,分别是未加入有机酸Cd处理组的210%、190%、190%和178%。外源有机酸的施加提高了介质中游离Cd~(2+)的含量,并通过与重金属的络合等作用提升了植株对Cd的吸收和积累能力。但不同有机酸对秋华柳Cd积累特征的影响差异明显,柠檬酸加入后通过提高秋华柳根生物量和根中Cd含量,显著增加了根系Cd积累量;酒石酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸的应用则明显提高了秋华柳地上部分Cd积累量。因此,外源酒石酸、琥珀酸和苹果酸的应用可提高秋华柳地上部分的Cd积累效率,更有利于对Cd污染土壤的修复。     

有机酸对苗期水稻吸收和运输镉的影响

采用营养液培养法,研究了水(对照)、柠檬酸、苹果酸和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)4个处理对不同品种水稻幼苗吸收和转运Cd的影响及其对根中Cd的解析作用。结果表明:与对照相比,EDTA的添加明显抑制了水稻根部对Cd的吸收,使水稻幼苗地上部和根中Cd的含量分别降低了90%和96%;但促进了Cd向地上部的运输,地上部Cd量占总吸收量的43.0%~55.9%(对照组为20.0%~32.2%)。而柠檬酸和苹果酸的添加对水稻根系吸收和运输Cd的影响较弱。3种有机酸对不同水稻品种Cd吸收的影响趋势一致。解析试验的结果表明,EDTA对根中的Cd具有较强的解吸能力,而柠檬酸和苹果酸相对较弱。     

萃取条件对TBP络合萃取混合有机酸的影响

采用磷酸三丁酯(TBP)络合萃取来自城市污泥厌氧发酵的混合有机酸.通过萃取条件优化,探讨利用TBP络合萃取混合有机酸的可能性.研究表明,在萃取剂TBP浓度为3.63 mol/L,混合有机酸浓度为20 g/L,萃取时间为5 min,萃取温度为35℃,油水相比为1:1,经过3次萃取之后,混合有机酸萃取效率可达到98.47%...     

60Co-γ射线处理稻草秸秆对其纤维质酶解效果的影响

通过60Co-γ射线处理干稻草秸秆以及提取的稻草粗纤维,研究辐照预处理后的稻草秸秆酶降解效果。采用DNS法和硫酸-苯酚法分别测定处理样品中水溶性还原糖和总糖的含量;通过电子显微镜扫描观测辐照处理对稻草秸秆纤维组织结构的影响。结果表明:采用1 000 kGy~1 500 kGy的辐照剂量处理稻草秸秆,能有效破坏稻草的纤维组织结构,特别是稻草表面硅晶结构和纤维结构,随着辐射剂量的加大破坏程度增强,稻草水溶性还原糖和总糖含量显著增加。辐照与酶复合处理稻草秸秆能极显著地提高稻草秸秆纤维的转化率,稻草秸秆降解的水溶性还原糖含量达到21.44%,总糖含量达75.85%。辐照处理对木质素降解无明显影响。     

Optimization of organic acid pretreatment of wheat straw

The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of different organic acids (maleic, succinic, and oxalic acid) on enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation yields of wheat straw. It was also aimed to optimize the process conditions (temperature, acid concentration, and pretreatment time) by using response surface methodology (RSM). In line with this objective, the wheat straw samples were pretreated at three different temperatures (170, 190, and 210°C), acid concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%) and pretreatment time (10, 20, and 30 min). The findings show that at extreme pretreatment conditions, xylose was solubilized in liquid phase, causing an increase in cellulose and lignin content of biomass. Enzymatic hydrolysis experiments revealed that maleic and oxalic acids were quite effective at achieving high sugar yields (>90%) from wheat straw. In contrast, the highest sugar yields were 50–60%, when the samples were pretreated with succinic acid, indicating that succinic acid was not as effective. The optimum process conditions for maleic acid were, 210°C, 1.08% acid concentration, and 19.8 min; for succinic acid 210°C, 5% acid concentration, and 30 min; for oxalic acid 210°C, 3.6% acid concentration, and 16.3 min. The ethanol yields obtained at optimum conditions were 80, 79, and 59% for maleic, oxalic and succinic acid, respectively. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1487–1493, 2016     

Autocatalytic hydrothermal pretreatment by recycling byproduct organic acids to directionally depolymerize cassava straw

A two-stage autocatalytic hydrothermal pretreatment was proposed to improve the cassava straw utilization. The two-stage hydrothermal pretreatment was a process of which the first stage adopted lower-severity conditions (temperature and time) to improve the C-5 sugar yields and the second stage employed more severities to enhance C-6 sugar yield during enzyme hydrolysis. After employing this process, the maximum yields of C-5 and C-6 sugars were 68.49% and 81.02% when treating at 180 °C for 60 min for the first stage and 200 °C for 20 min for the second stage. Based on this, the autocatalytic pretreatment was investigated, which was a method to further enhance the pretreatment intensity by recycling pretreated liquid rich in byproduct organic acids (acetic acid, lactic acid and formic acid) during two-stage hydrothermal pretreatment. The results showed that the C-5 sugar yields of the first stage increased to 81.12% when recycled pretreated liquid twice, which led to 0.93 wt% byproduct organic acid. After the second stage, the C-6 sugar yield increased to 88.60% during enzymatic hydrolysis. Besides, mass balance and development potentials were analyzed. The results revealed that two-stage autocatalytic hydrothermal pretreatment could effectively enhance pretreatment intensity and provide promising methods of directionally depolymerizing cassava straws.     

