Mood,Alertness, and Performance in Response to Sleep Deprivation and Recovery Sleep in Experienced Shiftworkers Versus Non-Shiftworkers

Previous studies have shown increased sleepiness and mood changes in shiftworkers, which may be due to sleep deprivation or circadian disruption. Few studies, however, have compared responses of experienced shiftworkers and non-shiftworkers to sleep deprivation in an identical laboratory setting. The aim of this laboratory study, therefore, was to compare long-term shiftworkers and non-shiftworkers and to investigate the effects of one night of total sleep deprivation (30.5?h of continuous wakefulness) and recovery sleep on psychomotor vigilance, self-rated alertness, and mood. Eleven experienced male shiftworkers (shiftwork ≥5 yrs) were matched with 14 non-shiftworkers for age (mean?±?SD: 35.7?±?7.2 and 32.5?±?6.2 yrs, respectively) and body mass index (BMI) (28.7?±?3.8 and 26.6?±?3.4?kg/m², respectively). After keeping a 7-d self-selected sleep/wake cycle (7.5/8?h nocturnal sleep), both groups entered a laboratory session consisting of a night of adaptation sleep and a baseline sleep (each 7.5/8?h), a sleep deprivation night, and recovery sleep (4-h nap plus 7.5/8?h nighttime sleep). Subjective alertness and mood were assessed with the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and 9-digit rating scales, and vigilance was measured by the visual psychomotor vigilance test (PVT). A mixed-model regression analysis was carried out on data collected every hour during the sleep deprivation night and on all days (except for the adaptation day), at .25, 4.25, 5.25, 11.5, 12.5, and 13.5?h after habitual wake-up time. Despite similar circadian phase (melatonin onset), demographics, food intake, body posture, and environmental light, shiftworkers felt significantly more alert, more cheerful, more elated, and calmer than non-shiftworkers throughout the laboratory study. In addition, shiftworkers showed a faster median reaction time (RT) compared to non-shiftworkers, although four other PVT parameters did not differ between the groups. As expected, both groups showed a decrease in subjective alertness and PVT performance during and following the sleep deprivation night. Subjective sleepiness and most aspects of PVT performance returned to baseline levels after a nap and recovery sleep. The mechanisms underlying the observed differences between shiftworkers and non-shiftworkers require further study, but may be related to the absence of shiftwork the week prior to and during the laboratory study as well as selection into and out of shiftwork. (Author correspondence: sophie.wehrens@surrey.ac.uk)     

Depression Scores Associate With Chronotype and Social Jetlag in a Rural Population

In public health, mood disorders are among the most important mental impairments. Patients with depressive episodes exhibit daily mood variations, abnormal patterns in sleep-wake behavior, and in the daily rhythms of several endocrine-metabolic parameters. Although the relationship between the sleep/circadian processes and mood disorders is poorly understood, clock-related therapies, such as light therapy, sleep deprivation, and rigid sleep schedules, have been shown to be effective treatments. Several studies investigated the relationship between circadian phenotype (chronotype) and depression. These focused mainly on urban populations and assessed diurnal preferences (Morningness-Eveningness score) rather than the actual timing of sleep and activity. Here, we used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in an essentially rural population (N?=?4051), and investigated its relation to circadian phenotype (chronotype and social jetlag), assessed with the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). In our study design, we (i) normalized both chronotype and BDI scores for age and sex (MSF_sas and BDI_as, respectively); (ii) calculated individual social jetlag (misalignment of the biological and social time); and (iii) investigated the relationship between circadian phenotypes and BDI scores in a population homogeneous in respect to culture, socioeconomic factors, and daily light exposure. A 15.65% (N?=?634) of the participants showed mild to severe depressive BDI scores. Late chronotypes had a higher BDI_as than intermediate and early types, which was independent of whether or not the participants were smokers. Both chronotype and BDI_as correlated positively with social jetlag. BDI_as was significantly higher in subjects with >2?h of social jetlag than in the rest of the population—again independent of smoking status. We also compared chronotype and social jetlag distributions between BDI categories (no symptoms, minimal symptoms, and mild to severe symptoms of depression) separately for men and women and for four age groups; specifically in the age group 31–40 yrs, subjects with mild to severe BDI scores were significantly later chronotypes and suffered from higher social jetlag. Our results indicate that misalignment of circadian and social time may be a risk factor for developing depression, especially in 31- to 40-yr-olds. These relationships should be further investigated in longitudinal studies to reveal if reduction of social jetlag should be part of prevention strategies. (Author correspondence: karla.allebrandt@med.uni-muenchen.de)     

