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1.
珍稀濒危植物作为生物多样性的重要组成部分,是保护生物学研究的核心内容之一。紫荆木(Madhuca pasquieri)为现状稀有种,IUCN名录中濒危等级为VU易危,在中国被列为国家重点保护野生植物(Ⅱ级)和极小种群野生植物,是稀有的油料树种和珍贵的用材树种,具有极高的药用价值。在全球气候变化和生境破碎化的大背景下,紫荆木的现状研究和保护策略的制定显得尤为重要。该文介绍了紫荆木自然地理分布、群落生态学特征,归纳总结了国内外的保护应用及研究现状。目前针对紫荆木就地保护、迁地保护、化学成分、人工培育技术等方面已开展了一些研究工作,但研究仍处于初级阶段。下一步可完善紫荆木分布信息,并结合野外调查和长期实验,系统研究其生物及生态学特性。同时,将就地保护、迁地保护和回归有机结合,应用分子生物学技术加强紫荆木育种、繁殖和栽培技术的研究,建立繁殖培育基地,并积极开发其经济价值,在园林绿化中推广应用。 相似文献
2.
植物功能性状是指能够反映植物碳获取、水分传递、养分循环等的重要生命活动的属性,包括植物生理、形态和物候等方面的特征。通过植物功能性状探讨物种分布格局、生长策略和存活机制及其对全球变化的响应与适应,是近年来生态学研究的热点之一。然而,不同尺度下植物功能性状与环境因子的关系存在差异,并且性状之间的关系也不尽相同。从物种、种群、群落、植被区系到全球尺度,围绕植物功能性状之间的相互关系及其对气候环境变化响应的热点问题进行了综述,梳理了近年来植物功能性状研究领域的进展,并讨论了目前植物功能性状研究的局限性和该领域未来的发展趋势。 相似文献
3.
物候是植物在长期适应环境过程中形成的生长发育节点。长时间地面物候观测数据表明,近50年全球乔木、灌木、草本植物的春季物候期受温度升高、降水与辐射变化等影响,以每10年2 d到10 d的速率提前。但因植物物候响应气候因子的机制仍不清楚,导致对未来气候变化情景下的植物物候变化预测存在较大的不确定性。在此背景下,控制实验成为探究气候因子对植物物候影响机制的重要手段。综述了物候控制实验中不同气候因子（温度、水分、光照等）的控制方法。总结了目前为止控制实验在植物物候对气候因子响应方面得到的重要结论,发现植物春季物候期（展叶、开花等）主要受冷激、驱动温度与光周期的影响,秋季物候期（叶变色和落叶）主要受低温、短日照与水分胁迫的影响。提出未来物候控制实验应重点解决木本植物在秋季进入休眠的时间点确定、低温和短日照对木本植物秋季物候的交互作用量化、草本植物春秋季物候的影响因子识别等科学问题。 相似文献
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5.
在过去的20年里, 物种分布模型已广泛应用于动植物地理分布的模拟研究。该文以植物物种分布模拟为例, 利用中国知网、维普网以及Web of Science文献数据库的检索与统计, 分析了2000-2018年间, 中国研究人员利用各种物种分布模型对植物物种分布模拟研究的发文量、模拟模型、物种类型、数据来源、研究目的等信息。最终共收集到366篇有效文献, 分析表明2011年以来中国的物种分布模型应用发展迅速, 且以最近5年最为迅猛, 在生态学、中草药业、农业和林业等行业部门应用广泛。在使用的33种模型中, 应用最广的为最大熵模型(MaxEnt)。有一半研究的环境数据仅包含气候数据, 另一半研究不仅包含气候数据还包括地形与土壤等数据; 环境及物种数据的来源多样, 国际及本土数据库均得到使用。模拟涉及有明确清单的562个植物种, 既有木本植物(52.7%), 也有草本植物(41.8%), 其中中草药、果树、园林植物、农作物等占比较高。研究目的主要集中在过去、现在和未来气候变化对植物种分布的影响及预测, 以及物种分布评估与生物多样性评价(包括入侵植物风险评估)两大方面。预测物种潜在分布范围与气候变化影响等基础研究, 与模拟物种适生区与推广种植等应用研究并重, 物种分布模型在生态学与农业、林业和中草药业等多学科、多行业开展多种应用, 多物种、多模型和多来源数据共同参与模拟与比较, 开发新的机理性物种分布模型, 拓展新的物种分布模拟应用领域, 是今后研究的重点发展方向。 相似文献
6.
