Antennal responses of Cydia pomonella (L.) exposed to surfaces treated with methoxyfenozide

Electroantennogram (EAG) measurements were recorded from the antennae of male and female codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., to determine whether adult moths exposed to surfaces treated with the ecdysteroid agonist methoxyfenozide experience a decline in their antennal reception and thus olfactory sensitivity. Such a phenomenon would offer a possible mechanism for the previously reported decreased responsiveness from moths treated with methoxyfenozide to pheromone‐ and plant volatile‐based monitoring lures. Mean EAG data revealed that the antennae from methoxyfenozide‐treated male moths appear to be just as sensitive to various doses of synthetic codlemone as the antennae from the control and surfactant‐treated moths, but they appeared to be less sensitive to the pheromone component 12OH (collected from female effluvia) than the control male antennae. Mean male EAG responses to the pheromone components E8,E10‐12Al and codlemone collected from methoxyfenozide‐treated females were significantly less than the responses towards those two pheromone components collected from the control and surfactant‐treated females. Female moth exposure to methoxyfenozide did not negatively impact the sensitivity of female antennae to the plant volatile pear ester, but it did towards the apple volatile butyl hexanoate. Data from this study show that adult C. pomonella exposure to methoxyfenozide‐treated surfaces does appear to negatively impact, in a minor way, the (i) olfactory sensitivity (or detection) of male antennae towards some components of the female sex pheromone, (ii) the female antennal sensitivity towards a key apple volatile and (iii) the attractiveness of female pheromone effluvia.     

棉铃虫Helicverpa armigera对性外激素和植物气味物质的嗅觉反应(英文)

本文用EAG技术研究棉铃虫对性外激素和植物气味物质的嗅觉反应。供试的气味物质有棉铃虫性外激素的二种主要组分和36种与棉铃虫寄主植物有关的植物气味物质。试验结果表明：1）只有棉铃虫雄蛾对性外激素组分产生反应,二种性外激素的组分中,Z-11-16：AL能引起较强的EAG反应。2）对植物气味物质,雌雄棉铃虫之间的嗅觉反应没有明显的差异。棉铃虫对性外激素和植物气味组分的嗅觉感受过程是一个有选择性的感受过程：不同种类的气味物质能引起不同的EAG反应。只有棉铃虫雄蛾才对性外激素组分起反应,在二种性外激素组分中：主要组分：Z-11-16：AL引起的EAG反应最高,高于大多数植物气味物质。次要组分Z-9-16：AL引起的EAG反应很弱。雌、雄棉铃虫对植物气味组分的嗅觉反应的选择性表现出一致的规律：对苯甲醛和绿叶气味物质的反应最高。单萜类中的萜烯衍生物（萜类醇、醛、酯等）的触角电位反应次之。棉铃虫对大多数的供试化合物的EAG反应都很小。最后,作者讨论了性外激素和植物气味物质对棉铃虫行为的作用。     

OLFACTORY RESPONSES OF COTTON BOLLWORM,HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA TO SEX PHEROMONE AND PLANT VOLATILE COMPONENTS*

Abstract Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from unmated, laboratory-reared male and female Helicover pa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) adults to two sex pheromone components and a range of plant volatile components, some of which are known volatiles from leaves and fruits. The female-produced sex pheromone was not detected by other female moths. The sex pheromone components to which male moths responded previously show to possess biological activity. As for plant volatile components, a large degree of EAG response uniformity between male and female moth was observed. The greatest EAG responses of all plant volatiles tested were elicited by monoenic C-6 alcohol and aldehyde. They are constituents of the “general green-leaf odor” that emanates from most plants. The potential adaptive benefit of selective perception to sex pheromone and green-leaf volatile components is discussed.     

Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Female Beet Armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) to the Conspecific Female Sex Pheromone

Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings showed that female Spodoptera exigua can detect their own sex pheromones (two single components and their mixture), displaying a similar dose–response pattern to that of males, although intensities of female responses were much less at all doses compared with males. Furthermore, the female calling behavior was inhibited and late-shifted by the presence of the female sex pheromone. When the pheromone components were presented, the calling female proportion in the peak calling period was significantly reduced and the calling peak time and calling termination time postponed, compared with controls. Although the calling behavior was inhibited, the pheromone titer of treated females was not different to the control, implying a reduced pheromone biosynthesis in the pheromone glands of treated moths. However, observations during the olfactometer experiments revealed that there were no obvious behavioral responses of females exposed to sex pheromone stimuli including whole gland extracts, 0.1, 1 or 10 μg binary pheromone mixtures.     

小地老虎雄蛾对雌蛾性信息的EAG反应

利用触角电位记录（EAG）技术,测定了小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon (Rottemberg) 雄蛾对性信息素标准化合物Z7-12：Ac（A）、Z9-14：Ac（B）、Z11-16：Ac（C）、Z5-10：Ac（D）和Z8-12：Ac（E）的EAG反应。结果表明：这些标准化合物均能引起EAG反应,其中组分A（Z7-12：Ac）引起的反应最强,为5.65 mV,组分B（Z9-14：Ac）和C（Z11-16：Ac）居中; 组分D（Z5-10：Ac）的EAG反应值最小,为2.50 mV。二元混合物、三元混合物、四元混合物和全组分的EAG反应较高,其EAG反应值均显著高于单组分的反应值。三元混合物ABC的反应值最高,与5头雌蛾腺体的正己烷浸提液的EAG值相当。在使用剂量为0.01 ng～100 μg反应内,小地老虎雄蛾触角对性信息素各组分及其混合物的剂量反应曲线大致呈“S”形。从不同日龄雄蛾对标准化合物的反应中,发现在羽化后第3天达到最高值,之后则随日龄增加EAG反应降低。     

植物气味化合物对棉铃虫产卵及田间诱蛾的影响

利用触角电位技术（EAG）研究棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera对17种植物气味物质的嗅觉反应,实验结果表明：棉铃虫雄蛾、雌蛾对所试各种植物气味物质均无明显的嗅觉反应差异,不同种类的气味物质能引起不同的EAG反应。对其中的几种植物气味物质进行了引诱产卵实验及田间诱蛾实验,结果表明：某些寄主植物的挥发性次生物质显示出较好的引诱产卵活性,且对棉铃虫性诱剂具有增效和协同作用。田间实验数据显示,增加了植物气味物质的棉铃虫性诱剂与单一的棉铃虫性诱剂相比差异显著。     

豆野螟成虫触角对植物挥发性和性信息素化合物的触角电位反应

以顺3-己烯乙酸酯为标准化合物,研究了豆野螟雌、雄成虫触角对不同浓度的植物挥发性和性信息素化合物组分的触角电位（EAG）反应.结果表明：豆野螟雌、雄成虫触角对植物挥发性气味具有强烈的EAG反应,但在大部分浓度下,雌、雄虫的反应没有显著差异.在测试的9种植物挥发性化合物中,雌、雄虫对高浓度反-2-己烯醛刺激的相对EAG反应的最大值分别达到250%和260%,且雌、雄虫触角对这种化合物的EAG反应的形状也有很大差异;但对豇豆花气味中的柏木烯和柏木脑没有明显的EAG反应.雌、雄蛾对性信息素都有明显反应,且雌、雄虫的反应存在显著差异,雄虫触角对性信息素化合物主要组分（反10,反12）-十六碳二烯醛的EAG反应的最大值达到250%,远超过雌虫反应的最大值(53%).雌、雄成虫这种神经感觉反应的差异反映了它们在感器结构、功能和行为上的差异.     

