基于土地利用格局变化的北京市生境质量时空演变研究

城市生境质量对生物多样性保护有至关重要的作用,以北京市为例分析2000—2015年北京市不同土地利用类型的空间分布特征和不同区域之间的差异,并借助In VEST-Habitat Quality模型评估了北京市4个时期(2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年)、4个区域(首都功能核心区、城市发展新区、城市功能拓展区、生态涵养发展区)的生境退化程度和生境质量变化情况。结果表明:(1)从2000年到2015年,建设用地增加了近40%,耕地、湿地是其快速扩张的主要来源,城市发展新区的建设用地增加了60%;(2)主要的生态用地(林地、草地、湿地)所占比例总体增加了5.71%,但是总体景观结构异质性减弱,斑块破碎化程度加大;(3)生境质量总体下降了2%,表现出明显的区域差异,首都功能核心区和生态涵养发展区的生境质量总值逐渐升高;生境退化度逐渐增加,最严重的区域在城市功能拓展区以及平原-山区交界地带。对区域生态服务价值评估的有益探索,为今后进一步城市景观格局的构建和优化提供依据和参考。     

Male reproductive polymorphism and form-specific habitat utilization of the damselflyMnais pruinosa (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae)

Habitat utilization patterns were studied in damselfly males,Mnais pruinosa, which have two male forms with different reproductive behaviors. The ‘esakii’ (orange-winged males) were territorial around oviposition sites, while the ‘strigata’ (hyaline-winged males) were non-territorial, often sneaking into theesakii's territory or loitering on the foliage of vegetation along stream banks. The place in the stream in the study area where females frequently appeared was covered by reeds and had abundant oviposition sites. It was difficult for the territorialesakii to stay there because the crowded reeds prevented them from defending their territory and discovering the females. Furthermore, there was competition for the limited territorial space with another species,Mnais nawai. Strigata males concentrated in this place in direct proportion to the number of females. Females frequently mated withstrigata males and probably deposited eggs fertilized bystrigata sperm rather thanesakii sperm. The density ofstrigata was higher than that ofesakii in this study area. If the average reproductive success ofesakii andstrigata males is equal, this may indicate that the equilibrious point between the two male forms is biased towardstrigata.     

Behavioral ecology of disturbed landscapes: the response of territorial animals to relocation

Intraspecific territorial interactions are common for a largevariety of wildlife species. This often results in high-qualityhabitat being occupied by dominant individuals, with subordinatesrelegated to lower quality habitat. The role that these territorialinteractions play in influencing the redistribution of animalsthat have been evicted from their native home ranges remainsunclear. My goals were to determine (1) how the density of conspecificsin the new habitats impacts resettlement patterns and (2) towhat extent prior dominance status is maintained when an animalis forced to relocate. I relocated white-footed mice (Peromyscusleucopus) from high-quality, oak-dominated hardwood and lowerquality, white pine forests to novel sites and released themalong the ecotone of these two habitat types. I relocated micefirst in the presence and then in the absence of a natural densityof resident mice. Habitat selection and resource acquisitionof relocated mice were assessed via mark-recapture livetrappingand passive integrated transponder tagging. Relocated mice selectedhigh-quality habitat significantly more often when residentmice were absent, illustrating the importance of territorialinteractions for determining resettlement patterns of relocatedindividuals. Data on resource acquisition also reflected thecompetitive influence of resident mice—relocated micewere significantly more successful accessing food resourcesin the treatment without residents. The habitat of origin didnot significantly impact habitat selection or resource acquisition,indicating that all relocated individuals were at a disadvantagecompared to residents.     

Use of farmland by Ortolan Buntings (Emberiza hortulana) nesting on a burned forest area

Summary Most passerines have all-purpose territories in which both breeding and feeding take place. However, Ortolan Buntings (Emberiza hortulana) in Norway seem to depend on foraging areas outside nesting territories. We used radio transmitters to study patterns of farmland use by Ortolan Buntings nesting on a burned forest area. Territories on the forest burn were located closer to farmland than expected by chance. Males were absent from territories on average 27 % of the time and used foraging areas up to 2.7 km away from their territories. Males had to fly over an average of 1.4 territories of other males to reach those foraging areas. The distance between territory and closest area of farmland (range 40–460 m) did not affect the proportion of time absent from territories, or other measures of farmland use. However, there was a trend that duration of absences increased with territory-farmland distance among mated males, and duration of absences were shorter during the nestling period than before. Thus, it seems that minimizing travel costs may be a behavioural strategy. Even so, males with territories close to farmland were not more often paired than males further away from farmland. These findings indicate that the spatial distribution of one habitat (farmland) affects territory establishment and foraging behaviour of Ortolan Buntings nesting in another habitat (a forest burn).

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Nutzung von Ackerland durch Ortolane (Emberiza hortulana) einer benachbarten Brandfl?che

