GABA对大鼠海马脑片缺氧损伤的保护作用

目的：研究GABA对大鼠海马脑片急性缺氧损伤的保护机制。方法：采用成年大鼠离体海马脑片,用胞外记录的电生理技术,观察GABA对急性缺氧后海马脑片诱发电位的影响。结果：（1）GABA可明显延迟PV的消失,但对PS却无影响;（2）给予GABAA受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱（bicuculine)以及Cl^-通道阻抗剂NPPB可阻断GABA的保护作用。结论：GAB可提高海马脑片耐缺氧能力,其机制可能与GABA通过GABAA受体提高Cl^-内流有关。     

白藜芦醇抑制大鼠海马 CA1区神经元放电

应用细胞外记录单位放电技术,在大鼠海马脑片上观察了白藜芦醇(resveratrol)对海马CAI区神经元放电的影响。实验结果如下：(1)在52个CAI区神经元放电单位给予白藜芦醇(0．05、0．5、5μmol／L)2min,有46个放电单位(88.5％)放电频率明显降低,且呈剂量依赖性;(2)预先用0．2mmol／L的L-glutamate灌流海码腑片,8个放电单位放电频率明显增加,表现为癫痫样放电,在此基础上灌流白藜芦醇(5μmol／L)2min,其癫痫样放电被抑制;(3)预先用L型钙通道开放剂Bay K8644灌流7个海马5脑片,有6个单位(85.7％)放电增加,在此基础上灌流白藜芦醇(5μmol／L)2min,其放电被抑制;(4)9个放电单位灌流一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NAME(N^0-nitro-L-arginine methylester)50μmol／L,有7个单位(77．8％)放电明显增加,在此基础上灌流白藜芦醇(5μmol／L)2min,放电被抑制;(5)10个放电单位灌流人电导钙激活性钾通道阻断剂TEA(tetraethylarnmonium chloride)1mmol/L后,有9个单位(90％)放电增加,在此基础上灌流白藜芦醇(5μmol／L)2min,8个放电单位(88,9％)放电频率明显减低。以上结果提示：白藜芦醇能抑制海马神经元自发放电以及由L-glutamate、L-NAME、Bay K8644和TEA诱发的放电,可能与白藜芦醇抑制L型钙通道,减少钙内流有关;似乎与大电导钙激活性钾通道无关。     

大鼠海马CA1区神经元在衰老过程中的形态学变化

对不同年龄组雄性ＳＤ大鼠海马ＣＡ１区锥体层神经元分别做光学和电镜观察与测定,结果表明ＣＡ１区锥体层单位面积内神经元数目随增龄下降达３３％（Ｐ＜０．００１）,同时伴有锥体层厚度的增加（Ｐ＜０．００１）;ＣＡ１区部分锥体神经元细胞器与胞突在老化过程中出现一系列形态学变化。本文对上述结果及其意义进行了讨论。     

中缝背核5-羟色胺能神经元在睡眠调节中的作用研究

目的：研究中缝背核(DRN)5-羟色胺(5-HT)能神经元在睡眠中的调节作用。方法：运用脑立体定位、核团微量注射和多导睡眠描记(PSG),观察DRN 5-HT能神经元对大鼠睡眠的影响。结果：DRN微量注射谷氨酸钠(L-Glu),大鼠睡眠减少,特别是深慢波睡眠(SWS2)明显减少,觉醒(W)增加;DRN微量注射海人酸(KA)和对氯苯丙氨酸(PCPA),大鼠SWS2和异相睡眠(PS)增加,W减少。结论：DRN 5-HT能神经元参与睡眠的调节,兴奋DRN 5-HT能神经元睡眠时间减少,抑制DRN 5-HT能神经元则具有促进睡眠的作用。     

杏仁核内的GABA介质传递及其在恐惧消退中的作用

动物的恐惧体验是一种防御性情绪过程,具有重要的适应意义.然而,缺乏对恐惧情绪的有效抑制机制会导致恐惧情绪过度表达以及焦虑障碍的发生.恐惧消退是最简单的一种恐惧抑制(fear inhibition)范式.而γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid,GABA)是中枢神经系统最主要的抑制性神经介质.杏仁核内部大量GABA介质突触传递在恐惧情绪表达、恐惧消退记忆(memory of fear extinction)的获得、存贮和提取过程中发挥了不可或缺的作用.     