Influence of Chronotype,Season, and Sex of Subject on Sleep Behavior of Young Adults

The aim of this study was to investigate whether sex, season, and/or chronotype influence the sleep behavior of university students. Detailed data were collected on activity/rest patterns by wrist actigraphy combined with diaries. Thirty‐four medical students (19 female and 15 male) were monitored by Actiwatch® actometers for 15 consecutive days in May and again in November. The data of a modified Horne and Östberg chronotype questionnaire, which were collected from 1573 female and 1124 male medical school students surveyed in the spring and autumn over an eight‐year period, were evaluated. Actiwatch® sleep analysis software was used to process the activity data with statistical analyses performed with ANOVA. We found no significant sex‐specific differences in sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, or actual sleep‐time duration. However, we did find a difference in sleep efficiency between morning and evening types, with morning types having a higher sleep efficiency (87.9%, SD=1.3) than evening types (84.3%, SD=0.87%; p=0.007). Seasonal differences were also detected: the actual sleep‐time duration in autumn was significantly longer (mean 6.9 h, SD=0.13 h) than in spring (6.6 h, SD=0.1 h; p=0.013). Evaluation of the chronotype questionnaire data showed that individuals with no special preference for morningness or eveningness (i.e., so‐called intermediates) were most common. The distribution of chronotypes was related to the sex of subject. Men displayed eveningness significantly more often than women (28.9% males vs. 20.8% females; p<0.001), while females exhibited greater morningness (20.3% females vs.15.6% males; p<0.001). Sex influences chronotype distribution, but not actual sleep time‐duration, sleep onset latency, or sleep efficiency. The latter, however, differed among chronotypes, while actual sleep‐time duration was affected by season.     

Effect of sleep deprivation on rhythms of clock gene expression and melatonin in humans

This study investigated the impact of sleep deprivation on the human circadian system. Plasma melatonin and cortisol levels and leukocyte expression levels of 12 genes were examined over 48?h (sleep vs. no-sleep nights) in 12 young males (mean?±?SD: 23?±?5 yrs). During one night of total sleep deprivation, BMAL1 expression was suppressed, the heat shock gene HSPA1B expression was induced, and the amplitude of the melatonin rhythm increased, whereas other high-amplitude clock gene rhythms (e.g., PER1-3, REV-ERBα) remained unaffected. These data suggest that the core clock mechanism in peripheral oscillators is compromised during acute sleep deprivation.     

Influence of Time of Day on Body Temperature,Heart Rate,Arterial Pressure,and Other Biological Variables in Horses during Incremental Exercise

We examined the response to exercise of selected physiological variables in horses performing the identical routine for eight days, in the morning (a.m.) or in the afternoon (p.m.). Heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), and body temperature (BT) were all consistently greater in the p.m. For BP and BT, the absolute increase above the a.m. values was the same at rest and during exercise. For HR, the absolute increase was greater during exercise, but the percent increase was the same as during rest. During exercise, blood glucose decreased, while blood lactate and skin temperature increased; these changes were the same during the a.m. and p.m. sessions. We conclude that there is no indication in horses of a difference in the responses of HR, BP, and BT to exercise between the a.m. and p.m. The circadian oscillations, however, alter the absolute values of these variables both at rest and during exercise, raising the possibility that the safety margins against hyperthermia and hypertension may decrease during p.m. exercise.     

Influence of light and food on the circadian clock in liver of rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss

Several reports support the existence of multiple peripheral oscillators in fish, which may be able to modulate the rhythmic functions developed by those tissues hosting them. Thus, a circadian oscillator has been proposed to be located within fish liver. In this vertebrate group, the role played by the circadian system in regulating metabolic processes in liver is mostly unknown. We, therefore investigated the liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a potential element participating in the regulation of circadian rhythms in fish by hosting a functional circadian oscillator. The presence and expression pattern of main components of the circadian molecular machinery (clock1a, bmal1, per1 and rev-erbβ-like) were assessed. Furthermore, the role of environmental cues such as light and food, and their interaction in order to modulate the circadian oscillator was also assessed by exposing animals to constant conditions (absence of light for 48 h, and/or a 4 days fasting period). Our results demonstrate the existence of a functional circadian oscillator within trout liver, as demonstrated by significant rhythms of all clock genes assessed, independently of the environmental conditions studied. In addition, the daily profile of mRNA abundance of clock genes is influenced by both light (mainly clock1a and per1) and food (rev-erbβ-like), which is indicative of an interaction between both synchronizers. Our results point to rev-erbβ-like as possible mediator between the influence of light and food on the circadian oscillator within trout liver, since its daily profile is influenced by both light and food, thus affecting that of bmal1.     