黄杨绢野螟雌蛾性信息素的鉴定及诱蛾活性

【目的】研究旨在深入探讨中国黄杨绢野Diaphania perspectalis 的雌蛾性信息素组成及诱蛾活性。【方法】利用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对黄杨绢野螟正常型性成熟雌蛾的性腺体提取物和合成标样比较分析,并用反-11-十六碳烯醛(E11-16:Ald) 、顺-11-十六碳烯醛（Z-11-16:Ald）、顺-9-十六碳烯醛（Z-9-16:Ald)、顺-11-十六碳烯醇（Z-11-16:OH)等物质进行触角的电生理测定,最后开展田间诱集比较试验以筛选出最佳性信息素混合物。【结果】Z-11-16:Ald为中国黄杨绢野螟正常型性信息素主要组分,E-11-16:Ald的含量极低,Z-11-16:OH未检测到。正常型雄性黄杨绢野螟触角对Z-11-16:Ald, E-11-16:Ald, Z-9-16:Ald和Z-11-16:OH产生强烈的EAG反应,并随着浓度的提高而显著增加;而对Z-11-16:Ac和E-11-16:Ac的嗅觉反应较弱,低于对植物绿叶气味顺3-己烯乙酸酯（Z-3-6:Ac）的反应。单一Z-1-16:Ald对正常型雄性黄杨绢野螟具有强烈的诱集效果,加入E-11-16:Ald有一定的增效作用,但在统计上则不显著。单一Z-11-16:Ald组分对黑化型雄性黄杨绢野螟无引诱活性,必需加入一定比例的E-11-16:Ald才显示诱蛾活性。Z-11-16:Ald:E-11-16:Ald的比例为250 μg:250 μg时诱集到的黑化型雄性黄杨绢野螟数量最多,而Z-11-16:Ald:E-11-16:Ald的比例为429 μg:71 μg时则诱集到的正常型雄性黄杨绢野螟数量最多。同时,单一Z-11-16:Ald也可引诱大量雄性粘虫Mythimna separata,但E-11-16:Ald抑制其活性。【结论】中国黄杨绢野螟的性信息素主成分是Z-11-16:Ald,单一组分即可在田间强烈引诱雄蛾,E-11-16:Ald的功能只起到微弱的增效作用,但也可能起种的专一性的作用。正常型与黑化型黄杨绢野螟对性信息素的嗅觉反应存在差异,黑化型黄杨绢野螟的性信息素接近日本种,即性信息素组成为Z-11-16:Ald和E-11-16:Ald 的混合物,其比例为1:1,且E-11-16:Ald为必需。     

楸螟行为观察及性信息素粗提物生物活性测定

本文报道了楸螟Omphisa plagialis Wileman的羽化昼夜规律和（25±1）℃、光周期L∶D=14∶10条件下的雌蛾求偶节律,用Y形管法测定了雄蛾对雌蛾性信息素粗提物的行为反应。结果表明：楸螟的羽化发生在10：00到23：00之间;雌蛾在羽化当天即开始求偶,求偶行为集中在暗周期的23：30到01：30之间。采用正己烷提取的雌蛾性信息素粗提物存在性信息素成分,对雄蛾具有一定的引诱活性。     

温度对二化螟性信息素通讯的影响

环境因素影响昆虫两性间的化学通讯,也影响性信息素技术的田间防治效果.本文探讨了温度对二化螟雌蛾性信息素产生以及雄蛾对性信息素触角电位反应的影响,以期为田间二化螟的性信息素防治提供指导.在二化螟蛹期和成虫期进行不同温度处理(15、20、25、30和35 ℃),然后利用气相色谱仪(GC)分析雌蛾性腺内各性信息素组分的含量及比例,同时利用触角电位仪(EAG)测定雄蛾对性信息素组分的电生理反应.结果表明: 25 ℃处理中雌蛾性腺内3个性信息素组分(Z9-16:Ald、Z11-16:Ald和Z13-18:Ald)的含量均显著高于其他温度处理(15、20和30 ℃),且25 ℃处理中Z13-18:Ald的相对比例也显著低于其他温度处理.就雄蛾对性信息素的敏感性而言,对3种性信息素单一组分及特定比例混合物的EAG反应在15～25 ℃间没有显著差异,但在25～35 ℃间(Z13-18:Ald在30～35 ℃间)随温度升高呈下降趋势,且30 ℃较25 ℃显著降低,35 ℃较30 ℃又显著降低.综合分析认为,二化螟性信息素通讯的适宜温度为20～25 ℃,温度过高或过低均不利于二化螟两性间的正常化学通讯.研究结果为二化螟性信息素防治技术的合理应用及极端温度条件下害虫种群发生的预测预报,提供了重要参考.     

