肿瘤导向治疗研究进展

特异性地杀伤肿瘤细胞并降低对正常细胞的毒副作用是各种导向治疗方法的共同目标。本文综述了前体药物疗法,免疫毒素,基因疗法,以肿瘤增殖转移过程中的关键分子为靶的导向治疗,生物素－亲和素系统等导向治疗的研究进展。     

端粒酶抑制剂在肿瘤治疗中的进展

端粒是真核细胞染色体末端含有ＴＴＡＧＧＧ重复结构的复合体 ,有防止染色体降解丢失 ,端端融合和重组建作用 ,端粒酶是一种逆转录酶 ,以自身ＲＮＡ为模板 ,逆转录维持染色体的稳定。目前肿瘤组织端粒酶检出率约 85 - 90 %,而正常组织或良性肿瘤端粒酶检出率〈5 %,说明端粒酶与恶性肿瘤密切相关。端粒酶抑制剂作为新的抗肿瘤策略正成为肿瘤研究的热点 ,现就端粒酶抑制剂在肿瘤治疗中的研究状况做一简单概述。1、阻断端粒酶ＲＮＡ的模板作用对端粒酶活性的抑制1. 1反义核苷酸、反义肽苷及硫代反义核苷酸对端粒酶活性的抑制端粒酶ＲＮＡ序列中…     

人羊水间充质干细胞治疗肿瘤的临床研究进展

人羊水间充质干细胞(Human amniotic fluid derived mesenchymal stem cells,AF-MSCs)是一类具有高度增殖、自我更新和多项分化潜能的干细胞,即使经过多次传代其生物学特性也不会发生改变。有研究表明,AF-MSCs具有免疫原性低、不成瘤性和肿瘤细胞亲嗜性等特点,而且能够迁移到肿瘤病灶。因此,AF-MSCs作为转运载体介导药物靶向治疗肿瘤具有潜在的优势。同时,通过羊膜腔穿刺获得羊水有利于避免胚胎干细胞研究有关的伦理问题,可作为一种理想的治疗方法。本文通过回顾、总结人羊水间充质干细胞的研究进展,展望人羊水间充质干细胞治疗肿瘤的应用前景。     

抗体技术的发展现状及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用

抗体技术有一百多年的历史,单克隆抗体有近30年的历史,但由于抗鼠抗体（HAMA）的形成,使抗体在人体中的应用受到局限,近年来由于DNA重组技术的发展,利用基因工程技术可以实现将鼠抗体人源化或生产人源抗体,克服HAMA,为抗体的临床应用提供了新的研究方法和思路,本分别介绍抗体技术的发展状况及其在治疗肿瘤方面的应用。     

紧密连接蛋白claudins应用于肿瘤治疗的进展

Claudins蛋白家族是组成紧密连接(Tight junctions,TJs)必不可少的骨架蛋白,在维持上皮和内皮细胞中的细胞极性、细胞间的粘附固定、细胞旁路的离子运输等发挥重要作用。近年来大量的研究结果证明,claudins在许多人类恶性肿瘤中异常表达。因此,claudins也被作为癌症治疗的潜在靶标。文中就claudin蛋白家族在肿瘤中的表达情况及其相关药物的研究进展进行阐述。     

现代肿瘤免疫治疗简史

恶性肿瘤持续威胁着人类的健康,自2018年免疫检查点抑制剂研究者获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖以后,肿瘤免疫治疗日渐成为人们关注的焦点。19世纪末,“现代肿瘤免疫治疗之父”William Bradley Coley开启了利用免疫系统治疗肿瘤的先河。1986年,IFN-α细胞因子治疗成为第一种被批准用于肿瘤的免疫疗法,是现代肿瘤免疫治疗的里程碑。与此同时,免疫细胞疗法、抗体治疗和肿瘤疫苗等免疫疗法的飞速进展为肿瘤治疗带来新的希望。本文简要回顾肿瘤免疫治疗的发展历史,以期对相关教学和学习有所帮助。     

脊髓损伤的最新治疗进展

脊髓损伤以后引起原发性损伤和继发性损伤导致损伤的神经组织难以修复。目前脊髓损伤的重点主要集中在减轻和延缓继发性损伤造成的伤害。本文总结了近年来在脊髓损伤治疗领域的进展包括传统的药物治疗,细胞移植和基因治疗。目前动物实验研究表明细胞移植和基因治疗在治疗脊髓损伤的中取得了可喜的成果,将在未来临床应用中发挥重要作用。     

双特异性抗体与肿瘤导向治疗研究新进展

双特异性单克隆抗体(Bispecific mono-clonal antibody,BSAb)是已发展起来的免疫治 疗和细胞生物学基础研究的新课题。它是两亲代单克隆抗体(Mab)的杂交抗体,同时具备了两亲代抗体的特异性,因此可与两种不同的抗原分子结合,显示了功能上的单价性。1983年Milstein和Cuello第一次利用两次杂交瘤技     

重组抗体工程及其在肿瘤靶向及癌症治疗中的应用

在过去的十几年中,重组抗体工程在基础研究、医学和药物生产上已经成为最有希望的领域之一。重组抗体及其片段在正在进行诊断和治疗的临床试验中占所有生物蛋白的30％以上。研究集中在抗体作为理想的癌症靶向试剂方面,最近由于FDA批准使用第一个工程化治疗抗体而使热度达到极点。过去的几年中,在设计、筛选及生产新型工程化抗体方面已经取得了重大进展。改革的筛选方法已经能够分离出高亲和力的癌－靶向及抗病毒的抗体,后能够抑制病毒用于基因治疗。癌症诊断和治疗的另一个策略是将重组抗体片段与放射性同位素、药物、毒素、酶以及生物传感器表面进行融合。双特异性抗体及相关融合蛋白也已经生产出来用于癌症的免疫治疗,在抗癌疫苗以及T细胞补充策略上有效地增强了人免疫应答。     

