伍氏游仆虫形态学的改良银染法研究

用改进的银浸法和蛋白银法研究采自哈尔滨的伍氏游仆虫的形态学。观察发现其背面嗜银网近正方形,10行背触毛清晰可见。口围带的小膜中第三排动体列的长度随口围带的不同区域而变化。口腔背壁向细胞质内褶入一小囊,以细密的嗜银网为衬里,这一口腔后背龛至今未见在其它种上描述过。口侧小膜的膜基呈“b”字形,与其它种的新月形口侧口膜有明显区别。曾被称为胞咽后囊或内质囊的结构,是一个起自胞咽外围、在内质中做圆形弯曲的膜质管,特命名为胞咽后管,在活体中这一环管引导食物颗粒做圆周运动然后进入细胞质深处。本文对此管与篮口类的咽篮之间的系统发生关系问题做了讨论。     

Observations on the buccal capsule and associated glands of adult Bunostomum trigonocephalum (nematoda)

Wilfred M. and Lee D. L. 1981. Observations on the buccal capsule and associated glands of adult Bunostomum trigonocephalum (Nematoda). International Journal for Parasitology11: 485–492. The buccal capsule or stoma of Bunostomum trigonocephalum is a large, cuticular-lined structure. The head of the nematode lacks distinct lips and has a large ovoid mouth which is partly occluded by a pair of sub-ventral cuticular plates which arise from the wall of the buccal cavity. A pair of sub-ventral lancets or basal onchia are situated at the base of the buccal cavity and a dorsal tooth arises from the base of the buccal cavity and extends forwards to terminate just inside the mouth. A duct lies within this dorsal tooth and extends from the ampulla of the dorsal oesophageal gland at the base of the tooth to open on the dorsal side of the tooth just below its sharp tip. A pair of muscles extends from the dorsal surface of the oesophagus to the base of the buccal capsule and are thought to bring about jerking movements of the head. Non-specific esterase and small amounts of acid phosphatase were detected in the oesophageal glands. Non-specific esterase and cholinesterase were detected in the large amphidial glands but not in the excretory glands. The possible role of the various structures and enzymes during feeding is discussed.     

Leptojacobus dorci n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Diplogastridae), an Associate of Dorcus Stag Beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)

A new species of diplogastrid nematode, Leptojacobus dorci n. gen., n. sp., was isolated from adults of the stag beetle Dorcus ritsemae (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) that were purchased from a pet shop in Japan. Leptojacobus n. gen. is circumscribed by a very thin, delicate body and by a small stoma with minute armature. A combination of other stomatal characters, namely the division of the cheilostom into adradial plates, the symmetry of the subventral stegostomatal sectors, and the presence of a thin, conical dorsal tooth, further distinguishes Leptojacobus n. gen. from other genera of Diplogastridae. Phylogenetic analysis of nearly full-length SSU rRNA sequences support the new species, together with an isolate identified previously as Koerneria luziae, to be excluded from a clade including all other molecularly characterized diplogastrids with teeth and stomatal dimorphism. Therefore, the new species will be of importance for reconstruction of ancestral character histories in Diplogastridae, a family circumscribed by a suite of feeding-related novelties.     

A new marine nematode species of the genus Dinetia (Nematoda: Draconematidae) from South Korea

A new draconematid nematode species of the genus Dinetia Decraemer and Gourbault, 1997 is described from the subtidal sediments and small logs from the eastern coast of South Korea. Dinetia orientalis n. sp. mainly differs from D. nycterobia Decraemer and Gourbault, 1997 by the following characters: large number of cephalic adhesion tubes (38-42 in male and 37-40 in female), number of posterior sublateral adhesion tubes (9-11 in male and 13-14 in female) and posterior subventral adhesion tubes (17-22 in male and 19-24 in female), the buccal cavity (narrow and armed with a dorsal and two weak ventrosublateral teeth), spicules (strongly arcuated and with a pair of strongly dilated gubernaculums around distal part of spicules), and higher "c" value (8.3-10.4 in male and 8.5-10.7 in female). This is the first report on free-living marine nematodes from South Korea, and the first record of the genus Dinetia in the Northwest Pacific.     

Description of lotonchus onchus n. sp. and Detailed Observations on I. litoralis Coetzee, 1967 (Anatonchoidea: Mononchida) from Korea

Iotonchus onchus n. sp. is characterised by 2.4–2.5 mm long body; buccal cavity with posteriorly placed dorsal tooth at 72–77% of its length, dorsally swollen oesophageal collar, tuberculate cardia, presence of pre- and post-vulval papillae, muscular vagina without sclerotization and males with 11 pre-cloacal ventromedian supplement and 2 post-cloacal ventral papillae. Another species, I. litoralis reported here for the first time from Korea is also described in detail with variations in its buccal cavity length, tooth position and ‘a’ value.     

