中国齿缘草属的研究

在编写《中国植物志》紫草科的过程中,我们系统地研究和整理了我国的齿缘草属(Eritrichium)和假鹤虱属(Hackelia),的标本,发现这两个属界线不明,难以区分,从而对它们进行了合并,选用其中较早的属名一齿缘草属(Eritrichium)作为合并后的属名。本文拟对合并后的齿缘草属(Eritrichium)的范围以及国产该属植物的系统和新分类群作一报道。     

中国四齿芥属一新记录种——帕米尔四齿芥

报道了十字花科(Brassicaceae)四齿芥属(Tetracme Bunge)一中国新记录种——帕米尔四齿芥(Tetracme pamirica Vassilcz.)。标本采自西藏自治区札达县底雅乡,生于干燥的河谷坡地。该种与相近种四齿芥的区别是,角果长10~13 mm,种子长1~2 mm。凭证标本保存在内蒙古大学植物标本馆(HIMC)。     

青海齿缘草属(紫草科)一新种

紫草科Boraginaceae青海齿缘草属(Eritrichjum)新种,互助齿缘草E.huzhuense.     

印度弯齿甲属一新记录种记述（鞘翅目：拟步甲科：拟步甲亚科）

记述印度弯齿甲属Cenoscelis Wollaston 1新记录种,即黑弯齿甲Cenoscelis atra (Pic, 1926),该种与红边弯齿甲C. lateralis (Bohemann, 1858) 相似,但以全体黑色而与后者区别。文中提供了黑弯齿甲的形态描述、特征图和整体照片以及该属在世界范围内的分布图。     

青海齿缘草属（紫草科）－新种

紫草科Ｂｏｒａｇｉｎａｃｅａｅ青海齿缘草属（Ｅｒｉｔｒｉｃｈｊｕｍ）新种,互助齿缘草Ｅ．ｈｕｚｈｕｅｎｓｅ     

丽虫齿科在中国和越南首次发现及背突丽虫齿的重新描述（虫齿目：虫齿亚目）

首次报道丽虫齿科Calopsocidae在中国及越南的分布，并记述该科1中国及越南新记录种：背突丽虫齿Calopsocus infelix (Hagen)。该种头橘红色，胸部黄褐色，腹部紫色。翅宽，微革质，两面均布满毛。雌虫生殖突发达，外瓣具刚毛。     

噬齿昂氏藓——中国昂氏藓科一新记录种

该文报道了采自西藏的中国昂氏藓科昂氏藓属一新记录植物——噬齿昂氏藓［Aongstroemia julacea (Hook.) Mitt.］,对该种的形态学特征进行了描述,拍摄了显微形态结构照片,并对其生境和地理分布以及与相似种的形态学比较进行了讨论,编制了中国昂氏藓属分种检索表。凭证标本存放于中国农业大学标本馆(BAU)。     

基于转录组数据的齿缘刺猎蝽微卫星分子标记开发

【目的】齿缘刺猎蝽Sclomina erinacea是我国猎蝽科天敌昆虫常见种类,其不同地理种群存在明显形态差异。本研究旨在利用已经获得的齿缘刺猎蝽转录组数据筛选微卫星位点,为齿缘刺猎蝽种群遗传多样性和遗传分化研究开发可靠的微卫星分子标记。【方法】基于高通量测序技术平台Illumina HiSeq^TM 2000获得齿缘刺猎蝽转录组数据(42 215条unigenes),利用MISA软件进行搜索发掘SSR标记;利用Primer Premier 3软件设计SSR引物,从中随机选取54对SSR引物,利用PCR技术在中国齿缘刺猎蝽9个地理种群上进行验证。【结果】利用MISA软件搜索到微卫星位点2 395个,它们分布在2 107条unigenes上,其主要重复类型是三核苷酸重复(占总SSR的44.43%),其次是二核苷酸重复(占总SSR的40.08%),再次是四核苷酸重复(占总SSR的12.94%)。利用Primer Premier 3 软件成功设计出2 000余对SSR引物。随机选取的54对引物对9个齿缘刺猎蝽不同地理种群进行的SSR位点PCR扩增结果表明,共有16对引物较好地扩增出目的片段。【结论】研究表明利用齿缘刺猎蝽转录组数据可以大量发掘微卫星分子标记。本研究为进一步开展齿缘刺猎蝽的种群遗传学研究奠定了基础。     

齿缘摄龟线粒体基因组全序列与系统进化

采用常规PCR扩增并测序获得了齿缘摄龟(Cyclemys dentata)线粒体DNA(mtDNA)全序列,并研究了其基因组结构特点;根据20种龟的线粒体基因组重链蛋白编码基因序列,分别利用最大简约法(MP)、最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯法(Bayesian)构建系统进化树,探讨这些龟鳖物种之间的系统进化关系。结果显示,齿缘摄龟线粒体基因组全序列长为16489 bp(GenBank登录号为JX455823),A+T含量为61.51%,编码37个基因,包括13个蛋白质编码基因,2个rRNA,22个tRNA和1个控制区(Dloop),基因组成与其他龟鳖类动物相似;非编码区D-loop长973 bp,包含1个中央保守区(CD),2个扩展终止结合序列区(ETASs),3个保守盒(CSBs);构建的MP树、ML树和Bayesian树的拓扑结构相似,闭壳龟属7种龟聚为一枝,拟水龟属6种龟聚为一枝,齿缘摄龟与黑桥摄龟聚在一枝,3种进化树均支持这些龟鳖物种现有的分类学地位。     