森林管理是实现森林生产效益最大化的主要措施,是增加碳吸收以减缓气候变暖的关键手段,是调节区域水文循环的有效途径,是保护地以外实现生物多样性保护目标的重要补充。然而,追求单一生产功能的传统森林管理弱化了其他生态功能,并对森林景观结构和生物多样性产生负面影响。全球80%以上森林由于人类活动呈现不同程度退化进而影响人类福祉,森林管理需要优化以追求多维生态功能的协同共赢。当前,对于森林管理的生态效应仍有较多争论或未形成明确认识,可持续森林管理能否取得额外的气候效益仍有待确认,森林管理如何影响不同区域的水文生态功能仍未形成明确认识,不同类型森林管理或多或少、或正面或负面影响栖息地及不同种类生物多样性的强度和方向不明确。因此,森林管理的生态效应是一个值得深入探索的问题,未来需要深入量化不同管理措施对气候变化缓解、水文循环调节、生物多样性保护乃至提供其他生态功能的作用,将维持或提升生态功能及生物多样性作为可持续森林管理的一个重要目标,通过优化森林管理策略开展森林提质增效以获得最大收益。 相似文献
7.
运用系统保护规划（SCP）的方法建立保护地（protected area）对生物多样性资源及其所提供的生态系统服务价值具有重要保护作用。笔者归纳总结了自 19 世纪 80 年代以来系统保护规划思想产生和发展的历程,随后基于近 20 年来系统保护规划相关文献,梳理得到现阶段影响保护规划最为核心的两大背景—气候变化及生态系统服务,此背景对系统保护规划六步法关键步骤的研究动态产生深刻影响,并推动了新的研究进展的产生,其中涵盖了规划理念更新、保护目标多元化、数据及模型算法拓展、管理框架变更。笔者结合中国的自然保护地规划背景和相关实践,从关键内容、监测评估、实施管理 3 个方面提出未来的研究方向,以期通过借鉴国际上保护规划的方法、工具、经验对完善中国的保护地体系构建的实践提供参考。 相似文献
8.
兰属(Cymbidium)中,除了兔耳兰C.lancifolium以外的所有种均被列为国家重点保护野生植物。为探究其在未来气候条件下的潜在分布格局,该研究基于兰属植物已知的分布点和19个气候因子,利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)模拟兰属以及其中20种兰属植物在9种不同气候情景(当代以及未来2030s、2050s、2070s和2090s 4个时间段各两种温室气体排放情景)下的潜在分布格局。结果表明：(1)最干旱季降水量(Bio17)、年降水量(Bio12)和温度季节性变化(Bio4)是影响兰属植物地理分布格局的主导气候因子。(2)不同兰属植物在未来情景下的适生区表现出不同的变化趋势,并且影响其分布的主导气候因子也有所不同。其中,冬凤兰(C.dayanum)等8个物种的适生区面积整体呈扩张趋势,而西藏虎头兰(C.tracyanum)等12个物种的适生区面积整体则呈缩减趋势。该研究结果为兰属植物就地保护与迁地保护提供了重要参考,对兰属等濒危野生植物的保护具有积极意义。 相似文献
9.