豆野螟成虫行为学特征及性信息素产生与释放节律

豆野螟Maruca vitrata (Fabricius)是一种严重的泛热带豆类蔬菜害虫。本文在（29±1）℃、相对湿度75%～80%、光周期14L∶10D条件下研究了豆野螟成虫的羽化、交尾行为以及雌蛾性信息素的释放节律。结果表明：其羽化行为全天可见,在雌蛾中,86%于暗期羽化; 在雄蛾中,73%于暗期羽化。雌雄蛾羽化行为在暗期第4、5和8 h差异达到显著 (t>4; P<0.05)。交尾活动发生在暗期19：00到5：00之间,交尾持续时间最短约为20 min,最长约为90 min,3日龄进入暗期第5 h具有最高的交尾率。1、6和7日龄成虫具有单个交尾高峰,2到5日龄成虫具有两个交尾高峰。同一日龄成虫交尾在暗期前半段平均花费的时间要明显高于在后半段花费的时间。低龄和高龄的成虫用于交尾的时间明显高于中龄的性成熟成虫。成虫的开始交尾时间随着日龄的增加逐渐前移。雄蛾对进入暗期后第5 h和第9 h处女雌蛾的性腺提取物和空气收集性信息素的触角电位反应最强,对 3日龄处女雌蛾的性腺提取物和空气收集性信息素的触角电位反应最强。处女雌蛾田间诱蛾试验表明：23：00-01：00为诱蛾高峰期,3日龄处女雌蛾的诱蛾效果最好。该蛾的羽化、交尾及性信息素产生与释放均存在节律上的一致性。雌蛾的性信息素释放的时间较长,见于整个暗期,然而交尾行为发生时间较短,主要发生于两个交尾高峰之间。     

粘虫雄蛾触角对其性信息素的电生理反应

用自行组装的触角电位仪,测定了粘虫Mythimna separata雄蛾蛾龄对标准化合物顺-11-十六碳烯醛(Z11-16：A1d)、顺-9-十六碳烯醛(Z9-16:Ald)和十六碳醛(16：A1d)的EAG反应的影响,分析了雄蛾触角对3种标准化合物的剂量-反应关系,发现粘虫雄蛾对Zll-16,Ald和Z9-16：Ald的剂量-反应曲线呈现出典型的“S”型,并且反应阐值较低。而对16：A1d几乎没有反应。最为重要的是检测了粘虫雄蛾对雌蛾腺体提取物的EAG反应,反应值的大小与样品中所提取的雌蛾腺体数目成正比。通过检测粘虫雄蛾对羽化不同天数,以及同一天羽化、在暗期不同时辰提取的雌蛾腺体提取物的EAG反应,证实了粘虫雄蛾的反应曲线与雌蛾释放性信息素的时辰节律呈正相关。还比较了烟青虫和粘虫雄蛾对粘虫雌蛾腺体提取物的EAG反应,间接证实了粘虫雌蛾腺体提取物中可能含有次要组分Z9-16;A1d。     

Bt毒素对棉铃虫雄蛾感受雌蛾性信息素EAG反应的影响

用含Bt毒素的人工饲料饲养棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 3龄幼虫至成虫(死亡率为40%～50%),采用触角电位 (electroantennogram, EAG) 技术,测定了雄蛾对雌蛾性信息素2种组分顺9-十六碳烯醛(Z9-16:Ald)、顺11-十六碳烯醛(Z11-16:Ald)及其混合物(Z11-16:Ald∶Z9-16:Ald=97∶3)的EAG反应。结果表明,Bt毒素对雄蛾感受性信息素单一组分和混合物的EAG反应均具促进作用;且随信息素剂量的增加,这种促进作用也随之增强。这一结果对于评价和实施延缓棉铃虫对Bt棉抗性的“庇护所"策略,具有一定的参考意义。     