Time of day, age and feeding habits influence coccidian oocyst shedding in wild passerines

Protozoan coccidia are one of the most common intestinal parasites in birds. Ordinary coccidian detection and quantification techniques have proved to be inaccurate for wild passerines due to the existence of marked oocyst shedding rhythms throughout the day. Previous studies have suggested that these rhythms should be taken into account when analysing coccidian load and prevalence data, but their pattern and magnitude still remain poorly known. In this study we characterised shedding rhythms in the field by means of 406 samples of faeces taken from two species of passerines with different diets: the European Serin (a granivorous species), and the Garden Warbler (an insectivorous species). Both coccidian prevalence and load were two-phased, with maximums occurring in the afternoon. Oocyst elimination remained consistently high during the second half of the day, whereas prevalence peaked during the afternoon, lowering throughout the evening. This pattern was found in both species. We found a high repeatability of prevalence and intensity when differences between the morning and afternoon were statistically controlled. As a result, we suggest that sampling periods used in the analysis of coccidian prevalence and/or load studies should take into account these differences in times of shedding and be limited to the afternoon, otherwise a statistical control of this factor will be required.     

CaCl2浸果对新疆枣裂果率及钙钾镁含量的影响

以新疆产不同抗裂性枣品种‘骏枣’、‘哈密大枣’、‘灰枣’、‘金铃圆枣’果实为试验材料,用不同浓度CaCl2(0、2.5、25g/L)分别浸泡12、36、60h,研究CaCl2对枣裂果率及果肉、果皮中Ca、K、Mg含量的影响。结果显示:(1)2.5、25g/L CaCl2均能有效降低枣裂果率,且25g/L CaCl2对各品种枣的防裂效果均优于2.5g/L CaCl2。(2)极抗裂品种枣的果皮、果肉中Ca显著高于极易裂品种,且各品种Ca含量均随CaCl2浓度增加而增加。(3)极抗裂品种枣的果皮、果肉中K含量高于极易裂品种,其Mg含量则表现出相反趋势,但不同浓度CaCl2处理的枣果肉、果皮中Mg、K升降幅度变化不同。(4)枣果肉、果皮中Ca、K含量与裂果率呈负相关关系,Mg含量与裂果率呈正相关关系。研究认为,CaCl2浸果能有效增加枣果肉、果皮中钙含量,影响各品种枣果实的钾镁含量,显著降低枣裂果率,并以25g/L CaCl2效果最好。     

重金属Zn2+胁迫下麦长管蚜的取食行为

为了探索重金属锌长期胁迫对麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)取食行为的变化影响,在模拟自然的实验室条件下,用不同浓度Zn~(2+)溶液浇灌土壤,通过土壤-小麦-蚜虫体系连续处理麦长管蚜15代,用EPG(刺探电位技术)对第1、5、10、15代成蚜的取食行为进行了监测。结果表明,第1代和第5代时,200 mg/kg的Zn~(2+)处理后np波和C波的总持续时间和数量显著低于对照,800mg/kg的Zn~(2+)使其显著增加。到第15代,高剂量的Zn~(2+)处理后np波和C波的总持续时间和数量均显著高于对照。涉及分泌唾液的E1波持续时间及涉及被动取食营养的E2波出现次数并未受到低剂量Zn~(2+)的显著影响,但高剂量的Zn~(2+)处理后单独E1波、伴随稳定E2的E1波总持续时间及E2波的数量均显著降低。麦长管蚜的取食行为会受到重金属锌的影响并且会在高剂量Zn~(2+)的胁迫条件下产生积累效应,而低剂量的Zn~(2+)则促进麦长管蚜对小麦的取食行为。针对重金属而言,此效应发生改变的关键浓度为400 mg/kg,蚜虫取食行为发生改变的关键世代为第5代和第10代。     