Effects of added organic residues and calcium carbonate on polyphosphate hydrolysis in four Quebec soils

Polyphosphate hydrolysis was studied in three surface samples and one subsurface sample of Quebec soil treated with alfalfa residues (44.8 t ha⁻¹) and farmyard manure (FYM; 44.8 t ha⁻¹); and in two acid soil samples treated with CaCO₃ (12.5 t ha⁻¹). The polyphosphates used were Na₄P₂O₇. 10H₂O (NaPP) and PolyN (a triammonium pyrophosphate-orthophosphate mixture). Each polyphosphate was added at a rate of 1.00g P kg⁻¹ soil. Addition of alfalfa residues promoted polyphosphate hyrolysis of both NaPP and PolyN through reduced polyphosphate sorption and increasing pyrophosphatase activity. Application of FYM increased polyphosphate hydrolysis in Uplands topsoil and retarded hydrolysis in the other soils. Hydrolysis was probably reduced because of orthophosphate (OP) introduced with the FYM. Added CaCO₃ accelerated polyphosphate hydrolysis in an acid topsoil sample through reduced sorption, but slowed hydrolysis in the subsoil sample, due to a reduction in enzyme activity.     

稀酸和稀碱预处理对四种不同生物质资源制备还原糖的影响

本论文探讨了不同浓度的稀H_2SO_4和稀NaOH预处理对大豆秸秆、水稻秸秆、象草和狼尾草四种不同生物质酶解制备还原糖的影响。结果表明,大豆秸秆、水稻秸秆、象草和狼尾草具有较高的纤维素和半纤维素含量,是制备还原糖的理想原料。与稀H_2SO_4预处理相比,经稀NaOH预处理后的样品表现出较好的酶解性能。通过使用4%的NaOH对大豆秸秆和狼尾草进行预处理,还原糖产量分别为145.8 mg/mL和319.2 mg/mL。此外,以1%NaOH预处理后的水稻秸秆和象草为原料,可以分别获得385.2 mg/mL和231.6 mg/mL还原糖产量。     

不同有机酸对粘质沙雷氏菌合成2,3-丁二醇的影响

考察了不同的短链有机酸对粘质沙雷氏菌合成2,3－丁二醇的影响,结果表明乙酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、琥珀酸、延胡索酸和柠檬酸均能在一定程度上提高2,3－丁二醇的产量,其中乙酸的效果最为明显,在基础培养基中添加6g／L乙酸,与对照相比,2,3．丁二醇的产量提高了91．06％,此外菌体干重也提高了58．28％。为了揭示其中的调控机制,构建了启动子：lacZ融合报告载体,fncz活性测定显示六种有机酸均可提高报告基因B．半乳糖苷酶的表达,其中乙酸可提高B．半乳糖苷酶活性近4倍,暗示六种有机酸促进2,3－丁二醇的合成可能与诱导该合成途径相关基因的表达有关。     

Enzymatic resolution of amino acids via ester hydrolysis

Summary The present review outlines recent examples of enzyme-based resolution procedures for amino acids via the hydrolysis of their esters. The resolutions have been achieved by using proteases (-chymotrypsin, subtilisin and other microbial proteases, and sulfhydryl proteases of plant origin) and lipases. Relevant work utilizing yeast and other microbial cells is also included.     

Correlating the effect of pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of straw

Avicell, Alkali-treated straw cellulose (ATSC), and wheat straw were ball-milled to reduce crystallinity; wheat straw was delignified by hot (120 degrees C) sodium hydroxide solutions of various concentrations. The physically and chemically pretreated cellulosic materials were hydrolyzed by the cellulases of Fusarium oxysporum strain F3. Enzymic hydrolysis data were fitted by the hyperbolic correlation of Holtzapple, which involves two kinetic parameters, the maximum conversion (X(max)), and the enzymic hydrolysis time corresponding to 50% of X(max) (t(1/2)). An empirical correlation between X(max) and cellulose crystallinity, lignin content, and degree of delignification has been found under our experimental conditions. Complete cellulose hydrolysis is shown to be possible at less than 60% crystallinity indices or less than 10% lignin content.     

大气CO2浓度升高对水稻秸秆化学组成的影响

水稻秸秆是生物能源生产的潜在材料,大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度升高改变水稻秸秆的量和质,从而改变其生物能源的生产潜力.本试验水稻秸秆来自中国自由大气CO2富集平台(FACE),选取FACE平台(试验组CO2浓度控制在570μmol·mol^-1左右,比对照组高200μmol·mol-1)3种水稻品种‘武运粳27’、‘Y两优900’和‘日本晴N16’,通过对秸秆化学组成进行分析,探讨CO2浓度升高对水稻秸秆质量的影响.结果表明:大气CO2浓度升高显著提高了水稻秸秆C含量和C/N;增加了秸秆中非结构碳水化合物含量;CO2浓度升高使武运粳27、Y两优900和N16秸秆中释放的总糖分别增加8.8%、6.7%和9.9%;CO2浓度升高显著提高N16秸秆生物量,但对其他两种水稻秸秆生物量没有显著影响;N16的总糖产量在CO2浓度升高下增加最显著,达到19.2%.表明CO2浓度升高可以改善水稻秸秆质和量,从而提高生物燃料利用潜能.