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1.
微生物消毒剂抗性机理   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在物体表面和传播介质中,消毒剂能有效抑制或杀死微生物,广泛用于食品、卫生、健康、防疫等领域.在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间,全球消毒剂的使用量激增,对有效防控病毒传播和防止疫情扩散起到重要作用.但消毒剂的不正确使用会降低其有效性,甚至会诱导微生物产生抗性,从而增加传染性疾病的传播风险.微生物的消毒剂抗性...  相似文献   

2.
在物体表面和传播介质中,消毒剂能有效抑制或杀死微生物,广泛用于食品、卫生、健康、防疫等领域。在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间,全球消毒剂的使用量激增,对有效防控病毒传播和防止疫情扩散起到重要作用。但消毒剂的不正确使用会降低其有效性,甚至会诱导微生物产生抗性,从而增加传染性疾病的传播风险。微生物的消毒剂抗性基因还会通过繁殖传代增殖或在不同种属间水平转移而加剧其污染和传播风险,严重威胁到公共卫生安全。目前,抗生素抗性基因(ARG)的广泛出现引起了全球对公共卫生的关注,但对消毒剂的抗性认识非常有限。本文综述了近年来微生物对消毒剂抗性的研究,着重就微生物通过形成生物膜、降低细胞膜通透性、过量表达外排泵、产生消除或减弱消毒剂的特异性酶、改变作用靶点等方式产生抗性的机理进行综述。另外针对微生物消毒剂抗性的获得和传播,对染色体和质粒介导的抗性基因、环境中微生物消毒剂抗性与抗生素抗性的关联进行了论述。消毒剂抗性基因能通过质粒、噬菌体等可移动遗传元件,以转化、转导或接合的方式转移传播,对科学消毒提出新要求。  相似文献   

3.
王秀娟  谷宇锋  王文惠  李洁  郝海红 《微生物学报》1963,(收录汇总):2967-2979
消毒剂是一种可杀灭物体表面、器材设备、皮肤、空气和水源等传播媒介上携带的病原微生物的有机分子。它在体外能杀灭病原微生物,切断其传播途径,进而达到控制污染的目的,在生命安全防控中起着重要的作用。但是不合理地使用消毒剂导致细菌对消毒剂产生耐药。消毒剂耐药基因在不同种属间的水平转移加剧其传播风险,使消毒剂耐药情况进一步恶化。更令人担忧的是,细菌对消毒剂的耐药可能会导致对抗生素产生共耐药,给公共安全带来巨大的威胁。但目前为止,对消毒剂耐药以及共耐药的认识还不够全面。本文总结了关于细菌对消毒剂耐药的研究报道,对消毒剂的作用机制、细菌对消毒剂的耐药机制进行了论述,另外针对消毒剂耐药基因的传播以及细菌对消毒剂和抗生素的共耐药进行了综述,为减少消毒剂耐药性的产生和制定合理的消毒剂使用规范奠定基础。  相似文献   

4.
消毒剂是一种可杀灭物体表面、器材设备、皮肤、空气和水源等传播媒介上携带的病原微生物的有机分子。它在体外能杀灭病原微生物,切断其传播途径,进而达到控制污染的目的,在生命安全防控中起着重要的作用。但是不合理地使用消毒剂导致细菌对消毒剂产生耐药。消毒剂耐药基因在不同种属间的水平转移加剧其传播风险,使消毒剂耐药情况进一步恶化。更令人担忧的是,细菌对消毒剂的耐药可能会导致对抗生素产生共耐药,给公共安全带来巨大的威胁。但目前为止,对消毒剂耐药以及共耐药的认识还不够全面。本文总结了关于细菌对消毒剂耐药的研究报道,对消毒剂的作用机制、细菌对消毒剂的耐药机制进行了论述,另外针对消毒剂耐药基因的传播以及细菌对消毒剂和抗生素的共耐药进行了综述,为减少消毒剂耐药性的产生和制定合理的消毒剂使用规范奠定基础。  相似文献   

