Important laboratory animal resources: selection criteria and funding mechanisms for their preservation

Members of the committee were Dorothea Bennett (Chairman), Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin (deceased); Linda C. Cork, Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Thomas J. Gill III, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Jon W. Gordon, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; Andrew G. Hendrickx, California Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California; Larry E. Mobraaten, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine; and John L. VandeBerg, Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas.     

中国猕猴的分类及分布

本文根据外部形态、头骨特征及地理分布,对猕猴（Macaca mulatta）在中国的亚种分类进行了重新整理。结果表明M.m.mulatta、M.m.breuvcaudus、M.m.lasiotis、M.m.littoralis和M.m.uestita均为有效亚种,M.m.tcheliensis可能也是一有效亚种。     

Gifts of Pride and Love: The Cultural Significance of Kiowa and Comanche Lattice Cradles

Gifts of Pride and Love: The Cultural Significance of Kiowa and Comanche Lattice Cradles. Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, Bristol, RI, 1998; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, OK, December 4, 1999-February 2000; Heard Museum, Phoenix, AZ, April 20-July 16, 2001; Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, August 27, 2000-January 16, 2001; National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, Gustav Heye Center, New York, NY, March-May 2001; Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, OK, June-September 2001; Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center, Ledyard, CT, October 2001-January 2002.
Gifts of Pride and Love: Kiowa and Comanche Cradles. Barbara A. Hail. ed. Bristol, RI: Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, 2000. 135 pp.     

利用培养特征和生理特性鉴别担子菌菌种的研究

担子菌菌种多是菌丝型的培养物,在长期保藏中如发生错误也较难辨别。本文报道了以培养特征和生理特性作为保藏的担子菌菌种的特征集要,并根据集要制定出鉴别他们的检索表。通过对48属、71种、142株菌种的实验结果,利用培养特征和生理特性鉴别保藏的担子菌菌种是可行的。     

中国古蚤属分类研究(蚤目,栉眼蚤科)

通过对我国现有古蚤属标本和有关资料进行全面整理和系统分类研究,认为目前我国已知古蚤属共有27种,它们隶属于4个种团,分别为钝刺古蚤种团obtuspina group(1种)、鼩鼱古蚤种团soricis group(2种)、偏远古蚤种团remota group(16种)和短额古蚤种团brevifrontata group(8种),其数量已近该属世界已知种的一半.文中分别对我国已知各种古蚤的鉴别特征、生物学和地理分布状况作了介绍,并编制了各种团、种及亚种检索表.根据它们的分布特征认为我国西南部横断山区可能是古蚤属的分布中心.文中对偏远古蚤种团目前存在的问题进行了讨论.     

Ecophysiological variabilities in ectohydrolytic enzyme activities of some Pseudoalteromonas species,P. citrea,P. issachenkonii,and P. nigrifaciens

The ecophysiological variabilities in the ectohydrolytic enzyme profiles of the three species of Pseudoalteromonas, P. citrea, P. issachenkonii, and P. nigrifaciens, have been investigated. Forty-one bacteria isolated from several invertebrates, macroalgae, sea grass, and the surrounding water exhibited different patterns of hydrolytic enzyme activities measured as the hydrolysis of either native biopolymers or fluorogenic substrates. The activities of the following enzymes were assayed: proteinase, tyrosinase, lipase, amylase, chitinase, agarase, fucoidan hydrolase, laminaranase, alginase, pustulanase, cellulase, beta-glucosidase, alpha- and beta-galactosidases, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-glucosaminidase, beta-xylosidase, and alpha-mannosidase. The occurrence and cell-specific activities of all enzymes varied over a broad range (from 0 to 44 micromol EU per hour) and depended not only on taxonomic affiliation of the strain, but also on the source/place of its isolation. This suggests 'specialization' of different species for different types of polymeric substrates as, for example, all strains of P. citrea and P. issachenkonii hydrolyzed alginate and laminaran, while strains of P. nigrifaciens were lacking the ability to hydrolyze most of the algal polysaccharides. The incidence of certain enzymes such as fucoidan hydrolases, alginate lyases, agarases, and alpha-galactosidases might be strain specific and reflect its particular ecological habitat.     