Vectoring of Hypocrea Nigricans (Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae) by Three Fungivorous Mite Species (Acari: Acaridae)

A bioassay was developed to quantify germination rates of Hypocrea nigricans spores passing through the alimentary canals of the three acarid mite species Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Histiogaster sp. and Schwiebea sp. These mites are suspected of causing damage to mushroom production in Japan. All three species feed on the fungus and excrete fungal spores and fungal particles. Fecal material of the mites was plated on malt agar plates supplemented with 1% CuSO₄ to assess spore germination. Germination rates, and hence the possibility for the mites to disseminate spores of H. nigricans, was so high that these mites may indeed be important vectors of weed fungal spores in indoor mushroom production units.     

On the oesophagus of ascaris lumbricoides

Summary The oesophagus ofAscaris lumbricoides is built up by a muscular-epithelial part containing the ordinary muscle fibres which run from the three sides of the oesophagus lumen towards the periphery and a system of fibres and fibrous plates at the margin of the triradiate oesophagus lumen. In four complete series ofA. lumbricoides (males and females) the nuclei of both kinds of fibres were constant in arrangement and number. The glandular system of the oesophagus consists of a large dorsal gland and two smaller subventral ones. The opening of the dorsal gland is at the anterior end of the oesophagus in the middle between nerve ring and lips. The openings of the two subventral glands are placed in the posterior end of the oesophagus in the middle of the two subventral slides at the same level. The dorsal gland fills with its ramifications the space between the muscle fibres of the three sectors with the exception of the most anterior end of the oesophagus before the opening of the dorsal gland and the subventral sectors in the posterior end of the oesophagus. The subventral sectors of the posterior end are filled by the ramifications of the two subventral glands. The ramifications of these three glands are connected. The three nuclei of the three glands have their place in the posterior end of the oesophagus, the nuclei of the subventral glands are situated in the most ventral part of each subventral sector close to each other, the nucleus of the dorsal gland has a complicated form and extends over the whole breadth of the dorsal sector. With 10 figures in the text.     

A New Species of Pristionchus (Rhabditida: Diplogastridae) and Its Bacterial Symbiont from Yixing,China

A new nematode species, Pristionchus entomophilus n. sp., was collected during a soil sample survey in Yixing of Jiangsu province, eastern China. P. entomophilus n. sp. is distinguished by its unique characteristics. This new species is mainly hermaphroditic, with males seldom found. The new nematode has a similar body length but has much narrower body width compared with P. pacificus. Its body is covered with longitudinal ridges: 12 ridges on head, 13 or 14 ridges in the middle, 11 and 7 ridges in front and rear of the anus, respectively. The eurystomatous form mouth includes a triangular dorsal tooth, a large claw-like right subventral tooth, and a row of five ventral denticles placed opposite the dorsal tooth. Only eight pairs of genital papillae and a pair of phasmids are present in the tail of the male as the sixth pair of papillae having seemingly been degenerated and lost. Molecular phylogenetic trees based on 18S rDNA confirmed that the new species belongs to the genus Pristionchus and is most closely related to P. pacificus. Moreover, the new species was found to be occasionally associated with the entomopathogenic bacterial strain 09FLYB1 of Serratia nematodophila and be able to stably transfer the bacterial strain for several generations.     

Two New Species of Pristionchus (Rhabditida: Diplogastridae): P. fissidentatus n. sp. from Nepal and La Réunion Island and P. elegans n. sp. from Japan

Pristionchus fissidentatus n. sp., isolated from soil in Nepal, and P. elegans n. sp., isolated from Phelotrupes auratus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Japan, are described. The two new species are recognized as basal within the genus and thus occupy an important position for macroevolutionary studies that center on the model P. pacificus. Pristionchus fissidentatus n. sp. is distinguished by its unique stegostomatal morphology: in the stenostomatous form, the right subventral ridge has three prominent cusps and the left subventral sector has, in addition to a plate with two cusps, a prominent denticle slightly left of ventral; in the eurystomatous form, the right subventral stegostomatal sector shows both a tooth and a ridge with several cusps. Diagnostic of P. elegans n. sp. is the structure of the stenostomatous cheilostom, which bulges medially and is underlain by a large vacuolated ring. No eurystomatous form has been observed in P. elegans n. sp. Reproductive modes of P. fissidentatus n. sp. and P. elegans n. sp. are hermaphroditic and gonochoristic, respectively. The additional isolation of P. fissidentatus n. sp. from soil and two species of scarab beetle on La Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean suggests a broad geographic range for this species.     