Folic acid conjugates with photosensitizers for cancer targeting in photodynamic therapy: Synthesis and photophysical properties

Recent researches in photodynamic therapy have focused on novel techniques to enhance tumour targeting of anticancer drugs and photosensitizers. Coupling a photosensitizer with folic acid could allow more effective targeting of folate receptors which are over-expressed on the surface of many tumour cells. In this study, different folic acid–OEG-conjugated photosensitizers were synthesized, characterized and their photophysical properties were evaluated. The introduction of an OEG does not significantly improve the hydrophilicity of the FA–porphyrin. All the FA-targeted photosensitizers present good to very good photophysical properties. The best one appears to be Ce6. Molar extinction coefficient, fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields were determined and were compared to the corresponding photosensitizer alone.     

靶向抑制VEGF在肺癌治疗中的应用前景

血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）是介导肿瘤血管生成最重要因子,与肺癌细胞增殖、转移及预后密切相关。靶向沉默VEGF基因及抑制其受体表达在肺癌治疗中具有光明的应用前景。本文就此进行综述。     

Regulation of complement and modulation of its activity in monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer

The complement system is a powerful tool of the innate immune system to eradicate pathogens. Both in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates that therapeutic anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can activate the complement system by the classical pathway. However, the contribution of complement to the efficacy of mAbs is still debated, mainly due to the lack of convincing data in patients. A beneficial role for complement during mAb therapy is supported by the fact that cancer cells often upregulate complement-regulatory proteins (CRPs). Polymorphisms in various CRPs were previously associated with complement-mediated disorders.

In this review the role of complement in anti-tumor mAb therapy will be discussed with special emphasis on strategies aiming at modifying complement activity. In the future, clinical efficacy of mAbs with enhanced effector functions together with comprehensive analysis of polymorphisms in CRPs in mAb-treated patients will further clarify the role of complement in mAb therapy.     

Regulation of complement and modulation of its activity in monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer

The complement system is a powerful tool of the innate immune system to eradicate pathogens. Both in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates that therapeutic anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can activate the complement system by the classical pathway. However, the contribution of complement to the efficacy of mAbs is still debated, mainly due to the lack of convincing data in patients. A beneficial role for complement during mAb therapy is supported by the fact that cancer cells often upregulate complement-regulatory proteins (CRPs). Polymorphisms in various CRPs were previously associated with complement-mediated disorders.In this review the role of complement in anti-tumor mAb therapy will be discussed with special emphasis on strategies aiming at modifying complement activity. In the future, clinical efficacy of mAbs with enhanced effector functions together with comprehensive analysis of polymorphisms in CRPs in mAb-treated patients will further clarify the role of complement in mAb therapy.     

The construction and in vitro testing of photo-activatable cancer targeting folated anti-CD3 conjugates

The construction and in vitro testing of a photo-activatable anti-tumour immuno-regulatory antibody is described. In this ‘cloaked’ folated anti-CD3 antibody conjugate, the folate portion of the conjugate is free to bind to folate receptor expressing cancer cells, whilst the anti-CD3 activity is effectively rendered inert by a coating of photo-labile 2-nitrobenzyl groups. On irradiation with UV-A light the activity of the anti-CD3 antibody is restored, not only when it is required, but more importantly, only where it is required. The conjugate can then attract killer T-cells to the surface of the tumour cells and kill them. Unirradiated normal tissues, to which the conjugate has been targeted by specific and non-specific binding, remain unharmed. We believe that these ‘photo-switchable’ conjugates could be used to markedly improve the targeting of the immune response to folate receptor (FR) expressing ovarian and breast cancers whilst minimising the side effects in the rest of the body.     

肿瘤治疗中细胞因子递送策略的研究进展

细胞因子多数是由机体免疫细胞和某些非免疫细胞产生的,对细胞的生长、增殖、分化均有调节作用的一类具有生物活性的蛋白质。在肿瘤治疗中,细胞因子作为一种蛋白质药物,具有体内半衰期短、全身毒副作用大等特点,因而选择细胞因子递送策略时需考虑以上因素。文章简要介绍了几种常见的细胞因子,并综述了近年来在肿瘤治疗中细胞因子递送策略的研究进展。     

微生物基因打靶系统的研究进展

基因打靶技术是微生物功能基因组学研究的有力工具之一,通过定向改变微生物的遗传信息可以对目的基因进行有效的功能分析。在大肠杆菌中研究较多的是转座子突变系统、RecBCD^-sbcB重组系统、RecA依赖的重组打靶系统、Chi位点刺激的重组、利用单链DNA进行的重组工程。在酵母中进行基因打靶的策略主要是转座子标记的突变、基于PCR方法的基因删除和转化相关重组。在其他微生物中主要应用转座子突变和自杀载体进行基因打靶。近年来,噬菌体重组系统的发展更使对微生物基因打靶系统的研究进入了新的阶段,主要包括Rac编码的RecET系统、Red重组系统和噬菌体退火蛋白介导的单链寡核苷酸重组系统。     

抗血管生成蛋白与多肽研究进展

多项动物实验和临床实啦已经充分证实,抗血管生成疗法可以抑制肿瘤生长。在可抑制肿瘤生长的分子中,许多是蛋白与多肽,包括细胞因子、趋化因子、血管内皮生长因子及其受体的抗体、可溶性受体、胞外基质蛋白片段及小分子合成多肽等。简要综述其中部分分子的作用机理及临床应用情况。