锯缘摄龟和齿缘摄龟的核型与Ag-NORs

本文分析了锯缘摄龟和齿缘摄龟的核型与Ag－NORs,结果：2n均为52,核型模式9＋5＋12.但锯缘摄龟AN＝78,其NOR位于A组No．4的长臂上,而齿缘摄龟AN＝76,NOR位于A组的No．7的长臂。作者对这两种摄龟核型的结构特点和NOR位置差异的细胞分类学意义进行了讨论。     

Five additional genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi from Europe

Three remarkable new genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi, with pycnidial or acervular conidiomata are described and illustrated.Hastifera tenuispora gen. et spec. nov. from the South-Tyrol, Italy, is characterized by very long and narrow hyaline conidia produced in pycnidial conidiomata immersed in thalline warts.Lichingoldia gyalectiformis gen. et spec. nov. from rocks subject to inundation by freshwater in Norway has long sigmoidly curved conidia which appear to be adapted to dispersal in water.Woessia fusarioides gen. et spec. nov. from aQuercus stump in the Burgenland, Austria, has a finely granular thallus and disc-like conidiomata producing falcate conidia; this species is also of interest in that it hasChlorella as the photobiont. The recently described hyphomyceteCheiromycina flabelliformis B. Sutton is reported from Austria for the first time, and is also lichenized. Recent collections ofNigropuncta rugulosa D. Hawksw. from Austria and Italy also show that this species is lichenized rather than parasymbiotic. In all five cases the fungal hyphae of the conidiogenous structures are continuous with those in intimate contact with cells of the algal partners and the biological relationship appears to be mutualistic giving rise to stable crustose lichen thalli.     

Molecular variation in Galdieria sulphuraria (Galdieri) Merola and its bearing on taxonomy

Cyanidium caldarium, Cyanidioschyzon merolae and Galdieria sulphuraria are three unicellular algae characteristic, of acid thermal environments. Recently, on the basis of morphological characters, three new species of Galdieria (G. partita, G. daedala, G. maxima ) isolated from acid-thermal springs in Russia have been instituted. A selected region of rbcL and the sequence of the intergenic spacer between the rbcL and rbcS have been amplified and sequenced from different Galdieria species and strains, in order to define molecular relationship among these interesting algae. The obtained cladogram shows that Cyanidium caldarium and Cyanidioschyzon merolae form a sister group which, in turn, is in a sister group relationship with Galdieria. This last genus is divided in two clades, one of which includes G. sulphuraria accessions from Naples (Italy), California, and Yellowstone and the other one includes G. sulphuraria accessions from Java (Indonesia) and from the Russian species. These results support the status of the genus Galdieria and suggest that G. daedala, G. maxima and G. partita are three very similar strains of G. sulphuraria; the rbcL variation within Galdieria accessions has a pattern which is broadly connected to the geographial distribution. The data obtained from the intergenic rbcL-rbcS spacer partly confirm those from the rbcL analysis.     

Some Entolomataceae (Agaricales) from Costa Rica

A preliminary account of Entolomataceae from Costa Rica is presented. Three new taxa are described, two inClitopilus, one inRhodocybe, and three new combinations are proposed inInocephalus. Five taxa ofClitopilus are reported for the first time from Costa Rica and a key to species is provided. Four species ofRhodocybe are discussed and a key to the six species known from Costa Rica is also provided.Alboleptonia earlei, Inocephalus murraii, Inocephalus quadratum, Rhodocybe incarnata andRhodocybe pseudonitellina are now known to occur in Costa Rica.     

Molecular phylogeny of the genus Stereocaulon (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized ascomycetes)

In the present study phylogenetic relationships of the genus Stereocaulon (lichenized ascomycetes) were examined using DNA sequences from the ITS1–5.8 S–ITS2 rDNA gene cluster and from the protein-coding β-tubulin gene. In addition to the fruticose species traditionally classified in Stereocaulon, representatives of the crustose species that have recently been transferred to the genus were included. Muhria, a monotypic genus that is morphologically similar to Stereocaulon, differing only in apothecia ontogeny, was also incorporated. The analyses included 101 specimens from the ingroup representing 49 taxa. Sequences from both DNA regions were analysed simultaneously using direct optimization under the parsimony optimality criterion. The results support the inclusion of the crustose species and Muhria in Stereocaulon, while the current infrageneric classification is not supported. As Muhria is securely nested within Stereocaulon the new combination Stereocaulon urceolatum comb. nov. (syn. Muhria urceolata) is made. Further, species concepts need to be re-examined, as some species do not appear as monophyletic entities in the phylogeny.     