Stomatal Ultrastructure, Molecular Phylogeny, and Description of Parasitodiplogaster laevigata n. sp. (Nematoda: Diplogastridae), a Parasite of Fig Wasps

Parasitodiplogaster comprises a potentially large radiation of nematode species that appear to be parasitically bound to their Agaonid fig wasp hosts, which are mutualistically associated in the syconia (figs) of the diverse plant genus Ficus. Parasitodiplogaster laevigata n. sp. is described and illustrated as an associate of the fig wasp, Pegoscapus sp. from Ficus laevigata from southern Florida. It is the first species of Parasitodiplogaster reported from North America and is closest to P. trigonema from F. trigonata from Panama. Parasitodiplogaster laevigata n. sp. can be differentiated from all described species of Parasitodiplogaster based on stomatal morphology (presence of a large dorsal and a right subventral tooth) in the adults of both sexes, molecular comparisons of two expansion segments (D2,D3) of the large subunit (LSU) rRNAgene, and fig-fig wasp host affinities. The ultrastructure of P. laevigata n. sp. was elucidated using TEM and SEM for comparisons with other species of Parasitodiplogaster. The stoma of P. laevigata n. sp. possesses a nonsegmented cheilostomal ring that connects to the longitudinal body musculature per- and interradially, a claw-like dorsal tooth, a right subventral tooth, and telostegostomatal apodemes arising from the dorsal side of each subventral sector. The unification of the pro-, meso-, and metastegostom with the gymnostom in P. laevigata n. sp. and further simplification in other described species may be due to derived adaptations associated with the internal parasitism of fig wasps.     

Attachment tests of Pasteuria penetrans to the cuticle of plant and animal parasitic nematodes, free living nematodes and srf mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans.

Populations of Pasteuria penetrans isolated from root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.) were tested for their ability to adhere to a limited selection of sheathed and ex-sheathed animal parasitic nematodes, free living nematodes, including Caenorhabditis elegans wild type and several srf mutants, and plant parasitic nematodes. The attachment of spores of Pasteuria was restricted and no spores were observed adhering to any of the animal parasitic nematodes either with or without their sheath or to any of the free living nematodes including C. elegans and the srf mutants. All spore attachment was restricted to plant parasitic nematodes; however, spores isolated from cyst nematodes showed the ability to adhere to other genera of plant parasitic nematodes which was not the case with spores isolated from root-knot nematodes. The results are discussed in relationship to cuticular heterogeneity.     

Electron Microscopy of the Stomatostylet and Esophagus of Criconemoides curvatum

The stomatostylet of Criconemoides curvature consists of three parts: tooth cone, shaft, and knobs. The tooth cone constitutes the outer conical covering and inner lining of the anterior half of the stylet lumen. The tooth cone is easily separated from the shaft by treating an isolated styler with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. The posterior half of the shaft is cylindrical, tapering anteriorly to form the shaft extension, wedged between the inner and outer tooth cone. The shaft extension extends to the stylet lumen orifice, which is subterminal and ventral. Six ducts enter the shaft through the junction between the shaft and knobs. They extend anteriad toward the tip of the shaft extension. Cytoplasmic connections between the ducts and the cells surrounding the stylet occur near tile junction between the shaft and the basal knobs. Ribosome and membranous structures are observed in these ducts. The esophagus of the adult female consists of a fused procorpus and metacorpus with a large valve possessing thickened cuticular walls at the anterior and posterior ends. The dorsal esophageal gland reservoir is composed of many honeycomb-like compartments made up of two types of differing electron density. The subventral esophageal glands, however, consist of only one type of granules. Both dorsal and subventral esophageal glands open into the esophageal lumen through trachea-like branched multiple canals.     

黑龙江大豆胞囊线虫胞囊可培养细菌多样性

【目的】了解黑龙江省大豆田大豆胞囊线虫胞囊可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】运用稀释平板法和16SrDNA基因序列的系统发育分析对胞囊可培养细菌多样性进行研究。【结果】用NA培养基从胞囊上分离90株具有不同菌落形态的细菌。16S rDNA序列分析结果表明:90株菌株分属于7个属22个种。46株属于变形菌门γ亚群(Gammaproteobacteria),32株属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),10株属于变形菌门β亚群(Betaproteobacteria),2株属于变形菌门ɑ亚群(Alphaproteobacteria)。假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势菌属。【结果】黑龙江省大豆胞囊线虫胞囊中存在丰富的细菌物种多样性,这些细菌对大豆胞囊线虫可能具有一定的生理生态作用。     

Ultrastructure and Cortical Morphogenesis in the Euplotine Hypotrich Certesia quadrinucleata Fabre-Domergue, 1885 (Ciliophora,Protozoa)1