经颅直流电刺激对帕金森病伴快速眼动相睡眠行为障碍患者认知功能及神经功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨经颅直流电刺激对帕金森病伴快速眼动相睡眠行为障碍患者认知功能及神经功能的影响。方法：选择2018年9月-2019年9月在我院接受治疗的69例帕金森病伴快速眼动相睡眠行为障碍患者,采用随机数表法分为电刺激组（n=35）和对照组（n=34）。对照组给予常规抗帕金森病治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上给予经颅直流电刺激治疗。比较两组临床疗效、蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）、自主神经症状量表（SCOPA-AUT）、睡眠情况、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、Epworth嗜睡量表（ESS）评分、匹兹堡睡眠指数（PSQI）、帕金森氏病综合评分量表（UPDRS）变化情况。结果：治疗后,电刺激组有效率91.43%（32/35）较对照组70.59%（24/34）显著升高,差异显著（P<0.05）;治疗前,电刺激组与对照组之间认知功能及神经功能结果无差异;治疗后,电刺激组与对照组MoCA均随着时间的推移均呈上升趋势,且电刺激组上升程度较较组更低,SCOPA-AUT均随着时间的推移均呈下降趋势,且电刺激组下降程度较对照组更低（P<0.05）;治疗前,电刺激组与对照组之间临床睡眠情况结果无差异;治疗后,电刺激组与对照组总睡眠时间、睡眠效率均随着时间的推移均呈上升趋势,且电刺激组上升程度较对照组更低,醒觉指数均随着时间的推移呈下降趋势,且电刺激组下降程度较对照组更低（P<0.05）;治疗前,电刺激组与对照组之间抑郁、嗜睡情况无差异;治疗后,电刺激组与对照组抑郁、嗜睡均随着时间的推移均呈下降趋势,且电刺激组下降程度较对照组更低（P<0.05）;治疗前,电刺激组与对照组之间PSQI、UPDRS评分无差异;治疗后,电刺激组与对照组PSQI、UPDRS评分均随着时间的推移均呈下降趋势,且电刺激组下降程度较对照组更低（P<0.05）。结论：在帕金森病伴快速眼动相睡眠行为障碍患者中应用经颅直流电刺激效果显著,可有效改善认知功能及神经功能水平。     

Ca2+和Sr2+诱导大肠埃希菌感受态细胞的形成及转化的影响

为研究金属离子诱导下感受态细胞形成的机理及揭示转化发生的机制,分别用Ca~(2+)和Sr~(2+)(0~140mmol/L)制备大肠埃希菌感受态细胞并转化。研究结果表明,不同浓度的Ca~(2+)和Sr~(2+)诱导的感受态细胞的效价不同,两种金属离子对大肠埃希菌细胞内外膜的通透性均有较大影响,但细胞内外膜的改变程度与转化率无直接关系;电镜结果显示,未处理的细胞呈簇聚集发生粘连现象,感受态细胞整体呈分散状态,局部发生聚集,而转化后的细胞独立存在,边缘异常清晰。     

Influence of Al3+ on the titer of spiramycin and effective components in fermentor

Spiramycin is a multicomponent antibiotic, and different components have different antibacterial activities. In Streptomyces spiramyceticus 16-10-2, spiramycin II and spiramycin III (SPMII and SPMIII) are the main components, while spiramycin I (SPMI) needs to be controlled below 12%. Based on this, the influences of Al³⁺ on total spiramycin titer and components were investigated in this work. Those experiments were mainly performed in 15?L fermentor and Al³⁺ made a great improvement in spiramycin titer. The optimal adding concentration and adding time of Al³⁺ were 0.32?g/L at 12?hr. Under this condition, spiramycin titer was increased by 19.51% compared with the control. Moreover, the percentage of SPMII and SPMIII was increased by 7.14%. At the same time, the time of mycelia autolysis was lengthened. In addition, the specific activities of acetyl-CoA synthetase, acetate kinase, acetylphosphotransferase, and acylating enzyme were much higher than those of control. The content of acetic acid and succinic acid was beyond 3 and 4.5 times than that of control, respectively.     

Effect of water temperature,salinity, and their interaction on growth,plasma osmolality,and gill Na,K-ATPase activity in juvenile GIFT tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

We used a central composite rotatable experimental design and response surface methodology to evaluate the effects of temperature (18–37 °C), salinity (0–20‰), and their interaction on specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), plasma osmolality, and gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in GIFT tilapia juveniles. The linear and quadratic effects of temperature and salinity on SGR, plasma osmolality, and gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity were statistically significant (P<0.05). The interactive effects of temperature and salinity on plasma osmolality were significant (P<0.05). In contrast, the interaction term was not significant for SGR, FE, and gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity ⁽P>0.05). The regression equations for SGR, FE, plasma osmolality, and gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity against the two factors of interest had coefficients of determination of 0.944, 0.984, 0.966, and 0.960, respectively (P<0.01). The optimal temperature/salinity combination was 28.9 °C/7.8‰ at which SGR (2.26% d¹) and FE (0.82) were highest. These values correspond to the optimal temperature/salinity combination (29.1 °C/7.5‰) and the lowest plasma osmolality (348.38 mOsmol kg⁻¹) and gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity (1.31 µmol Pi. h⁻¹ g⁻¹ protein), and resulted in an energy-saving effect on osmoregulation, which promoted growth.