金粟兰属植物根的组织发育研究

观察金粟兰属7种、4变种植物不定根的组织发育,发现本属大多数植物不定根具有典型的单子叶植物不定根的组织特征,特别是在同一条根中初生木质部的脊数可以随根的发育而增加。双子叶植物和单子叶植物根的组织学系统发育不仅在本属大多数种内不定根的个体发育中得以重演,而且在属内种间得以重演。     

死胎的病因及终止妊娠的方式分析

目的：探讨死胎的病因及终止妊娠的方式。方法：收集我院住院分娩的死胎病例23 例,对孕妇一般资料、死胎发生原因、终 止妊娠方式进行统计分析。结果：①死胎发生孕妇中,年龄＞36 岁者最多,共8 例,占34.8%,孕周在28-36+6 周的孕妇数最多,共 10 例,占43.5%,初产妇17 例,占73.9%,有流产史孕妇9 例,占39.1%;②在所有病因中,脐带因素占比最大,共11 例,占47.8%, 其次为胎盘因素和母体因素,各5 例,各占21.7%,胎儿原因与不明原因各2 例,各占8.7%;③在对终止妊娠方式的选择上,施行 羊膜腔穿刺引产例数最多,共13 例,占56.5%,其次为剖宫产,共5 例,占21.7%,米索流产3 例,占13.0%,自娩患者2 例,占 8.7%。结论：脐带因素为造成死胎发生的主要原因,其次为胎盘因素及母体因素,应对孕妇进行全面的孕期检查及孕期健康教育, 以减少死胎的发生,并选择合适的终止妊娠方式以减轻孕妇痛苦。     

Recent ornithological publications

Aspinwall , D.R. & Beel , C. A Field Guide to Zambian Birds not Found in Southern Africa. Beaman , M. & MADGE, S. The Handbook of Bird Identification for Europe and the Western Palearctic. Beletsky , L. The Ecotraveller's Guide to Belize and Northern Guatemala. Bellairs , R. & Osmond , M. The Atlas of Chick Development. 323 + xii pages, 63 figures, 8 tables, 2 appendices. London: Academic Press, 1998. Bibby , C, Jones , M. & Marsden , S. Expedition Field Techniques: Bird Surveys. Byrkjedal , I. & Thompson , D.B.A. Tundra Plovers: the Eurasian, Pacific and American Golden Plovers and Grey Plover. Devort , M. (ed.) The Snipe: Elements of an Action Plan. Erritzoe , J. & Erritzoe , H.B. Pittas of the World. A Monograph on the Pitta Family. Feare , C. & Craig , A. Starlings and Mynas. Frith , C.B. & Beehler , B.M. The Birds of Paradise. Knobil , E. & Neill , J.D. (eds) Encyclopedia of Reproduction. Mc Cullough , D.R. (ed.) Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation. Meyburg , B.U., Chancellor , R.D. & Ferrero , J.J. (eds) Holarctic Birds of Prey: Proceedings of an International Conference. Mock , D.W. & Parker , G.A. The Evolution of Sibling Rivalry. Morris , P. & Hawkins , F. Birds of Madagascar: a Photographic Guide. Sinclair , I. & Langrand , O. Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands. Murrey , R.D., Holling , M., Dott , H.E.M. & Vandome , P. (eds) The Breeding Birds of South-east Scotland. A Tetrad Atlas 1988–1994. Oatley , T. & Arnott , G. Robins of Africa. Osborne , J. The Ruby-throated Hummingbird. DE LA Peña M.R. & Rumboll , R. Birds of Southern South America and Antarctica. Polhill , R. & Wiens , D. Mistletoes of Africa. Rothstein , S.I. & Robinson , S.K. (eds) Parasitic Birds and Their Hosts: Studies in Coevolution. Schmid , H., Luder , R., Naef -Daenzer , B., Graf , R. & Zbinden . N. Schweizer Brutvogelatlas: Verbreitung der Brutvögel in der Schweiz und im Fürstentum Liechtenstein 1993–1996. Atlas des Oiseaux Nicheurs de Suisse: Distribution des Oiseaux Nicheurs en Suisse et au Liechtenstein en 1993–1996. Strads , M. Latvian Countryside Birds. Tennekes , H. The Simple Science of Flight: from Insects to Jumbo Jets. Vaughan , R. Seabird City: a Guide to the Breeding Seabirds of the Flamborough Headlands. Woods , R.W. & Woods , A. Atlas of Breeding Birds of the Falkland Islands. Blokhin , YU.YU. & Mazin , L.N. (eds) Problems of Conservation of Poorly-studied Fauna of the North, Parts 1–2 (in Russian, with English summaries). Bocca , M. & Maffei , G. Gli Uccelli della Valle d'Aosta: Indagine Bibliografica e Dati Inediti. 307 pages, 75 color photos, few black-and-white illustrations and tables. Aosta: Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta, 1997 Girard , O. Echassiers, Canards et Limicoles de I'Ouest Africain. [Waterbirds of West Africa]. 136 pages, 22 colour plates, many illustrations, figures, maps. Le Château d'Olonne: Castel Editions, 1998 Ca. Low, R. Hancock House Encyclopedia of the Lories. 432 pages, 140 colour photographs. Surrey, BC: Stagg , A. & Hearl , G. A Birdwatching Guide to Cyprus. 85 pages, colour photographs, maps. Chelmsford: Arlequin, 1998 van Wetten , J.C.J. & Spierenburg , P. (eds) Waders and Waterfowl in the Floodplains of the Logone, Cameroun, January, 1993 . 76 pages, tables, maps. WIWO Report No. 67. Zeist: Working Group International Waterbird & Wetland Research,     

