西藏高原天然长芒草地丛枝菌根真菌接种效应

采用草地均匀打孔方法,就草地土壤未消毒条件下接种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌对长芒草(Stipa bungeana)的侵染效应以及对植物生长、吸磷效率、土壤微生物区系等的影响进行研究.结果表明,1)接种处理、不接种处理的菌根效应存在着明显的差异,多数接种处理根围土壤AM真菌孢子密度、菌根侵染率和侵染强度显著提高,但对丛枝丰度的影响相对较低.2)接种后AM真菌孢子密度对菌根侵染率具有极显著影响(r=0.7679**);随菌根侵染率的增加,植株总干物重和吸磷总量均呈极显著提高,r值分别为0.7556**、0.8018**.3)与植株地上部相比,接种AM真菌对提高根系干物重、根系吸磷量和含磷量的促进作用相对较大.4)多数接种处理根际土壤酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均呈一定程度的提高,根际土壤细菌数量显著增加,真菌、放线菌的数量变化则不甚明显.5)各接种处理对寄主植物的综合侵染效应在总体上呈Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices+Scutellospora calospora＞G. mosseae+G. aggregatum＞Glomus sp.＞G. mosseae＞G. mosseae+ G. etunicatum+G. intraradices+S. erythropa＞G. geosporum的趋势.     

Cu2+污染土壤接种AM真菌对紫云英生长的影响

通过5个土壤Cu2 水平(0,20,50,100,150mgkg-1)的盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤Cu2 水平接种AM真菌对紫云英生长的影响。结果表明:(1)随着土壤Cu2 水平升高,紫云英生物量下降,与未接种相比,接种AM真菌明显提高了紫云英的生物量,接种G.intraradices对紫云英生物量的提高比接种G.mosseae更为明显,两者间呈显著性差异。(2)随着土壤Cu2 水平升高,紫云英根段浸染率下降,菌丝琥珀酸脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶活性也下降。(3)在相同土壤Cu2 水平接种不同的AM真菌,紫云英根段浸染率有显著差异,接种G.intraradices的紫云英根段浸染率显著高于接种G.mosseae的处理,其菌丝琥珀酸脱氢酶活性及碱性磷酸酶活性也显著高于接种G.mosseae的处理。(4)接种G.intraradices能显著抑制Cu2 从紫云英地下部分向地上部分的运转,降低Cu2 的毒害,接种G.mosseae相对促进了Cu2 的运转。以上结果显示,Cu2 污染土壤中接种G.intraradices对紫云英生长具有促进作用。     

以新鲜根段进行AM真菌的分子检测及竞争性侵染研究

运用nested-PCR技术和AM真菌特异性引物,建立了用新鲜植物根段直接检测AM真菌的分子生物学方法。以真核生物通用引物LR1和NDL22对混合接种的西红柿新鲜根段进行第1次扩增,将其产物进行稀释,再分别以Glomus intraradices 和Glomus mosseae的种特异性引物8.22和5.25进行第2次扩增。在琼脂糖凝胶上观察到AM真菌种特异性条带;运用该技术检测出混合接种时同一根段内不同的AM真菌,并探讨了真菌在植物根部的竞争性侵染。用盆栽方式种植西红柿,混合接种G. intraradices 和G. mosseae,在1个月后,前者侵染占优势。     

黄檗根围丛枝菌根(AM)真菌的分离与分子鉴定

从东北林业大学林场采集黄檗Phellodendron amurense根系及根围土壤,采用形态学和分子生物学方法对分离得到的丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌孢子进行了分类鉴定。依据AM真菌孢子形态特征鉴定出黄檗根围土壤中存在4种AM真菌:根内球囊霉Glomus intraradices,摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae,美丽盾孢囊霉Scutellospora calospora和变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme,而应用nested-PCR技术从黄檗根内只检测到了G.intraradices,G.mosseae和Scu.calospora,表明G.versiforme未侵染黄檗根系。     

黄顶菊AM真菌多样性及其优势种对植株生长的影响

自河北衡水市选择6个黄顶菊Flaveria bidentis入侵样地,采集根区土壤和根系样品,分离丛枝菌根(AM)真菌,测定其物种多样性状况;于盆栽条件下评估上述试验确定的优势AM真菌对黄顶菊生长发育的影响;采用隔网分室培养系统测定促生效应最大的AM真菌优势种组合对黄顶菊与伴生植物三叶草Trifolium repens间碳氮运转分配的影响。从根区土壤和根内分别鉴定到AM真菌8属26种和5属7种,其中光壁无梗囊霉Acaulospora laevis、根内根孢囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices、摩西斗管囊霉Funneliformis mosseae和变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme为根区土壤的优势种;接种F. mosseae+R. intraradices+A. laevis处理对黄顶菊的促生效应最大。分室培养系统中分别对黄顶菊和三叶草接种AM真菌和施加¹⁵N或¹³C处理后,黄顶菊茎叶和根系¹⁵N和¹³C丰度均明显高于三叶草的。结论认为,入侵样地黄顶菊根区有丰富的AM真菌物...     