The Lipomycetaceae,a model family for phylogenetic studies

The Lipomycetaceae (Endomycetales) are known from the generaDipodascopsis, Lipomyces andZygozyma with budding anamorphic states inMyxozyma. The family is easily recognized culturally and physiologically but is phenotypically and ecologically extremely diverse. This natural taxon is phylogenetically distinct from the Saccharomycetaceae, but probably related to the Dipodascaceae. The possible evolution of the lipomycetaceous anamorphs is discussed.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Microfungi on the Pandanaceae:Polytretophora macrospora sp. nov.

Polytretophora macrospora is introduced based on specimens from two species ofPandanus in Seychelles. The new species is compared with currently accepted species. A key and a comparative synopsis toPolytetophora species are provided. Numerous specimens ofP. calcarata, collected on members of the Pandanaceae from Australia, Fiji, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Caledonia, Palau, Philippines, Seychelles and Solomon Islands are also reported, along withP. dendroidea onPandanus sp. from Malaysia.     

The phylogenetic positions of the conifer genera Amentotaxus,Phyllocladus, and Nageia inferred from 18s rRNA sequences

To determine the evolutionary positions of the conifer genera Amentotaxus, Phyllocladus, and Nageia, we obtained 18S rRNA sequences from 11 new taxa representing the major living orders and families of gymnosperms. With the published Chlamydomonas as an outgroup, phylogenetic analyses of our new data and available sequences indicate that (1) the Gnetales form a monophyletic group, which is an outgroup to the conifers, (2) the conifers are monophyletic, (3) Taxaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Cupressaceae, and Taxodiaceae form a monophyletic group, (4) Amentotaxus is closer to Torreya than to Cephalotaxus, suggesting that Amentotaxus is better to be classified as a member of Taxaceae, (5) Phyllocladus, Dacrycarpus, Podocarpus, and Nageia form a monophyletic group, and (6) Pinaceae is an outgroup to the other families of conifers. Our finding that Phyllocladus is a sister group of the Podocarpaceae disagrees with the suggestion that the phylloclade of the genus is an ancient structure and that the genus is a terminal taxon within the Podocarpaceae. The genus Nageia is more closely related to Podocarpus than to Dacrycarpus and was derived from within the Podocarpaceae. In conclusion, our data indicate that in conifers, the uniovulate cone occurred independently in Taxacaeae and Cephalotaxaceae, and in Podocarpaceae after the three families separated from Pinaceae, and support the hypothesis that the uniovulate cone is derived from reduction of a multiovulate cone.Correspondence to: S.-M. Chaw     

Biosynthesis of glycoconjugates in mitochondrial outer membranes

The results reported in this paper show two distinct ways for the incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine into mitochondrial outer membranes. The first one is the glycosylation of dolichol acceptors, which is indicated by the inhibition of the synthesis of these products by the inhibitors of the dolichol intermediates (tunicamycin and GDP). The second one is the incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine into protein acceptors directly from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. This second way of glycosylation is only localized in mitochondria outer membranes.The existence of a direct route forN-glycoprotein biosynthesis has been based on the following evidence. First, the synthesis of theN-acetylglucosaminylated protein acceptors was not inhibited by tunicamycin or GDP. Second, the addition of exogenous dolichol-phosphate did not change the rate of biosynthesis of glycosylated protein material. Third, the sequential incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine and mannose from their nucleotide derivatives in the presence of GDP and tunicamycin led to the synthesis of glycosylated protein material which entirely bound to Concanavalin A-Sepharose. The oligosaccharide moiety of the glycosylated protein material resulting from the direct transfer of sugars from their nucleotide derivatives to the protein acceptor is of theN-glycan type. On sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this glycosylated material migrated as a marker protein with a molecular weight between 45 000 and 63 000. HPLC chromatofocusing analysis revealed that the fraction studied was anionic. The oligosaccharide moiety of the glycoprotein material can only be elongated by the incorporation ofN-acetylglucosamine and galactose from their nucleotide derivatives.     

Trichoderma theobromicola and T. paucisporum: two new species isolated from cacao in South America

Trichoderma theobromicola and T. paucisporum spp. nov. are described. Trichoderma theobromicola was isolated as an endophyte from the trunk of a healthy cacao tree (Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae) in Amazonian Peru; it sporulates profusely on common mycological media. Trichoderma paucisporum is represented by two cultures that were obtained in Ecuador from cacao pods partially infected with frosty pod rot, Moniliophthora roreri; it sporulates sporadically and most cultures remain sterile on common media and autoclaved rice. It sporulates more reliably on synthetic low-nutrient agar (SNA) but produces few conidia. Trichoderma theobromicola was reintroduced into cacao seedlings through shoot inoculation and was recovered from stems but not from leaves, indicating that it is an endophytic species. Both produced a volatile/diffusable antibiotic that inhibited development of M. roreri in vitro and on-pod trials. Neither species demonstrated significant direct in vitro mycoparasitic activity against M. roreri.