兰属(Cymbidium)中,除了兔耳兰C. lancifolium以外的所有种均被列为国家重点保护野生植物。为探究其在未来气候条件下的潜在分布格局,该研究基于兰属植物已知的分布点和19个气候因子,利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)模拟兰属以及其中20种兰属植物在9种不同气候情景(当代以及未来2030s、2050s、2070s和2090s 4个时间段各两种温室气体排放情景)下的潜在分布格局。结果表明:(1)最干旱季降水量(Bio17)、年降水量(Bio12)和温度季节性变化(Bio4)是影响兰属植物地理分布格局的主导气候因子。(2)不同兰属植物在未来情景下的适生区表现出不同的变化趋势,并且影响其分布的主导气候因子也有所不同。其中,冬凤兰(C. dayanum)等8个物种的适生区面积整体呈扩张趋势,而西藏虎头兰(C. tracyanum)等12个物种的适生区面积整体则呈缩减趋势。该研究结果为兰属植物就地保护与迁地保护提供了重要参考,对兰属等濒危野生植物的保护具有积极意义。 相似文献
10.
- Exotic cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi is a highly invasive species in the north and south American continents and can potentially also invade European freshwaters and outcompete native Daphnia populations. However, European waterbodies are frequently dominated by less edible filamentous cyanobacteria including also invaders such as Raphidiopsis raciborskii, which might affect the fitness of D. lumholtzi. Furthermore, temperature may influence the sensitivity of D. lumholtzi to R. raciborskii filaments.
- In this study, we determined whether the presence of R. raciborskii could obstruct the invasion of Europe by D. lumholtzi, through reducing its fitness, and whether this depends on temperature. We compared the population growth rate (r) and the somatic growth rate of D. lumholtzi maintained at two temperatures (20 or 26°C) and fed with two diets: green microalgae alone or green microalgae mixed with filaments of R. raciborskii. Three clones of D. lumholtzi were used to evaluate potential variation in response to the treatments among different clones.
- At 20°C, the population growth rate of D. lumholtzi fed with cyanobacterial filaments declined sharply. This reduction was caused by increased egg abortion, egg degeneration, and mortality of newborn daphnids. At 26°C, R. raciborskii lost its harmful effect on the population growth of D. lumholtzi. The presence of cyanobacteria did reduce the somatic growth rate of D. lumholtzi at both temperatures and in all three clones except for one that had a similar somatic growth rate on both diets at 26°C.
- The presence of filamentous cyanobacteria does affect growth in D. lumholtzi and may thereby substantially reduce its invasive potential, but only at lower temperatures. Therefore, the presence of filamentous cyanobacteria may not present an obstacle to the invasion of Europe by D. lumholtzi in a warmer future climate.
11.
Spatial and temporal variability across life's hierarchies in the terrestrial Antarctic 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Chown SL Convey P 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2007,362(1488):2307-2331
Antarctica and its surrounding islands lie at one extreme of global variation in diversity. Typically, these regions are characterized as being species poor and having simple food webs. Here, we show that terrestrial systems in the region are nonetheless characterized by substantial spatial and temporal variations at virtually all of the levels of the genealogical and ecological hierarchies which have been thoroughly investigated. Spatial variation at the individual and population levels has been documented in a variety of genetic studies, and in mosses it appears that UV-B radiation might be responsible for within-clump mutagenesis. At the species level, modern molecular methods have revealed considerable endemism of the Antarctic biota, questioning ideas that small organisms are likely to be ubiquitous and the taxa to which they belong species poor. At the biogeographic level, much of the relatively small ice-free area of Antarctica remains unsurveyed making analyses difficult. Nonetheless, it is clear that a major biogeographic discontinuity separates the Antarctic Peninsula and continental Antarctica, here named the 'Gressitt Line'. Across the Southern Ocean islands, patterns are clearer, and energy availability is an important correlate of indigenous and exotic species richness, while human visitor numbers explain much of the variation in the latter too. Temporal variation at the individual level has much to do with phenotypic plasticity, and considerable life-history and physiological plasticity seems to be a characteristic of Antarctic terrestrial species. Environmental unpredictability is an important driver of this trait and has significantly influenced life histories across the region and probably throughout much of the temperate Southern Hemisphere. Rapid climate change-related alterations in the range and abundance of several Antarctic and sub-Antarctic populations have taken place over the past several decades. In many sub-Antarctic locations, these have been exacerbated by direct and indirect effects of invasive alien species. Interactions between climate change and invasion seem set to become one of the most significant conservation problems in the Antarctic. We conclude that despite the substantial body of work on the terrestrial biodiversity of the Antarctic, investigations of interactions between hierarchical levels remain scarce. Moreover, little of the available information is being integrated into terrestrial conservation planning, which lags far behind in this region by comparison with most others. 相似文献
12.