略论棕榈科与新分出的省藤科的系统分类、演化、区系地理及主要的经济用途

棕榈科原省藤亚科因其子房壁及外果皮被倒生、螺旋状排列的鳞片所覆盖,而区别于其他亚科,因而独立分出成一新科--省藤科。作者讨论了棕榈科的祖先种可能在石炭纪时,自原始裸子植物开以顿目在分化、衍生出苏铁目祖先种的进化干上,于白垩纪时分化出的一个分支。在棕榈科的祖先种出现不久后,在其进化的分支上,于白垩纪后期又分化出一旁支,成为棕榈科的姊妹科--省藤科的祖先种。从两祖先种分别再分化、衍生出现今分布地球上该二科的属与种。两科、尤其前者是被子植物、尤其是单子叶植物中最原始的类群之一。作者还提出棕榈科象牙椰亚科与贝叶棕亚科是该科最原始或较原始的两类群;槟榔亚科和腊材榈亚科是较进化的两类群;而水椰亚科祖先种可能源于象牙椰亚科的祖先种,但又演化为该科最进化与特化的类群。省藤科省藤亚科略比鳞果榈亚科原始。作者讨论了两科为泛热带分布的科,指出两科的"现代分布区"在南北两半球热带地区,少数种还延伸分布到两半球暖亚热带、甚至达中亚热带地区,分布区边缘最北达日本中部、中国长江流域及黄河下游的南部,美国加利佛尼亚州与佛罗里达州和地中海北部;最南达智利中部和新西兰南部;而"现代分布中心"在热带与暖亚热带的亚洲,中、南美洲,大洋洲及非洲的东、南、西部;但分布区的"密集中心"则在热带亚洲、热带中及南美洲、南太平洋群岛及非洲东南部。作者还介绍了近50年我国南方引种驯化成功的两科植物近400种(见^*图谱),其中少数为耐寒的种类,有的种已引种到长江流域或更北的地区。引种的大部分种都有其重要的经济用途,包括:1. 食用,如淀粉和树液可制"西米"或制糖,酿酒、醋或作饮料;果或种子榨油,供食用或工业用;某些种的嫩芽作蔬菜,甚至种子代咖啡饮用;2. 药用,有消炎、止血、活血、驱虫、抗癌等用;3. 建筑、工艺与日用品,包括不少种的树干供建普通房子、桥梁、小船;少数种可提制工业用蜡;许多种的纤维制高级缆绳和编织品;还制工艺品与日用品等;4. 代表热带景观的园林工程、绿化及美化环境的观赏树和人行道树及建造园林景观生态类型的树种等。     

