贵州剑河寒武系凯里组褶颊虫类三叶虫Xingrenaspis xingrenensis的蜕壳行为*

贵州东部寒武系苗岭统乌溜阶凯里组中上部保存了大量褶颊虫类三叶虫Xingrenaspis xingrenensis蜕壳标本,为揭示这类三叶虫的蜕壳行为提供了良好的材料。对比分析X.xingrenensis 106块蜕壳标本后分为如下3种保存类型:类型Ⅰ(63块),轴背构造(头盖、胸甲及尾板连接保存),未见活动颊及头甲的腹部结构;类型Ⅱ(2块),胸尾保持连接状态,头甲自头胸结合处断开后向后翻转180°,活动颊及头部腹面结构缺失或压于胸甲之下;类型Ⅲ(41块),头盖及胸尾连接保存,活动颊脱开在虫体周围或压于胸甲之下。从这3种保存类型中发现X.xingrenensis蜕壳方式不仅有通过头部缝合线打开产生的前蜕壳口来进行,也存在由头胸结合处的断口来完成蜕壳行为。从埋藏学方面来看,因蜕壳而形成的独特外壳组合的保存必须在静水沉积环境中,大量X.xingrenensis蜕壳标本的发现为凯里生物群为原地(近原地)埋藏提供了关键的证据。     

贵州八郎寒武系“清虚洞组”三叶虫Nangaops danzhaiensis Zhou in Lu et al., 1974的蜕壳研究

产于贵州剑河县八郎松山剖面“清虚洞组”的褶颊虫类三叶虫丹寨南皋盾甲虫Nangaops danzhaiensis (Zhou in Lu et al., 1974)化石标本共36块, 通过对化石的详细观察将其保存状态分为3种: 32块为完整保存的状态, 身体各部分没有发生移位; 3块标本头部均没有活动颊保存; 1块标本头部没有活动颊保存, 第4–11节的胸节左右位置出现活动颊, 与胸节重叠, 于背甲之下。活动颊的颊刺朝向头盖方向, 明显经过180°的翻转。根据化石保存状态判断后4块为蜕壳标本, 推测蜕壳过程如下: 面线开裂, 海水进入体内, 活动颊和腹边缘板向下翻转, 新虫体爬出, 留下老壳。三叶虫蜕壳是原地埋藏的证明, 本文描述的Nangaops danzhaiensis 的蜕壳现象, 为剑河生物群是原地埋藏为主提供了新证据。     

辽东寒武纪三叶虫Redlichia (Pteroredlichia) murakamii Resser et Endo的蜕壳

华北辽东本溪寒武纪三叶虫Redlichia(Pteroredlichia)murakamii蜕壳标本完好地保存了头盖向下翻转的蜕壳状态,为寒武纪Redlichia的蜕壳模式提供了新的视角。此标本自由颊未保留,胸尾相连,头盖与胸部分离,头盖向下翻转,基本保持原位,为原地埋藏的蜕壳标本。蜕壳过程如下:面线裂开,头盖耸起卷曲并翻转,与胸部分离,胸部扭动,虫体摆脱老壳向前爬出。此蜕壳方式在McNamara(1986)报道的澳大利亚寒武纪Redlichia的蜕壳类型中并未出现。     

广西泥盆纪三叶虫Plagiolaria nandanensis Chang的腹边缘

描述Plagiolaria nandanensis Chang的头、胸肋和尾的腹边缘,指出它的颊角腹边缘与Phacops guang-xiensis Chang近似,头前腹边缘宽,并靠后。胸肋腹边缘保存较好,肋腹边缘上的潘杰尔脊形态变化不大,但前后则有微小差异。尾腹边缘分两部分,在近外侧有一较明显的凹槽,这是当三叶虫卷曲时与头腹边缘结合的相适应的构造。没有发现卷曲标本,在南丹,90%以上几乎全是蜕壳标本,头与胸尾部分离。但是从腹边缘构造看,比Plagiolaria具更完善的卷曲能力,像其他的phacopids一样,头与尾的结合相当完善,胸肋末端在卷曲时插入头颊角腹边缘的锯齿形沟中,各肋端以其腹边缘上的潘杰尔脊挡住后一肋端的前缘。     

Leonaspis guangxiensis Zhou in Zhou and Liu,1977的蜕壳埋葬学研究

在广西南丹罗富的塘丁组上部,Ductina(Illaenula)vietnamica Maxi mova层之下采到一块Leonaspis guangxiensis Zhou in Zhou and Liu,1977较完好的蜕壳后的原地埋葬标本,标本上反映了它的面线起机能作用,在蜕壳时裂开,在蜕壳过程中,头盖、活动颊、胸节2、3节的裂开并错动,尾部掀开并被推移到左侧。     