5.
薛京昌  徐晓怡  王小萍 《生物磁学》2013,(35):6852-6855
目的:研究多药耐药大肠杆菌对不同消毒剂的抗力水平,为临床上合理选择消毒剂提供依据。方法:采用营养肉汤稀释法及悬液定量杀菌实验分别测定临床分离出的具有多重耐药性的大肠杆菌对临床常用消毒剂的最低抑茵浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)及不同作用时间消毒剂对菌株的杀灭率,并与大肠杆菌标准株的测定结果进行比较。结果:不同消毒剂对多药耐药大肠杆菌的MIC值不同,洁芙柔消毒凝胶的MIC值为2.8±1.9,绿莎新爱尔施牌消毒片的MIC值为2583.4±1107.2,爱护佳免洗手消毒液的MIC值为144.63:86.9,安尔碘II型皮肤消毒剂的MIC值为16.1±7.7。4种常用消毒剂对多要耐药大肠杆菌的MIC值均高于标准菌,绿莎新爱尔施牌消毒片及爱护佳免洗手消毒液的MIC值与标准大肠杆菌较为接近。另外,4种常用消毒剂在常用浓度下对标准大肠杆菌和多药耐药大肠杆菌作用5min的杀灭率均能打到100%,标准大肠杆菌的被杀灭率略高于多药耐药大肠杆菌。结论:多药耐药菌株对消毒剂的抗性日益受到关注,使用时调整浓度、加强消毒剂科学管理对控制医院感染具有重要意义。  相似文献   

6.
创面MRSA对消毒剂产生抗性和MRSA易形成生物膜影响了创面消毒效果。本文就近年来的相关研究进展及临床策略进行了综述。  相似文献   

7.
摘要:目的 了解临床分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)耐消毒剂基因携带状况及其对消毒剂抗性水平。方法 采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)法和体外抗菌试验方法进行实验室检测。结果 10株临床分离的MRSA中,检出4株携带qacA/B基因,检出率为40.0%。含氯消毒剂对4株qacA/B基因阳性MRSA的MIC值均高于标准菌株。戊二醛消毒剂对2株MRSA基因阳性MRSA的MIC值和1株MRSA基因阳性MRSA的MBC值高于标准菌株,其他均与标准株相同。结论 临床分离的MRSA qacA/B基因阳性率较高,携带qacA/B基因阳性的MRSA对含氯消毒剂有产生抗性的趋势。  相似文献   

8.
沙门氏菌抗生素抗性机理研究进展   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
沙门氏菌的多重耐药性问题已经成为世界范围内的公共卫生和经济问题.目前沙门氏菌抗生素抗性机理的研究主要集中以下方面:(1)基因突变与抗生素抗性;(2)外排泵与抗生素抗性:(3)耐药基因编码的钝化酶和灭活酶引起的抗生素抗性;(4)可移动的细菌遗传耐药基因元件及其转移与抗生素抗性.本文基于以上几个方面综述了与沙门氏菌抗生素抗性机理研究相关的研究动态和研究进展.  相似文献   

9.
苏宏华  宋彬  李丽  陆永威  杨益众 《昆虫知识》2012,49(6):1659-1663
甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)是世界性农业害虫,近年来在我国由次要害虫上升为主要害虫。甜菜夜蛾对很多种化学杀虫剂和生物杀虫剂产生了抗性。本文分别阐述了甜菜夜蛾对常用杀虫剂如有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类、生长调节类杀虫剂、Bt杀虫剂等的抗性发展现状,并且对抗药性机理进行了总结,提出了抗性治理措施。  相似文献   

10.
细胞壁的屏障作用是微生物降低对消毒剂敏感性的普遍机制。消毒剂对细胞膜的作用导致膜的通透性增加,胞内物质泄漏,呼吸链被破坏等。一些消毒剂能直接改变、破坏蛋白质和核酸的结构和功能,但核酸和蛋白质的合成过程可能比结构本身对消毒剂更加敏感。流式细胞仪、单细胞凝胶电泳等新技术的应用将使人们能够更深刻地了解消毒剂的作用机理。  相似文献   