The cortical development during cell division and the interphase ultrastructure of the marine interstitial hypotrich Certesia quadrinucleata is described using light microscopy and both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Membranelles are paramembranelles; postciliary microtubules from rightmost membranellar kinetosomes line the buccal cavity and separate parallel arrays of pharyngeal discs that border the cytopharynx. A large paroral membrane is present; an endoral membrane is absent. Alveolar plates lie within alveolar membranes except in regions where organelles and organellar complexes (cirri, the condylopallium, dorsal bristles, membranelles, and the paroral membrane) emerge from the cortex. Muciferous-like bodies attach to the plasma membrane in these regions. Dorsal bristles possess transverse and postciliary microtubules as well as kinetodesmal fiber like those of other hypotrichs. Lasiosomes are present. A unique bulbous structure—the condylopallium—protrudes from the anterior right of the cell. The morphogenetic pattern is euplotine in that cortical development begins in one latitudinal zone, and the oral primordium of the opisthe develops within a subsurface pouch apart from the frontal primordia. Microtubular bundles appear beside (later attached to) developing frontal anlagen; they disappear after cirri are in final interphase locations. Although possessing unique characters, Certesia shares a close phylogenetic relationship with Euplotes.     

Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Membranes in Phagocytosis: Structure and Function of the Oral Apparatus of the Ciliate Climacostomum virens

Climacostomum virens uses oral membranelles to drive suspended food particles into its buccal cavity. The cavity leads to a buccal tube which extends into the cell by as much as half a cell length. The inner end of this tube is delimited by a haplokinety (two rows of basal bodies). Internal to this zone is the cytostome and cytopharynx where food vacuoles form. The buccal tube is encircled by a ring of fibrous material, the cytostomal cord, in the region of the cytostome immediately below the haplokinety. Ribbons of postciliary microtubules extend from the kinetosomes of the haplokinety, attach to the cytopharyngeal membrane, and pass under the cytostomal cord. They become broader and expand into the cytoplasm. Cytopharyngeal vesicles pass between the microtubular ribbons and fuse with the cytopharyngeal membrane to generate membrane for forming food vacuoles. The cytopharyngeal vesicles contain a material which is secreted into the forming food vacuoles. Ciliates continue to feed after incubation in a medium containing cycloheximide, indicating that they draw on a pre-existing pool of membrane when forming the food vacuole.     

Give me a sample of air and I will tell which species are found from your region: Molecular identification of fungi from airborne spore samples

Fungi are a megadiverse group of organisms, they play major roles in ecosystem functioning and are important for human health, food production and nature conservation. Our knowledge on fungal diversity and fungal ecology is however still very limited, in part because surveying and identifying fungi is time demanding and requires expert knowledge. We present a method that allows anyone to generate a list of fungal species likely to occur in a region of interest, with minimal effort and without requiring taxonomical expertise. The method consists of using a cyclone sampler to acquire fungal spores directly from the air to an Eppendorf tube, and applying DNA barcoding with probabilistic species identification to generate a list of species from the sample. We tested the feasibility of the method by acquiring replicate air samples from different geographical regions within Finland. Our results show that air sampling is adequate for regional‐level surveys, with samples collected >100 km apart varying but samples collected <10 km apart not varying in their species composition. The data show marked phenology, and thus obtaining a representative species list requires aerial sampling that covers the entire fruiting season. In sum, aerial sampling combined with probabilistic molecular species identification offers a highly effective method for generating a species list of air‐dispersing fungi. The method presented here has the potential to revolutionize fungal surveys, as it provides a highly cost‐efficient way to include fungi as a part of large‐scale biodiversity assessments and monitoring programs.     

The biology and ecology of lotic nematodes

• 1 Morphological structures for identifying freshwater nematodes, e.g. buccal cavity, sensory receptors, oesophagus, reproductive organs and tail are described.
• 2 Most freshwater nematodes belong to the Adenophorea and are characterised by the presence of setae, adhesive glands and conspicuous amphids.
• 3 Methods for collecting nematodes from the sediments of running water (e.g. corer, pumps), within plants and aufwuchs are listed. Methods for fixation, extracting and preparing nematodes for identification are described.
• 4 Life history parameters (e.g. generation time, eggs per female) are not available for lotic nematodes but are summarised for free‐living nematodes in soil, lakes and seas. Field studies indicate that, in contrast to laboratory experiments with nematode cultures, many species will have a generation time of several months.
• 5 Abundance and species diversity of nematodes of lotic habitats are provided; more than 100 nematode species inhabit lotic habitats and densities can reach 230 individuals per ml.
• 6 Links between meiobenthic nematodes and the micro‐ and macrobenthos are unclear at present. Evidence such as the increased bacterial activity due to nematode grazing suggests that such interactions may be significant.