Phylogenetic analysis of Adephaga (Coleoptera) based on characters of the larval head

Abstract. Characters of the head of adephagan larvae were examined and analysed phylogenetically. A labrum which is completely fused to the clypeofrons and the presence of a closed prepharyngeal tube are autapomorphies of Adephaga. Partial reduction of the fossa maxillaris, cardo and stipes forming a functional unit, the immobilization of the lacinia, attachment of M. craniolacinialis to the lateral stipital wall, and loss of one stipitopalpal muscle, are considered autapomorphies of Adephaga excluding Gyrinidae. Complete reduction of the fossa maxillaris and the presence of M. craniostipitalis medialis are possible autapomorphies of Adephaga excluding Gyrinidae and Haliplidae. The presence of caudal tentorial arms, insertion of the galea on the mesal side of palpomere I, and absence of the lacinia are considered synapomorphies of Trachypachidae and Dytiscoidea (Noteridae, Amphizoidae, Hygrobiidae, Dytiscidae). The presence of a slender, elongated process of the head capsule, which articulates with a corresponding socket of the cardo, is a possible autapomorphy of Dytiscoidea. The sinuate frontal sutures, distinctly protruding prementum, shortened M. craniostipitalis medialis, and absence of M. submentopraementalis are considered autapomorphies of Geadephaga excluding Trachypachidae. The presence of a regular row of hairs along the anterior hypopharyngeal margin is a possible autapomorphy of Geadephaga excluding Trachypachidae and Rhysodidae. Improvement of the hypopharyngeal filter apparatus suggests the monophyly of Anisochaeta. Presence of a penicillum and partial reduction of the lacinia are possible autapomorphies of Anisochaeta excluding Omophronini. Larvae of Cychrini, Carabini, Nebriini and Notiophilini are characterized by a strongly developed, cone-shaped hypodon. Postocular and cervical ridges, crosswise arrangement of antennal muscles, and a completely flattened hypopharynx are considered autapomorphies of Caraboidea Limbata.     

Effect of natural amino acids and sugars on cyclase activities in infusoria Tetrahymena pyriformis and Dileptus anser

Natural amino acids and sugars in intracellular eukaryotes are known to regulate adenylyl cyclase (AC) and guanylyl cyclase (GC) systems that control the most important cell processes. The goal of the present work consisted in study of effects of natural amino acids and sugars and some of their derivatives on AC and GC activities of infusoria Tetrahymena pyriformis and Dileptus anser. Methionine, arginine, lysine, and tryptamine stimulated basic AC activity of T. pyriformis, whereas alanine, thyrosine, and cysteine decreased it. Methionine, glycine, alanine, thyrosine, arginine, and to the lesser degree tryptamine and histidine stimulated AC of D. anser. The GC activity of T. pyriformis are increased in the presence of tryptamine, tryptophane, histidine, arginine, and lysine, whereas glycine and aspartic acid, on the contrary, decreased it. Tryptamine, tryptophan, leucine, glutamic acid, serine, histidine, and alanine stimulated the GC activity of D. anser. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose stimulated the basal AC activity of both infusorians and GC of T. pyriformis, with glucose and sucrose increasing AC of T. pyriformis twice, while that of D. anser 4.5 times. Lactose stimulated AC and GC of T. pyriformis and was inefficient with respect to the D. anser cyclases, whereas mannose and galactose did not affect the enzyme activities in both infusorians. The study of the chemotactic response of infusorians to amino acids and sugars indicates that involved in realization of this response can be signaling pathways both dependent on and independent of cyclic nucleotides. Thus, it has been established for the first time that several amino acids and sugars affect functional activity of enzymes with cyclase activity of the infusorians T. pyriformis and D. anser. This confirms the hypothesis that at early stages of evolution the large spectrum of comparatively simple natural molecules has a hormone-like action.     