11.
A new, quick method, using the resazurin dye test as a bacterial respiration indicator, has been developed to assay the antibacterial activity of various substances used as disinfectants against bacterial biofilm growth on clinical devices. Resazurin was used to measure the presence of active biofilm bacteria, after adding disinfectant, in relation to a standard curve generated from inocula in suspension of the same organism used to grow the biofilm. The biofilm was quantified indirectly by measuring the fluorescent, water-soluble resorufin product produced when resazurin is reduced by reactions associated with respiration. Four products used as disinfectants and the biofilm growth of five bacterial species on carriers made of materials commonly found in clinical devices were studied. Under test conditions, chlorhexidine, NaOCl, ethanol, and Perasafe at concentrations of 0.2, 0.01, 350, and 0.16 mg/ml, respectively, all produced 5-log reductions in biofilm cell numbers on the three different carriers. The redox-driven test depends on bacterial catabolism, for which reason resazurin reduction produces an analytic signal of the bacterial activity in whole cells, and therefore could be used for determining disinfectant efficacy in an assay based on the metabolic activity of microorganisms grown as biofilm or in suspension.  相似文献   

12.
细菌的消毒剂耐药性   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
细菌的消毒剂耐药性指细菌与消毒剂多次接触后,使该类消毒剂的最小抑菌浓度或最小杀菌浓度升高的现象。细菌的消毒剂耐药性普遍存在,多种细菌可对一种消毒剂耐药,一种细菌可对多种消毒剂耐药。消毒剂选择件压力是耐药性产生的外在原因,产生的机制包括生化结构、遗传学途径和酶学途径。消毒剂耐药与抗生素耐药之间存在一定的关系。应加强研究,制定统一标准,加强监测,并制定合理应用消毒荆规范,以减少消毒剂耐药性的发生。  相似文献   

13.
Novel reversed isoniazid (RINH) agents were synthesized by covalently linking isoniazid with various efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) cores and their structural motifs. These RINH agents were then evaluated for anti-mycobacterial activity against sensitive, isoniazid mono-resistant and MDR clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis and a selected number of compounds were also tested ex vivo for intracellular activity as well as in the ethidium bromide (EB) assay for efflux pump inhibition efficacy. The potency of some compounds against various strains of M. tuberculosis (4ac, 7 and 8; H37Rv-MIC99 ≤1.25?µM, R5401-MIC99 ≤2.5?µM, X_61-MIC99 ≤5?µM) demonstrated the potential of the reversed anti-TB agent strategy towards the development of novel anti-mycobacterial agents to address the rapidly growing issue of resistance. Further, macrophage activity with >90% inhibition by 1ac and 3b (MIC90 ≤13.42?µM) and inhibition of EB efflux demonstrated by these compounds are encouraging.  相似文献   

14.
    
A library of novel l-propargylglycine-based compounds were designed and synthesized with the goal of inhibiting the growth of Gram-negative bacteria by targeting LpxC, a highly conserved Gram-negative enzyme which performs an essential step in the lipid A biosynthetic pathway. These compounds were designed with and without a nucleoside and had varying tail structures, which modulate their lipophilicity. The synthetic scheme was improved compared to previous methods: a methyl ester intermediate was converted to a hydroxamic acid, which obviated the need for a THP protecting group and improved the yields and purity of the final compounds. Antimicrobial activity was observed for non-nucleoside compounds containing a phenyl propargyl ether tail (5) or a biphenyl tail (6). An MIC of 16 µg/mL was achieved for 6 in Escherichia coli, but inhibition was only possible in the absence of TolC-mediated efflux. Compound 5 had an initial MIC >160 µg/mL in E. coli. Enhancing outer membrane permeability or eliminating efflux reduced the MIC modestly to 100 µg/mL and 80 µg/mL, respectively. These results highlight the importance of hydrophobicity of this class of compounds in developing LpxC inhibitors, as well as the design challenge of avoiding multidrug efflux activity.  相似文献   

15.
    