Electroantennogram responses of Plutella xylostella (L.), to sex pheromone components and host plant volatile semiochemicals

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a notorious insect pest of cruciferous crops worldwide. Attract-and-kill strategies to manage the DBM based on insect pheromone and plant volatile semiochemicals have been explored and partially applied in the field. However, little is known about whether the attractant effects of insect pheromone and host plant volatile semiochemicals on insects are affected by insect age or volatile concentrations. Therefore, we examined the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of both DBM males and females varying in age and body size to a range of concentrations of seven host plant volatiles and two main female sex pheromone components. Our results showed that DBM age had no influence on EAG responses to trans-2-Hexenal, trans-2-Hexenol, Heptanal, cis-3-Hexen-1-ol and Z11-16:Ald and significantly influenced the EAG responses to Z11-16:Ac and three isothiocyanates. Age and sex had interaction effects on EAG responses of DBMs to some tested semiochemicals. DBM females had significantly stronger responses than males to all tested plant volatiles, and values were enhanced with increasing concentrations. Moreover, the degree of enhancement of EAG responses in females was larger than that in males for trans-2-Hexenal, trans-2-Hexenol, cis-3-Hexen-1-ol, 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate and Methyl isothiocyanate treatments. Body size seemed to have no influence on EAG responses. Our results might provide a theoretical basis for optimizing attract-and-kill strategies for insect pests.     

Electroantennogram responses of the three migratory forms of the damson-hop aphid, Phorodon humuli, to aphid pheromones and plant volatiles

Electroantennogram (EAG) responses were recorded from alate fundatrigeniae (spring migrants), gynoparae (the winged female form that produces sexual females) and males, the three migratory forms of the damson-hop aphid, Phorodon humuli (Schrank). EAG responses of gynoparae and males showed typical dose response characteristics to (E)-2-hexenal, (-)-R-carvone, hexanenitrile and (1RS,4aR,7S,7aS)-nepetalactol, the sex pheromone of this species. The 34 plant volatiles elicited broadly similar EAG response profiles in the three migratory forms. Green leaf volatiles produced large responses in all forms; however, the relative order of responsiveness varied. EAG responses to isomers of the monoterpene carvone differed between forms, with males being most, and spring migrants least, responsive. The hop-plant volatile and aphid alarm pheromone, (E)-beta-farnesene, evoked similar EAG responses in all forms. By contrast, males were most responsive to the three sex pheromone components, (-)-(4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol, (+)-(4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone and (1RS,4aR,7S,7aS)-nepetalactol. Males were no more responsive to their own sex pheromone, (1RS,4aR,7S,7aS)-nepetalactol, than to the other aphid sex pheromone components tested. Spring migrants and gynoparae also responded to the three sex pheromone components. This study indicates that migratory forms of P. humuli detect a wide range of volatile compounds, and that they are equally well-adapted for the detection of volatiles associated with host and non-host plants and with other species of aphid.     

Ontogeny of electroantennogram responses in the moth, Manduca sexta

The antennae of the moth, Manduca sexta, and the sensilla and sensory neurons they contain, develop during metamorphosis from pupa to adult. To determine when, during their development, antennae become capable of generating electrical responses to various stimuli, we recorded the electroantennogram (EAG), believed to be the summed extracellular record of receptor potentials, from developing and mature antennae. Antennae from male and female moths are similarly responsive to trans-2-hexenal, while only males respond to Manduca sex pheromone; these two odorants presumably stimulate separate receptors. Mechanical stimulation also elicits and EAG response. EAG responses to olfactory and mechanical stimuli are detectable several days before eclosion but not until the neurons are morphologically and biochemically quite mature. Responses increase in magnitude until the end of metamorphosis and then change little during the first 3 days after emergence of the adult. Responses to different stimuli do not develop synchronously.     