贵州八郎寒武系清虚洞组三叶虫Protoryctoce phalus arcticus的蜕壳研究

研究标本均为Protoryctoce phalusarcticus Geyer and Peel,2011的蜕壳标本,保存于贵州剑河八郎村寒武纪第2世的清虚洞组中,头部、胸部、尾部都得以保存,且胸部与尾部未分离。该类三叶虫可能经历了3个时期的蜕壳过程:1)头部进行上下弯曲,水阻力造成两侧活动颊受到的压力明显大于头盖,这种压力可能导致面线出现裂缝,之后海水通过裂缝进入头部,新头部活动范围增大,并利用水压力降低旧头盖与新头盖的连接程度;2)虫体携带着旧胸尾及其他相连接的部分向前爬行,并在短距离内将旧头盖与虫体分开;3)虫体通过不同的爬行方式摆脱旧壳。本文还重点讨论三叶虫蜕壳过程中首断裂缝的产生、胸尾是否分离的原因、头部运动方向对旧壳保存的影响、以及水动力和水压力在蜕壳过程中的作用。该研究补充oryctocephalids三叶虫的蜕壳研究,为三叶虫的系统演化、个体发育的再研究提供一定的支撑。     

无褶啮小蜂属一新种记述(膜翅目:姬小蜂科:啮小蜂亚科)(英语)

本文记述了无褶啮小峰属Aprostocetus一新种,采自江西农业大学校园内.该蜂寄居于构骨(别名:构骨冬青、猫儿刺等)Ilex cornuta Linnaeus枝上一种瘿蚊(学名待定)所造的虫瘿中.新种属Aprostocetus亚属中的lycidas群,与Aprostocetus(A.)boreus(Delucchi)极相似,但腹部比后者长得多,约为头、胸部长之和的1.4倍;并胸腹节之中部比后胸盾稍短.沿中胸盾侧沟之内侧具毛5根.模式标本保存于江西农大植保系标本室内.     

东方鱼虱的生活史

1.从非洲鲫鱼的鱼体上和对成熟卵囊的短期培养,获得了东方鱼虱的幼虫和成虫的各期标本,共发现无节幼体二期,桡足幼体一期,附着幼体五期,以后即为成虫期。 2.第一无节幼体有三对附肢和一对尾叉,三对附肢除第一对为单肢型外,其余均为双肢型。后期无节幼体身体增长,体内已孕育着下一期幼体的分节和一些附肢。 3.桡足幼体这期出现了变态,身体分节,可分头胸、胸、腹三部分,呈剑水蚤型。头胸部有下列几对附肢:第一触角、第二触角、大颚、第一小颚、第二小颚、第一颚足、第二颚足和第一对游泳足。胸部有三个自由胸节,前二节各着生一对附肢,即第二、三对游泳足。第一、二对游泳足为双肢型,第三对游泳足为一突起具1长1短二根刚毛。额丝盘曲在头胸部腹面前部。腹部一节,尾叉一对,尾刚毛5根。 4.附着幼体期,是虫体放出额丝营吸附生活的时期。头胸甲逐渐扩大,胸部的第一自由胸节,逐渐与头胸甲愈合,第二自由胸节逐渐缩小,第三自由胸节逐渐膨大成为生殖节。第四期附着幼体,即出现了雌雄性的区别。雄性的生殖器官要比雌性的成熟得早,第五期 附着幼体,雄性已成熟,而雌性尚未完全成熟,交配是在第五期附着幼体蜕皮后,这时的雌雄性,均可营寄生生活或作短期自由游泳。雌雄两性的主要区别,在第二触角、第二小颚、第二颚足、生     

高罗王冠虫（Coronocephalus gaoluoensis Wu, 1979）的再研究

标本采自湖南省永顺县万民乡志留系下部Llandovery统Telychian阶秀山组上部,几乎全部为Coronocephalus gaoluoensis Wu,其中有20多块头、胸、尾相连的完整标本。研究发现,Coronocephalus gaoluoensis Wu具有十分特殊的头部构造,其面线前支横切头鞍前叶中前部...     

云南扁蚜科二新种记述(同翅目:蚜总科)

本种头部有1对尖锐的头角,尾片及尾板末端圆,与 Ceratoglyhina bambusae van derGoot近似,但触角3节,Ⅰ—Ⅲ长度比例:26,23,100 10(bambusae,4或5节);喙长几乎达到中足基节(后者,前足);胸部及腹部各节无成列的缘蜡片。 数据:毛数:头角各2—3,头背6;前胸14,腹部节Ⅰ—Ⅶ 12—16,有时18,Ⅷ 12:     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.