Francisco Lloret Adrian Escudero José María Iriondo Jordi Martínez‐Vilalta Fernando Valladares 《Global Change Biology》2012,18(3):797-805
Current climatic trends involve both increasing temperatures and climatic variability, with extreme events becoming more frequent. Increasing concern on extreme climatic events has triggered research on vegetation shifts. However, evidences of vegetation shifts resulting from these events are still relatively rare. Empirical evidence supports the existence of stabilizing processes minimizing and counteracting the effects of these events, reinforcing community resilience. We propose a demographic framework to understand this inertia to change based on the balance between adult mortality induced by the event and enhanced recruitment or adult survival after the event. The stabilizing processes potentially contributing to this compensation include attenuation of the adult mortality caused by the event, due to site quality variability, to tolerance, phenotypic variability, and plasticity at population level, and to facilitative interactions. Mortality compensation may also occur by increasing future survival due to beneficial effect on growth and survival of the new conditions derived from global warming and increased climatic variability, to lowered competition resulting from reduced density in affected stands, or to antagonistic release when pathogens or predators are vulnerable to the event or the ongoing climatic conditions. Finally, mortality compensation may appear by enhanced recruitment due to release of competition with established vegetation, for instance as a consequence of gap openings after event‐caused mortality, or to the new conditions, which may be more favorable for seedling establishment, or to enhanced mutualistic interactions (pollination, dispersal). There are important challenges imposed by the need of long‐term studies, but a research agenda focused on potentially stabilizing processes is well suited to understand the variety of responses, including lack of sudden changes and community inertia that are frequently observed in vegetation under extreme events. This understanding is crucial for the establishment of sound management strategies and actions addressed to improve ecosystem resilience under climate change scenarios. 相似文献
13.
Aims
Shallow soils on acidic bedrock in dry areas of Central Europe support dry grasslands and heathlands that were formerly used as extensive pastures. These habitats are of high conservation value, but their abandonment in the 20th century triggered slow natural succession that poses a threat to specialized plant species. We asked how this vegetation and its plant diversity have changed over the past three decades and whether protected areas have positively affected habitat quality.Location
Southwestern and central Moravia, Czech Republic.Methods
In 2018–2019, we resurveyed 94 vegetation plots first sampled in 1986–1991 at 47 acidic dry grassland and heathland sites. We compared the number of all vascular plant species, Red List species and alien species per plot using parametric and non-parametric tests, life-form spectra using the chi-square test, species composition using detrended correspondence analysis, and indicator values using a permutation test. We also compared these changes between sites within and outside protected areas.Results
Vegetation changes over the past three decades have been relatively small. However, we detected a decrease in total species richness, the number of Red List species and the number of characteristic species of dry grasslands. Neophytes were infrequent, while archaeophytes increased slightly. The competitive tall grass Arrhenatherum elatius, annual species and young woody plants increased in abundance or newly established at many sites. Indicator values did not change except for a slight increase in nutrient values. These negative trends occurred both within and outside protected areas but were more pronounced outside.Conclusions
Formerly grazed acidic dry grasslands and heathlands in Moravia are slowly losing habitat specialists, including threatened plant species, and are increasingly dominated by Arrhenatherum elatius. Conservation management, especially cutting in protected areas, slows down the negative trends of decline in plant diversity and habitat quality but is insufficient to halt these processes completely. 相似文献14.