The circadian rhythm of flight activity of Spodoptera exigua males in response to sex pheromone

In many moths, male attraction to the blend of synthetic sex pheromone releasing continuously in the field shows an apparent circadian rhythm similar to that of locomotion activity. In this study, the daily rhythms of electroantennography (EAG) and behavioral responses to sex pheromone, and the daily rhythms of locomotion activity were measured in male beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The peaks of males trapped by light and sex pheromone were all during the latter part of the night in the field. However, there was no significant variation among time intervals in the EAG responses of male antennae to sex pheromone stimuli. The principal period of locomotion activity under L15:D9 (LD) continued to occur during the scotophase and the subjective scotophase in the day of constant darkness (DD1) and the second of two consecutive days of constant darkness (DD2). The majority of males contacted the sex pheromone source in a wind tunnel during the latter part of the scotophase under LD and the subjective scotophase for DD1 and DD2. There were significant associations between the rhythm of the behavioral response to sex pheromone and locomotion activity. These results suggested that the male's behavioral response to sex pheromone in the beet armyworm could be observed only until locomotion activity of the male occurred at the end of the dark period, despite sex pheromone being released continuously from synthetic pheromone‐baited traps in the field.     

小木蠹蛾性信息素分泌腺的位置及组织学

对小木蠹蛾Holcocerus insularis雌蛾性信息素分泌腺提取物的触角电位(EAG)、毛细管气相色谱 (GC) 的测定以及对腺体位置和形态结构的扫描电镜、透视电镜观察。结果表明,小木蠹蛾性信息素分泌腺是一个由节间膜特化而成的上皮结构,位于腹部末端8～9节之间,为一个可外翻的腹褶,表面分布着饱满的锥形体。羽化后2天未交尾的雌蛾腺体细胞呈单层排列,腹面中央由密集的柱形细胞组成,向两侧延伸至背部,细胞由柱形逐渐变为扁平形,细胞核为椭圆形。细胞基底膜基褶较多,质膜上分布着微绒毛,并与内表皮连接,内表皮上有多层几丁质,细胞质中含有空泡、线粒体、脂质粒及光面内质网。     

稻纵卷叶螟对性信息素和花香的嗅觉行为反应及在其种群监测中的应用

[目的]明确稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis生理状态对性信息素和花香气味的嗅觉行为反应的影响,以及在田间性信息素和花香气味诱蛾量的动态.[方法]于2020年在广西、湖南、浙江、四川5个试验点,通过田间网捕、花香气味和性信息素诱捕稻纵卷叶螟成虫,结合解剖卵巢和精巢,比较性信息素和花香诱捕的基本迁...     

Behavioural and electrophysiological responses of grape berry moth (Lep., Tortricidae) to selected plant extracts

Abstract:  Four non-host plant extracts from Bifora radians , Arctium lappa , Humulus lupulus and Xanthium strumarium , were tested against adult grape berry moths, Paralobesia viteana , for their potential as repellents or oviposition deterrents. Responses were compared with those elicited by the major component of the P. viteana sex pheromone. Moths of both sexes exhibited varying electroantennogram (EAG) responses from 1.7 to 2.4 mV to volatile odours from plant extracts, with the greatest response to extracts of H. lupulus (2.4 mV). A multi-arm olfactometer was used to assay the behavioural response of moths to the same treatments. Male moths responded significantly to H. lupulus extract, although their strongest response was to the sex pheromone (30.0%). Female moths showed no behavioural response to the sex pheromone, attracting only 6.7% of moths, but they were attracted to extracts of H. lupulus , X. strumarium and A. lappa , with 25.0%, 21.7% and 15.0% of the released insects responding to these treatments, respectively. Choice tests were conducted to compare oviposition by P. viteana on untreated grapes and on grapes treated with one of the extracts. Despite the attraction in the olfactometer assays, H. lupulus extract significantly reduced egg laying; only 12.5% of the total deposited eggs were laid on berries treated with this extract. The extract of B. radians provided complete protection against oviposition.