不同年龄大鼠不同脑髓区积聚GABA能力的比较

应用同位素示踪和神经组织离体培育的方法,揭示了不同年龄大鼠 CNS 中七个不同区域积聚 GABA 能力的差异。(1)皮层、海马、尾核、下丘脑积聚 GABA 的能力随年龄增长显著增强;而脊髓、垂体积聚 GABA 的能力随年龄增长而显著减弱。(2)年龄对小脑积聚GABA 的能力无明显影响。(3)七个区域积聚 GABA 能力的总和随年龄增长不断增强。证明CNS 中 GABA 系统功能变化与生长、发育、衰老密切相关。     

大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区在睡眠—觉醒调节中的作用

本实验在３１只清醒自由行动的雄性ＳＤ大鼠进行。结果如下：（１）以侧中脑腹侧被盖区（ＶＴＡ）微量注射３．３ｎｍｏｌ溴亭后第２－３ｈ觉醒时间显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）;６．６ｎｍｏｌ溴隐亭有类似效果;０．６６和１．３３ｎｍｏｌ溴隐亭无明显作用。（２）同样方法ＶＴＡ微量注射２ｎｍｏｌ和４ｎｍｏｌＳＣＨ２３３９０后第２－３ｈ觉醒时间明显减少（分别为Ｐ＜０．０１和Ｐ＜０．０５）,但注射３．４ｎｍｏｌ舒必利则无     

猫小脑皮质GABA能神经元年龄相关性变化

为探讨青年猫和老年猫小脑皮质GABA能神经元及其表达的年龄相关性变化,利用Nissl染色显示小脑皮质结构及神经元,免疫组织化学ABC法标记GABA免疫阳性神经元。光镜下观察,采集图像,并利用图像分析软件对分子层、蒲肯野细胞层和颗粒层神经元及GABA免疫阳性神经元及其灰度值进行分析统计。结果显示,GABA免疫阳性神经元、阳性纤维及终末在青年猫和老年猫小脑皮质各层均有分布。与青年猫相比,老年猫分子层、蒲肯野细胞层神经元和GABA免疫阳性神经元密度及其GABA免疫阳性反应强度均显著下降(P<0.01),颗粒层神经元密度和GABA免疫阳性强度也显著下降(P<0.01),但其GABA免疫阳性神经元密度无显著变化(P>0.05);蒲肯野细胞的胞体萎缩,阳性树突分枝减少。因此认为,衰老过程中猫小脑皮质GABA能神经元的丢失和GABA表达的下降,可能是老年个体运动协调、精确调速和运动学习等能力下降的重要原因之一。     

GABA能神经元在鸽峡核中的分布

本文用免疫细胞化学技术研究了r-氨基丁酸(GABA)阳性神经元在家鸽(Columba livia)峡核中的分布特点.实验结果表明,GABA阳性神经元在峡核大细胞部(Imc)呈均匀分布.约占细胞总数的41%,而在峡核小细胞部(Ipc)GABA阳性神经元仅位于核嘴内侧部.     