黄顶菊AM真菌多样性及其优势种对植株生长的影响

自河北衡水市选择6个黄顶菊Flaveria bidentis入侵样地,采集根区土壤和根系样品,分离丛枝菌根(AM)真菌,测定其物种多样性状况;于盆栽条件下评估上述试验确定的优势AM真菌对黄顶菊生长发育的影响;采用隔网分室培养系统测定促生效应最大的AM真菌优势种组合对黄顶菊与伴生植物三叶草Trifolium repens间碳氮运转分配的影响。从根区土壤和根内分别鉴定到AM真菌8属26种和5属7种,其中光壁无梗囊霉Acaulospora laevis、根内根孢囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices、摩西斗管囊霉Funneliformis mosseae和变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme为根区土壤的优势种;接种F. mosseae+R. intraradices+A. laevis处理对黄顶菊的促生效应最大。分室培养系统中分别对黄顶菊和三叶草接种AM真菌和施加¹⁵N或¹³C处理后,黄顶菊茎叶和根系¹⁵N和¹³C丰度均明显高于三叶草的。结论认为,入侵样地黄顶菊根区有丰富的AM真菌物...     

AM真菌对黄瓜根围土壤微生物群落功能的影响

在温室土壤灭菌盆栽条件下对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus Linn.,"中农26号")接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌Funneliformis mosseae,测定了黄瓜根围土壤微生物功能、微生物数量以及土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明AM真菌可以提高土壤的速效养分含量,改善土壤物理性质,提高土壤中磷酸酶、氨肽基酶、多酚氧化酶及过氧化物酶活性;接菌处理后土壤中细菌、真菌数量显著高于不接种处理,而放线菌数量低于不接菌处理;对根围微生物功能多样性指标分析表明接菌处理的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)、Simpson优势度指数以及Mclntosh多样性指数,显著低于不接种对照。对菌根侵染率与土壤微生物等性状间的RDA分析表明AM真菌侵染率与速效P含量(r=0.65,P0.05)、磷酸酶(r=0.74,P0.05)、氨肽基酶(r=0.86,P0.05)、真菌数量(r=0.57,P0.05)呈正相关,与酚酸类碳源(r=-0.55,P0.05)、胺类碳源(r=-0.58,P0.05)、速效N(r=-0.77,P0.05)、β-葡糖苷酶(r=-0.90,P0.05)、β-纤维二糖苷酶(r=-0.63,P0.05)呈负相关。因此接种AM真菌的黄瓜菌根苗种植提高了土壤酶活性,优化了温室黄瓜根围微生物群落结构,显著改善了土壤理化性质。     

樱桃属(Cerasus)植物根围微生物多样性

研究了樱桃属(Cerasus) 5种植物本溪山樱(Cs)、大青叶(Cp)、马哈利(Cm)、考特(Cap)、早红宝石(Ca)各主要生长期根围微生物数量、种群组成、Shannom-Wiener指数(H)、丰富度(S)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)、Simpson 优势度(D)和优势微生物种群变化动态.从樱桃根围共分离到细菌18属,优势菌属主要为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium);放线菌为链霉菌的12个类群,优势类群主要为白色类群(Albosporus)、吸水类群(Hygroscopicus)和黄色类群(Flavus);真菌6属,优势菌属为青霉属(Penicillium).樱桃根围微生物的多样性指数(H)、丰富度指数(S)、均匀度指数(J) 及优势度指数(D) 随樱桃种类不同而发生变化,细菌的多样性和丰富度指数为Ca＞Cs＞Cp＞Cm＞Cap,放线菌为Ca＞Cp＞Cs＞Cm＞Cap,真菌为Cm＞Ca＞Cp＞Cs＞Cap.各生长期根围微生物种类与数量发生变化,新梢迅速生长期Ca、Cs、Cp和Cm根围微生物种类与数量较多,新梢停长期Cap根围微生物种类与数量较多,落叶期5种樱桃属植物根围微生物种类与数量均较少.     

丛枝菌根真菌对牡丹生长及相关生理指标的影响

以采自山东省菏泽牡丹园的牡丹'凤丹'种子为试材,采用盆栽的方法研究了接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌Glomus mosseae、Glomus versiforme和Glomus intraradices对牡丹幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响.结果表明:(1)不同AM真菌的侵染率不同,并以G.mosseae的侵染率最高,为48.3%;(2)AM真菌能够促进牡丹幼苗生长,接种G.mosseae的植株干重比对照显著提高了69.5%;(3)AM真菌能够提高牡丹的叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、矿质元素(N、P、K)含量和硝酸还原酶活性,并对可溶性蛋白含量和硝酸还原酶活性的影响达显著水平.(4)植株总干重与菌根侵染率、硝酸还原酶活性、叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关,与可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量呈显著正相关.研究发现,G.mosseae是最适宜牡丹接种的优良菌种.     