Introduced exotic species cause environmental changes and threat public health in target sites. Illegal trade has enhanced this problem. To first report these risks in Brazil, exotic snakes found in São Paulo City (SPC) (23°32 S, 46°38 W), southeastern Brazil, and sent to Instituto Butantan between 1995 and 2000, were listed and characterized by their biological attributes. Seventy-six individuals of sixteen alien species were collected. Euriecians snakes, mainly booids, were predominant. Using multivariate techniques, their ecological niches were compared to those of 26 native species, as a way to point out the resource's availability. To evaluate the potential of successful implantation, two species absent in SPC and considered as problem snakes are included in these analyses: the brown treesnake Boiga irregularis and the habu Trimeresurus flavoviridis. There were niche similarities between these pest snakes, exotic booids and native viperids largely due to the similarities in the chosen prey (mammals), diel activity (nocturnal), color pattern (variegated) and body size (medium to large). To avoid predictable undesirable effects of implanted pest snakes, traffic control and punishment should be improved, as well as parallel environmental education programs. 相似文献
15.
Angelina M. Dichiera;Madison L. Earhart;William S. Bugg;Colin J. Brauner;Patricia M. Schulte; 《Global Change Biology》2024,30(11):e17564
Understanding how ectotherms may fare with rising global temperatures and more frequent heatwaves is especially concerning for species already considered at-risk, such as long-lived, late-maturing sturgeon. There have been concerted efforts to collect data on the movement behavior and thermal physiology of North American sturgeon to enhance conservation efforts; thus, we sought to synthesize these data to understand how sturgeon respond to thermal stress and what capacity they have to acclimate and adapt to warming. Here, we combined a systematic literature review and meta-analysis, integrating field-based observations (distribution and spawning) and laboratory-based experiments (survival, activity, growth, metabolism, and upper thermal limits) for large-scale insights to understand the vulnerability of North American sturgeon to rising global temperatures. We summarized the preferred thermal habitat and thermal limits of sturgeon in their natural environment and using meta-analytical techniques, quantified the effect of prolonged temperature change on sturgeon whole-animal physiology and acute upper thermal limits. While acclimation did not have significant effects on physiological rates or survival overall, there were positive trends of activity and metabolism in young-of-the-year sturgeons, likely offset by negative trends of survival in early life. Notably, North American sturgeon have a greater capacity for thermal tolerance plasticity than other fishes, increasing upper thermal limits by 0.56°C per 1°C change in acclimation temperature. But with limited laboratory-based studies, more research is needed to understand if this is a sturgeon trait, or perhaps that of basal fishes in general. Importantly, with these data gaps, the fate of sturgeon remains uncertain as climate change intensifies, and physiological impacts across life stages likely limit ecological success. 相似文献
16.
Phenotypic differentiation in size and fecundity between native and invasive populations of a species has been suggested as a causal driver of invasion in plants. Local adaptation to novel environmental conditions through a micro‐evolutionary response to natural selection may lead to phenotypic differentiation and fitness advantages in the invaded range. Local adaptation may occur along a stress tolerance trade‐off, favoring individuals that, in benign conditions, shift resource allocation from stress tolerance to increased vigor and fecundity and, therefore, invasiveness. Alternately, the typically disturbed invaded range may select for a plastic, generalist strategy, making phenotypic plasticity the main driver of invasion success. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we performed a field common garden and tested for genetically based phenotypic differentiation, resource allocation shifts in response to water limitation, and local adaptation to the environmental gradient which describes the source locations for native and invasive populations of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa). Plants were grown in an experimental field in France (naturalized range) under water addition and limitation conditions. After accounting for phenotypic variation arising from environmental differences among collection locations, we found evidence of genetic variation between the invasive and native populations for most morphological and life‐history traits under study. Invasive C. diffusa populations produced larger, later maturing, and therefore potentially fitter individuals than native populations. Evidence for local adaptation along a resource allocation trade‐off for water limitation tolerance is equivocal. However, native populations do show evidence of local adaptation to an environmental gradient, a relationship which is typically not observed in the invaded range. Broader analysis of the climatic niche inhabited by the species in both ranges suggests that the physiological tolerances of C. diffusa may have expanded in the invaded range. This observation could be due to selection for plastic, “general‐purpose” genotypes with broad environmental tolerances. 相似文献