白细胞介素-2对大鼠海马谷氨酸能神经元和γ-氨基丁酸能神经元的影响———免疫组织化学和狭线杂交研究

本研究应用免疫组织化学（ＰＡＰ法）的方法,观察到侧脑室内注射白细胞介素２（ＩＬ２）后,大鼠海马回和齿状回内谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）免疫反应阳性神经元的数量明显减少、胞体皱缩、突起及其分支减少;γ氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）免疫反应阳性神经元的数量、突起及其分支皆减少。用３２Ｐ标记的ＧＡＢＡＴｃＤＮＡ探针对大鼠海马组织的ＧＡＢＡＴｍＲＮＡ进行狭线杂交结果显示：实验组大鼠海马组织的ＧＡＢＡＴｍＲＮＡ的含量明显增多。由于ＧＡＢＡ在ＧＡＢＡＴ的作用下,可转变为Ｇｌｕ,因此,以上结果表明ＩＬ２不仅可影响海马神经元合成和释放Ｇｌｕ和ＧＡＢＡ,而且还使Ｇｌｕ的释放量大于其合成量。这些变化可能与癫痫的发病机理有关     

Evolution of Tom, 297, 17.6 and rover retrotransposons in Drosophilidae species

LTR retrotransposons are the most abundant transposable elements in Drosophila and are believed to have contributed significantly to genome evolution. Different reports have shown that many LTR retrotransposon families in Drosophila melanogaster emerged from recent evolutionary episodes of transpositional activity. To contribute to the knowledge of the evolutionary history of Drosophila LTR retrotransposons and the mechanisms that control their abundance, distribution and diversity, we conducted analyses of four related families of LTR retrotransposons, 297, 17.6, rover and Tom. Our results show that these elements seem to be restricted to species from the D. melanogaster group, except for 17.6, which is also present in D. virilis and D. mojavensis. Genetic divergences and phylogenetic analyses of a 1-kb fragment region of the pol gene illustrate that the evolutionary dynamics of Tom, 297, 17.6 and rover retrotransposons are similar in several aspects, such as low codon bias, the action of purifying selection and phylogenies that are incongruent with those of the host species. We found an extremely complex association among the retrotransposon sequences, indicating that different processes shaped the evolutionary history of these elements, and we detected a very high number of possible horizontal transfer events, corroborating the importance of lateral transmission in the evolution and maintenance of LTR retrotransposons.     

Angreifende Wacholderdrosseln(Turdus pilaris L.)

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Vererbungsstudien An Aphiochaeta xanthina Speis (Phoridae)

Zusammenfassung 1. Aphiochaeta xanthina Speiser (Phoridae) läßt sich leicht auf Drosophila-Nährboden züchten. Die Generationsdauer beträgt etwa 21 Tage. Die Art eignet sich bestens für Erbversuche.2. Eine Mutante mit heller Körperfarbe und Augenfarbe zeigt autosomalen Erbgang, eine andere mit heller Augenfarbe (occhi chiari) und eine mit reduzierter 4. Längsader dagegen partiell geschlechtsgebundenen Erbgang. In den Männchen findet zwischen dem Genort für occhi chiari und dem Geschlecht ein Austausch mit 1,13±0,25% Häufigkeit statt. 4. Längsader dagegen partiell geschlechtsgebundenen Erbgang. In den Männchen findet zwischen dem Genort für occhi chiari und dem Geschlecht ein Austausch mit 1,13 ± 0,25% Häufigkeit statt.     

Corticosterone Has a Permissive Effect on Expression of Heme Oxygenase-1 in CA1–CA3 Neurons of Hippocampus in Thermal-Stressed Rats