两种AM真菌对箭筈豌豆白粉病的防治效果

箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)是重要的豆科牧草和绿肥作物。白粉病是箭筈豌豆常见病害, 可抑制作物生长, 严重时甚至导致植物死亡, 造成巨大的经济损失。丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)广泛存在于自然界中, 可与植物根系形成共生体, 对宿主植物生长、养分吸收及水分循环均有促进作用, 从而增加宿主对逆境胁迫的抗性。以箭筈豌豆为试验材料, 在温室条件下, 探究两种AM真菌Glomus tortuosum和Rhizophagus intraradices单独及混合接种对箭筈豌豆白粉病的影响。结果表明: G. tortuosum、R. intraradices及两种AM真菌混合接种均显著降低箭筈豌豆白粉病的发病率及病情指数, 接种G. tortuosum处理效果最显著, 其病情指数为37.37, 较NM处理降低56.26%; G. tortuosum、R. intraradices和两种AM真菌混合接种的茎叶干重较NM处理增加64.47%、51.32%和70.49%, 根干重增加24.02%、15.64%和44.69%; AM真菌处理显著提高了植物超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)以及多酚氧化酶(PPO)等防御酶活性(P<0.05), 促进了植物可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白以及叶绿素含量(P<0.05)。     

盐胁迫下AM真菌对红花耐盐性的影响

在盐胁迫下,采用盆栽方法研究AM真菌对红花植株耐盐生理指标的影响,以不接种为对照。结果表明,在0、0．1％和0．2％浓度NaCl胁迫下,AM真菌促进红花幼苗的生长,接种真菌的红花叶片SOD和CAT活性、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的含量都高于不接种处理的,叶片细胞质膜透性和MDA含量则低于不接种处理的,结果证明AM真菌可以提高植物的耐盐性。     

Regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal development by plant host and fungus species in alfalfa

Two cvs of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), Gilboa and Moapa 69, were inoculated in glasshouse pots with three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to investigate the efficacy of mycorrhizas with respect to the extent of colonization and sporulation. Paspalum notatum Flugge also was inoculated to describe fungal parameters on a routine pot culture host. Percentage root length of P. notatum colonized by Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe, Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, and Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall increased from 10 to 21 wk, and all fungi sporulated during that period. In alfalfa, only colonization by G. intraradices increased over that time period, and it was the only fungus to sporulate in association with alfalfa at 10 wk. Glomus mosseae did not sporulate after 16–21 wk despite having colonized 30–35% of the root length of both alfalfa cvs. In vitro experiments in which Ri T-DNA-transformed roots of alfalfa were inoculated with AM fungi showed normal mycorrhizal formation by G. intraradices and a hypersensitivity-like response to Gi. margarita . Colonized cells became necrotic, and HPLC analysis indicated increased concentrations of phenolics and isoflavonoids in these root segments. These data strongly support the existence of a degree of specificity between AM fungi and host that might rely on specific biochemical regulatory processes initiated in the host as a result of the attempts at colonization by the fungus.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-parasite-host interaction for the control of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Striga hermonthica</Emphasis> (Del.) Benth. in sorghum [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sorghum bicolor</Emphasis> (L.) Moench]

Five Glomus species (G. intraradices, G. albidum, G. mosseae, G. fasciculatum, and G. etunicatum) were compared against a check [without arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plus Striga] and control (without AM fungi or Striga) treatments for the control of Striga in a tolerant sorghum variety (War-wara bashi) in an experiment carried out in 12-cm-diameter clay pots. The experiment was carried out in a controlled growth chamber. G. mosseae significantly reduced the number of Striga emerging per plant, increased plant growth, shoot and total dry matter yield of sorghum, did not affect the root dry matter compared with the other AM fungi species, but had a comparable effect to the control treatment. All the AM fungi except G. mosseae, and also the Striga-infested treatment, increased the root:shoot ratio compared to the control treatment. The percent reduction (62%) of Striga emergence after G. mosseae inoculation resulted in about a 30% increase in total dry matter yield of sorghum over the control, while the total loss in dry matter yield of sorghum due to Striga infestation was 36%. Root colonization of sorghum by AM fungi was highest for G. mosseae (44%) followed by G. intraradices (24%) and G. albidum (23%) then G. fasciculatum (18%), with the lowest recorded for G. etunicatum (14%). No colonization of Striga roots was observed. The potential of AM fungi to reduce or to compensate for Striga infestation could be important for soil management, especially in the tropics, and for the reduction of Striga-resistant varieties of sorghum which are mycorrhiza-responsive.     

丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌互作对苜蓿根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响及PICRUSt功能预测分析

【背景】紫花苜蓿是优良的豆科牧草,可以与丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)真菌和根瘤菌形成共生关系,接种AM真菌和根瘤菌可以促进土壤氮、磷循环以及提高苜蓿产量。【目的】探究接种AM真菌和根瘤菌对苜蓿根际细菌群落结构和功能的影响。【方法】采集6个不同处理组苜蓿根际、非根际土壤样品,基于细菌16S rRNA基因V3?V4区进行高通量测序,分析比较不同处理组苜蓿根际、非根际土壤中细菌群落分布的规律,并采用PICRUSt软件对不同处理组间菌群功能进行预测。【结果】36个土壤样品中共检测到3 849个OTU,分属于50门59纲132目249科595属398种。其中主要的优势菌门为Proteobacteria (52.81%?81.46%)、Bacteroidetes (7.83%?19.68%)及Actinobacteria (2.21%?16.4%)。与不接种相比,接种根内球囊霉和摩西球囊霉分别提高了Gammaproteobacteria和Bacteroidia有益菌的丰度,接种根瘤菌提高了固氮菌(Alphaproteobacteria)的丰度。PICRUSt功能预测表明,细菌菌群共有35个子功能,菌群功能丰富,代谢为最主要的功能,并且接种根瘤菌可增加氨基酸代谢,从而有利于植株N素循环,而接种AM真菌可能对于N循环有一定的抑制作用,相比于单接种AM真菌,双接种AM真菌和根瘤菌处理组碳水化合物代谢更强,从而更有益于植株的氮、磷循环。【结论】接种AM真菌和根瘤菌可分别提高苜蓿根系与氮、磷循环有关的不同有益菌的丰度,从而更有益于植株的氮、磷循环,该结果为提高植株养分吸收、提高苜蓿产量以及菌肥开发利用提供了科学依据。     

Contribution of six arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates to water uptake by Lactuca sativa plants under drought stress

It is currently accepted that, along with nutrients, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi also transport water to their host plant. However, the quantity of water supplied and its significance for plant water relations remain controversial. The objective of this work was to evaluate and compare the ability of six AM fungi to alter rates of root water uptake under drought stress conditions. Soil drying rates of uninoculated control plants of comparable size and nutritional status and mycorrhizal plants were recorded daily. Lactuca sativa plants colonized by Glomus coronatum , G. intraradices , G. claroideum and G. mosseae depleted soil water to a higher extent than comparably sized uninoculated control plants or plants colonized by G. constrictum or G. geosporum . The differences ranged from 0.6% volumetric soil moisture for G. mosseae -colonized plants to 0.95% volumetric soil moisture for G. intraradices -colonized plants. These differences in soil moisture were equivalent to 3–4.75 ml plant⁻¹ day⁻¹, respectively, and could not be ascribed to differences in plant size, but to the activity of AM fungi. The AM fungi tested in this study differed in their effectiveness to enhance plant water uptake from soil. This ability seems to be related to the amount of external mycelium produced by each AM fungus and to the frequency of root colonization in terms of live and active fungal structures.     

Improvement of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Development by Inoculation of Soil with Phosphate-Solubilizing Rhizobacteria To Improve Rock Phosphate Bioavailability ((sup32)P) and Nutrient Cycling

The interactive effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant use of soil P sources of low bioavailability (endogenous or added as rock phosphate [RP] material) was evaluated by using soil microcosms which integrated (sup32)P isotopic dilution techniques. The microbial inocula consisted of the AM fungus Glomus intraradices and two phosphate-solubilizing rhizobacterial isolates: Enterobacter sp. and Bacillus subtilis. These rhizobacteria behaved as "mycorrhiza helper bacteria" promoting establishment of both the indigenous and the introduced AM endophytes despite a gradual decrease in bacterial population size, which dropped from 10(sup7) at planting to 10(sup3) CFU g(sup-1) of dry rhizosphere soil at harvest. Dual inoculation with G. intraradices and B. subtilis significantly increased biomass and N and P accumulation in plant tissues. Regardless of the rhizobacterium strain and of the addition of RP, AM plants displayed lower specific activity ((sup32)P/(sup31)P) than their comparable controls, suggesting that the plants used P sources not available in their absence. The inoculated rhizobacteria may have released phosphate ions ((sup31)P), either from the added RP or from the less-available indigenous P sources, which were effectively taken up by the external AM mycelium. Soluble Ca deficiency in the test soil may have benefited P solubilization. At least 75% of the P in dually inoculated plants derived from the added RP. It appears that these mycorrhizosphere interactions between bacterial and fungal plant associates contributed to the biogeochemical P cycling, thus promoting a sustainable nutrient supply to plants.