Zusammenfassung Bei den meisten Singv?geln ist das Revier sowohl Brut- als auch Nahrungsraum. Bei Ortolanen (Emberiza hortulana) in Norwegen, die auf Brandflachen brüten, scheint dies aber anders zu sein. Radiotelemetrische Untersuchen zeigten, dass sie von Nahrungsgründen au?erhalb der Brutterritorien abh?ngig sind. Die Nester auf den Brandflachen h?uften sich am Rand zum benachbarten Ackerland. M?nnchen waren durchschnittlich 27 % der Zeit vom Brutrevier abwesend und gingen his zu 2,7 km vom Brutplatz entfernt auf Nahrungssuche, wozu sie durchschnittlich 1,4 Reviere anderer M?nnchen überfliegen mussten. Der Abstand zwischen Brutrevier und n?chstem Nahrungsplatz (zwischen 40 und 460 m) hatte keinen Einfluss auf den Zeitanteil au?erhalb des Brutreviers. Die Dauer der Abwesenheit stieg jedoch bei verpaarten M?nnchen mit der Entfernung zwischen Brutrevier und Ackerland und sie war kürzer w?hrend der Nestlingsphase. Dies wird als Verhaltensstrategie zur Minimierung der Flugkosten interpretiert. M?nnchen mit Revieren n?her am Ackerland waren nicht h?ufiger verpaart als mehr entfernte Revierinhaber. Diese Untersuchungen zeigen, dass beim Ortolan die r?umliche Verteilung eines Habitats (hier Ackerland) einen Einfluss auf die Etablierung von Brutrevieren und das Nahrungssuchverhalten in einem anderen Lebensraum (hier Brandfl?chen) hat.

     

景观性格评价在国土空间规划和管控中的应用

自然特征、景观格局、自然与人文资源和现有开发导向等因素,共同决定了景观空间内部不同的本底特征,即景观性格。通过对多类型资源的叠加,生成对区域空间景观性格的综合评价结果,一方面可以作为国土空间用途管制所涉及问题的评价依据,另一方面可以具体指导国土空间风貌控制问题,从而弥补现有国土空间规划编制过程对景观资源禀赋及本底特色的忽视。对现有景观性格评价方法进行了梳理,基于此构建景观性格评价在国土空间规划中应用的过程步骤,并以黑龙江省伊春市为例进行景观性格评价实践,形成景观性格分区、景观性格分级及景观性格描述等成果,指导伊春市国土空间规划风貌控制、功能区划分及发展定位。景观性格评价有利于发掘利用空间自身优势,与现有国土空间规划评估体系形成互补,共同指导规划的编制过程。     

Multiple Methods in the Study of Driving Forces of Land Use and Land Cover Change: A Case Study of SE Kajiado District,Kenya

This landscape-scale study combines analysis of multitemporal satellite imagery spanning 30 years and information from field studies extending over 25 years to assess the extent and causes of land use and land cover change in the Loitokitok area, southeast Kajiado District, Kenya. Rain fed and irrigated agriculture, livestock herding, and wildlife and tourism have all experienced rapid change in their structure, extent, and interactions over the past 30 years in response to a variety of economic, cultural, political, institutional, and demographic processes. Land use patterns and processes are explored through a complementary application of interpretation of satellite imagery and case study analysis that explicitly addresses the local–national spatial scale over a time frame appropriate to the identification of fundamental causal processes. The results illustrate that this combination provides an effective basis for describing and explaining patterns of land use and land cover change and their root causes.     

基于INVEST模型的洞庭湖区土地利用景观格局对生境质量的影响研究

生境质量是区域生物多样性维持能力的重要表征,土地利用变化是引起景观格局和生境质量变化的主要原因,揭示土地利用及景观格局变化下生境质量的时空演变规律能为生物多样性保护提供参考依据.以洞庭湖区为研究对象,基于1995、2000、2005、2010、2015、2018年6期遥感解译数据,采用土地利用转移矩阵、景观格局指数及I...     

稳定与变革：德国景观规划在空间规划中的基础作用及社会变化下的挑战

中国的国土空间规划体系正在经历变革,规划编制和管控技术需要风景园林的视角。针对空间规划和风景园林的衔接问题,通过总结相关文献和报告,介绍德国景观规划的发展经验。德国作为实行空间规划体系的国家其景观规划对自然保护和景观多种功能的平衡做出了重要贡献。研究梳理德国景观规划的目标、层级、基础作用、模块设置以及对社会发展需求的灵敏反应。德国景观规划对中国风景园林衔接新的空间规划体系具有借鉴意义,特别是模块式的任务构建,在各尺度层级保持连贯的目标体系,以及系统地革新理论框架。     

浙江天童国家森林公园景观的遥感分类与制图

利用Landsat-TM多时相数据,采用非监督分类方法,对浙江省天童国家森林公园的景观进行分类。并利用野外实地调查的数据进行检验和校正。结果表明,天童国家森林公园范围内的景观可分为常绿阔叶林、成熟常绿阔叶林、次生常绿-落叶阔叶林、山脊常绿-落叶阔叶林、谷地常绿-落叶阔叶林、林缘灌丛、次生灌丛、针叶林(杉木)、竹林、生长作物的农田／菜园地、旱地、裸土、居住区、水体14个类型,这14个景观类型,根据植物群落学分类的群落复合体(cammunity complex)和群落复合体的地-综合群落学(Geo-synsociology)的方法,归并为山坡常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、人工林(针叶林、竹林)、农田、水体、居住区6个景观单元。在景观分类和合并的基础上,对天童国家森林公园的景观进行了制图。     

南方红壤水土流失区土地利用动态变化——以长汀河田盆地区为例

福建省长汀县曾是我国南方红壤地区水土流失最严重的县份之一,经过20多年的艰辛努力,长汀已成为中国水土流失治理的典范.采用遥感技术和景观格局分析技术,基于1988、1998、2004、2009和2011年的遥感影像,对长汀县水土流失最为严重的河田盆地区进行土地利用动态变化检测与景观格局变化分析.结果表明,研究区在这23a间的土地利用发生了很大变化,其中最主要的特征就是以针叶林为主的林地面积的快速增长和地表裸土面积的大幅下降.景观分析表明,水土流失治理新增的小块林地正逐渐形成连片分布,而裸土面积在大幅减少的同时,其斑块也趋于破碎.总的看来,这23a间的水土流失治理已使得研究区的生态明显趋于好转.