中国两栖类生活史和生态学特征数据集

截至2021年底, 中国共记载591种两栖类(不包括外来入侵种), 是世界上两栖类物种数最多的国家之一。物种特征影响和决定了物种在环境中的生存能力, 在进化生物学、生态学和保护生物学研究中具有重要作用。目前, 中国两栖类在线数据库(https://www.amphibiachina.org)已经整理了我国两栖类的形态特征、生物学信息和地理分布等部分物种特征, 但仍缺乏一个完整的、可自由检索的数据集。通过系统查阅文献和数据检索, 本文收集整理了中国全部591种本土两栖类的22个特征数据, 包括物种发现时间(最早发现和描述新物种文章的发表时间)、模式产地、中国受威胁等级、全球受威胁等级、致危因子、是否中国特有种、是否岛屿特有种、雄性体长、雌性体长、窝卵数、卵径、产卵地点、幼体主要生境、成体微生境、活动模式、生殖周期、繁殖时间、是否有亲本照顾、受精方式、海拔范围、分布地区、分布省份数。除了物种发现时间、是否岛屿特有种、分布地区、分布省份数外, 其余特征数据都有不同程度的缺失, 数据完整度为27.92%-100%, 平均完整度为71.72%, 标准差为24%。本数据集是目前我国两栖类最新和最全的物种特征数据库, 希望可以为我国两栖类生态学、保护生物学、生物地理学等研究提供数据支持。     

中国独龙族与莽人的体质特征

在云南省贡山县独龙江乡调查了200例(男为97例,女为103例)独龙族人的体质,在金平县金水河镇调查了56例(男33例,女23例)莽人的体质,计算了体质指数,统计了指数分型情况。研究结果显示:1)独龙族、莽人体质特征接近,并与侗、拉祜、彝、德昂族较为一致。2)在蒙古人种南亚类型诸人群中,独龙族、莽人眼内角间宽值较大,而其他多数指标值偏小。3)独龙族男女均以高头型、狭头型、中胸型、中骨盆型率最高。男性还以中头型、狭面型、中鼻型、长躯干型、中腿型、宽肩型率最高。女性还以圆头型、阔面型、狭鼻型、中躯干型、亚短腿型、窄肩型率最高。4)莽人男女均以中头型(头长宽指数)、高头型、中鼻型、中腿型、中胸型、宽肩型、中骨盆型率最高。男性还以中头型(头宽高指数)、阔面型、长躯干型率最高。女性还以狭头型、中躯干型率最高。女性超阔面型率与阔面型率相等。5)独龙族与莽人蒙古褶率低,鼻根高度较低、鼻宽值多大于我国蒙古人种北亚类型诸人群。     

Toxigenic Aspergilli and Penicillia Isolated from Aged, Cured Meats

Eighty-nine cultures of Aspergillus and 54 cultures of Penicillium isolated from aged, cured meats were tested for toxicity to chicken embryos. Two of 22 isolates of A. ruber, 5 of 28 A. repens, 2 of 12 A. sydowi, 1 of 12 A. restrictus, 2 of 7 A. amstelodami, 1 of 2 A. chevalieri, and an A. fumigatus isolate exhibited toxicity. Similarly, 2 of 15 isolates of P. expansum, 1 of 3 P. notatum, 1 of 2 P. brevi-compactum, and 1 of 8 Penicillium spp. were found to be the most toxic. Among these fungi, the chloroform extract from the growth of an A. sydowi isolate showed the greatest toxicity. There was no direct or indirect evidence that aged, cured meats contain toxic metabolites.