Abstract: Activity of the stress protein, heme oxygenase-1 (hsp32; HO-1), produces carbon monoxide (CO), the potential messenger molecule for excitatory N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor-mediated events, in the hippocampus. Long-term stress caused by elevated adrenocorticoids induces pathological changes in CA1–CA3 neurons, of the hippocampus; the adrenal hormones also exacerbate damage from stress. In rats chronically treated with corticosterone, we examined expression of HO-1 and its response to thermal stress in the hippocampus. An unprecedented appearance of scattered immunoreactive astrocytes marked the molecular layer of the hippocampus in corticosterone-treated rats. Steroid treatment showed no discernible effect on whole-brain HO-1 mRNA. When these rats were subjected to hyperthermia, neurons in the CA1–CA3 area, including pyramidal cells, exhibited intense immunoreactivity for the oxygenase and a pronounced increase (∼10-fold) in number. HO-1 is essentially undetectable in this area when rats are exposed to chronic corticosterone alone or thermal stress by itself, or in control rats. In contrast, similar analysis of hilar neurons showed no apparent effect on either the number or relative intensity of HO-1-immunostained cells after treatment. Corticosterone treatment also intensified the stress response of cerebellum, including Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia in the molecular layer. In brain, despite a pronounced reduction in NO synthase activity in corticosterone-treated and/or heat-stressed animals, the level of cyclic GMP was not significantly reduced. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that responsiveness to environmental stress of CA1–CA3 neurons brought about by chronic elevation in circulating adrenocorticoids results in an increased excitatory neuronal activity and eventual hippocampal degeneration. Moreover, these findings yield further support for a role of CO in the production of cyclic GMP in the brain.     

The efficiency of (Na + K)-ATPase in tumorigenic cells

The efficiency of (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase (i.e. the amount of K⁺ pumped per ATP hydrolyzed) in intact tumorigenic cells was estimated in this study. This was accomplished by simultaneously measuring the rate of ouabain-sensitive K⁺ uptake and oxygen consumption in tumorigenic cell suspensions during the reintroduction of K⁺ to K⁺-depleted cells. The ATP turnover was then estimated by assuming 5.6–6 ATP/O₂ as the stoichiometry of NADH-linked respiration in these cells. In the three cell lines tested (hamster and chick embryo cells transformed with Rous sarcoma virus and Ehrlich ascites cells), the K⁺/ATP ratio was approximately 2, the same value as that found in normal tissues. Furthermore, only 20% of the total ATP production of these cells was used by (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase.     

The subplacenta of the red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina L)

Background  

Hystricognath rodents have a lobed placenta, comprising labyrinthine exchange areas and interlobular trophoblast. These correspond to the labyrinthine and spongy zones of other rodent placentae. Beneath them, however, is a structure unique to hystricognath rodents called the subplacenta. We here describe the subplacenta of the red-rumped agouti and examine the possible functional correlates of this structure.     

Genomic distribution of retrotransposons 297, 1731, copia, mdg1 and roo in the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup

The intragenomic distribution of five retrotransposon families (297, 1731, copia, mdg1 and roo) in the species of the melanogaster complex was studied by comparing results of the Southern blotting technique in males and females with those of in situ hybridization. The degree of structural polymorphism of each family in the different species was also investigated by restriction enzyme analysis. It was found that genomic distribution is a trait that depends on the family and species. The distribution of roo is mainly euchromatic in the four species and 1731 is heterochromatic, but the distribution of families 297, copia and mdg1 is markedly different in the melanogaster and simulans clades. These families were mainly euchromatic in D. melanogaster but heterochromatic in its sibling species. In the simulans clade most copia and mdg1 elements are located on chromosome Y. Differences in genomic distribution are unrelated with structural conservation. The relation of intragenomic distribution to phylogeny, transpositional activity and the role of the host genome are discussed.     

短暂脑缺血大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞大电导Ca2+依赖K+通道活动降低(英)

短暂脑缺血可对随后的损伤性脑缺血表现出明显的耐受.有研究表明大电导Ca²⁺依赖K⁺（BK_Ca）通道活动增强参与了缺血性脑损伤.采用膜片钳的内面向外式,观察了3 min短暂脑缺血后6 h、24 h以及48 h大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞上BK_Ca通道活动的动态变化.短暂脑缺血后BK_Ca通道的单通道电导和翻转电位均未见明显变化,但通道的开放概率则在缺血预处理后的前24 h内显著降低.通道动力学分析显示通道关闭时间变长是短暂脑缺血后通道活动降低的主要原因,因为通道的开放时间未发生明显变化.结果提示短暂脑缺血所致的BK_Ca通道活动降低可能与缺血耐受的产生有关.