The widespread use of antibiotics created selective pressure for the emergence of strains that would persist despite antibiotic toxicity. The bacterial resistance mechanisms are several, with efflux pumps being one of the main ones. These pumps are membrane proteins with the function of removing antibiotics from the cell cytoplasm. Due to this importance, the aim of this work was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of tannic acid against efflux pumps expressed by the Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 and IS-58 strains. The efflux pump inhibition was assayed using a sub-inhibitory concentration of efflux pump standard inhibitors and tannic acid (MIC/8), observing their capacity to decrease the MIC of Ethidium bromide (EtBr) and antibiotics due the possible inhibitory effect of these substances. The MICs of EtBr and antibiotics were significantly different in the presence of tannic acid, indicating the inhibitory effect of this product against efflux pumps of both strains. These results indicate the possible usage of tannic acid as an inhibitor and an adjuvant in the antibiotic therapy against multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR).  相似文献   

16.
The contribution of target gene mutations and active efflux to varying levels of quinolone resistance in Irish Campylobacter isolates was studied. The Thr-86-Ile modification of GyrA did not correlate with the level of quinolone resistance. The efflux pump inhibitor Phe-Arg-beta-Naphthylamide (PAbetaN) had no effect on the MICs to ciprofloxacin. In contrast, a PAbetaN sensitive efflux system contributed to the low-level nalixidic acid resistance phenotype. The lack of effect of PAbetaN in high-level resistant nalidixic isolates may be attributable to mutations identified in the CmeB efflux pump of these isolates. PAbetaN may have limited diagnostic value in the assessment of the contribution of efflux pump activity to ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter.  相似文献   

17.
    
The mycalamides belong to a family of protein synthesis inhibitors noted for antifungal, antitumour, antiviral, immunosuppressive, and nematocidal activities. Here we report a systematic analysis of the role of drug efflux pumps in mycalamide resistance and the first isolation of mycalamide E. In human cell lines, neither P-glycoprotein overexpression nor the use of efflux pump inhibitors significantly modulated mycalamide A toxicity in the systems tested. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it appears that mycalamide A is subject to efflux by the principle mediator of xenobiotic efflux, Pdr5p along with the major facilitator superfamily pump Tpo1p. Mycalamide E showed a similar efflux profile. These results suggest that future drugs based on the mycalamides are likely to be valuable in situations where efflux pump-based resistance leads to failure of other chemotherapeutic approaches, although efflux may be a mediator of resistance in antifungal applications.  相似文献   

18.
    
OprM and OprN belong to the outer membrane factor family proteins. These ∼52 kDa proteins are part of the tripartite efflux pumps found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and are responsible in part for the antibiotic resistance observed in these bacteria. Both proteins have been expressed in Escherichia coli as His‐tag proteins and purified accordingly by affinity chromatography in the presence of n‐octyl‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside detergent. OprM and OprN were crystallized using PEG 20 000/ammonium citrate and ammonium sulfate as precipitating agents, respectively. Crystals belong to space group C2, with unit‐cell parameters a = 152.6, b = 87.9, c = 355.9 Å, β = 98.9° and a = 151.3, b = 87.6, c = 356.5 Å, β = 98.1° for OprM and OprN, respectively. Using the ESRF synchrotron‐radiation source, OprM diffraction data extended to 3.4 Å.  相似文献   

19.
目的 研究鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性变迁及外排泵基因携带情况,为控制医院感染提供依据。方法 运用纸片扩散法检测我院2015年—2017年临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌对18种抗菌药物的耐药性,并对耐药性变化趋势进行分析。PCR技术检测多重耐药菌adeB、adeJ、adeE、abeM四种外排泵基因的携带情况。结果 三年时间共分离出鲍曼不动杆菌385株,检出数量逐年升高,以呼吸科和重症医学科为主,分别占32.7%和28.3%。药敏结果显示鲍曼不动杆菌对多黏菌素B(0.0%)、替加环素(0.0%~1.6%)耐药率最低,其次为头孢哌酮舒巴坦(22.9%~32.0%)。三年来鲍曼不动杆菌对左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率有显著升高,超过20%,对庆大霉素、阿米卡星耐药率下降超过10%。172株多重耐药菌(44.7%)中,PCR扩增结果显示adeB和adeJ阳性率分别为76.7%和51.2%,并有5株(2.91%)检出adeE基因。结论 近三年鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性呈上升趋势,外排泵是导致其耐药的机制之一。  相似文献   

20.
Clinical isolates of different Enterobacteriaceae strains and genetically modified variants which were resistant to the disinfectant formaldehyde were investigated. In cell-free extracts of all formaldehyde-resistant strains a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity was demonstrated. In contrast cell extracts from formaldehyde sensitive strains did not show any formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity. The enzymatic degradation of formaldehyde seems to play an important role in formaldehyde resistance.  相似文献   

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