紫杉醇合成代谢途径中紫杉烯合成酶cDNA的克隆

紫杉烯合成酶(Taxadienesynthase)被认为在紫杉醇合成代谢途径中起着限速酶的作用。为进一步研究紫杉烯合成酶的作用机理和紫杉醇生物合成代谢调控机制,采用RTPCR技术从东北红豆杉(Taxuscuspidata)愈伤组织中获得了紫杉烯合成酶基因片段,将该片段克隆在载体pGEMTEasyVector上,并转化到大肠杆菌JM109中,经EcoRI酶切检测,Southernblotting及部分cDNA序列分析证实该片段确为紫杉烯合成酶基因,与国外报道的从太平洋红豆杉(Taxus.brevifolia)幼茎中得到的紫杉烯合成酶基因序列具有很高的同源性。     

源于植物的新型抗癌药物

曾报道紫杉(红豆杉)产生的紫杉醇抗癌药，用于癌症治疗具有广谱性和特效性(本刊2002，18(1)：5；18(2)：177)。优质的紫杉醇每千克18美元。探究细胞工程、基因工程、微生物工程生产紫杉醇仍然是今后的目标，关键是提高紫杉醇的产率。别的植物同样蕴藏着潜在的抗癌物质资源，有待积极开发。法国一组研究发现红酒中含有一种潜在的抗癌物质叫acutissimin     

穗花杉中不存在紫杉醇的化学及分子生物学证据

穗花杉(Amentotaxus argotaenia(Hance)Pilger)是红豆杉科穗花杉属的一个种。由于穗花杉与红豆杉属植物具有较近的亲缘关系,有研究者认为穗花杉也可以合成紫杉醇,并利用HPLC法测到其含有紫杉醇。但这仅仅是依靠HPLC中出峰时间来判断,并没有质谱结果。该研究利用LC-MS对穗花杉茎叶的化学提取物分析结果显示,穗花杉的茎叶中均未发现紫杉醇。为了进一步证明穗花杉不能合成紫杉醇,该研究利用欧洲红豆杉(Taxus baccata L.)紫杉醇生物合成关键基因-紫杉二烯合成酶基因(Taxadiene synthase gene,TbTS)的序列TBLASTN比对穗花杉本地转录组,从中找出并克隆得到与TbTS同源性最高的AarTSL1基因;利用原核表达分析AarTSL1基因的编码蛋白,结果发现该基因不具有紫杉二烯合成酶编码基因的功能。该研究从化学和生物学两个方面均证明穗花杉无法合成紫杉醇,为以后通过植物学和化学分类学等研究穗花杉的分类学地位提供了新的有用信息。     

紫杉醇及其衍生物的研究概况与发展趋势

本文分别从生物资源,药理学,化学合成和组织培养方面对红豆杉植物中紫杉醇及其衍生物的研究工作进行了综述,从中可以了解紫杉醇及其衍生物的研究概况与发展趋势。     

1995年以来紫杉植物的新紫杉醇类化合物综述

１９９５年以来从紫杉植物中分离得到的新紫杉醇类化合物,按其结构骨架列表收载。     

真菌紫杉醇/烷研究近况

紫杉醇（Taxol?）是天然抗癌药物,已在临床上广泛使用,市场需求量大,由于生产原料的制约,供需之间存在巨大缺口,价格仍然昂贵。利用真菌发酵生产紫杉醇是解决药源的一条新途径。对产紫杉醇内生真菌的多样性,紫杉醇真菌的采集鉴定、真菌紫杉醇提取和测定的一些经验,紫杉醇真菌分子生物及生物合成代谢研究进展等进行了综述。     

无机元素对紫杉醇和紫杉烷类化合物生物合成的调控作用

利用细胞培养生产此杉醇是重要的生产途径之一,但是,由于紫杉醇含量低,已经成为世界级研究难题。因此,紫杉醇的生物合成调控成为研究热点。Ｍｇ＾＋＋有利于紫杉醇的合成,并促进１０－去乙酰浆果赤霉素Ⅲ和浆果赤霉素Ⅲ向紫杉醇转化。Ｃｕ＾＋＋抑制紫杉醇及紫杉烷类化合物的合成。适量的Ｆｅ＾＋＋可以促进紫杉醇的合成,但较高或产低浓度的Ｆｅ＾＋＋均抑制１０－去乙酰浆果赤霉素Ⅲ和浆果赤霉素Ⅲ向紫杉醇转化。     

中国红豆杉紫杉烯合酶cDNA的分离、表达和鉴定

紫杉烯合酶是一种二萜环化酶,催化牛儿基牛儿基焦磷酸形成紫杉醇生物合成过程中的中间体紫杉烯.利用PCR扩增同源探针筛选cDNA文库,克隆了一个编码中国红豆杉(Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehd.)紫杉烯合酶3′端的2 151 bp的cDNA片段,也通过PCR扩增得到了该基因5′端的611 bp的cDNA片段,将这两个cDNA片段拼接在一起,得到长2 712 bp的cDNA片段,具有一个2 586个碱基的开放阅读框架(ORF),编码包括质体转移肽在内的共862个氨基酸残基;该酶与太平洋红豆杉紫杉烯合酶有97%的同源性(identity),与其他植物萜类环化酶也有较高的同源性.利用融合表达载体pET-32a在大肠杆菌BL21trxB中表达,所表达的融合蛋白以包含体形式存在.包含体经过变性、复性和再折叠,利用His残基亲和凝胶柱层析得到融合的紫杉烯合酶.用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用对酶促反应产物进行分析,结果表明,融合的紫杉烯合酶能催化产生4(5),11(12)-紫杉烯.     

前体化合物与诱导子对紫杉醇和紫杉烷类化合物合成的调控作用

添加Ｄ,Ｌ－β－苯丙氨酸和苯丙氨酸没有显著促进紫杉醇的合成,乙酸和苯甲酸对紫杉醇的合成有抑制作用,Ｃ１３位侧链合成的前体含量并不是合成紫杉醇的限制性因素。１￣３ｍｇ／Ｌ的α－亚麻酸没有促进紫杉醇和紫杉烷类化合物的合成。茉莉酮酸显著地促进了紫杉醇的合成,５ｍｇ／Ｌ茉莉酮酸处理的紫杉醇含量达到１３４μｇ／ｇＤＷ,是对照的９倍。     

1995年以来紫杉植物的新紫杉醇类化合物综述(英)

１９９５年以来从紫杉植物中分离得到的新紫杉醇类化合物,按其结构骨架列表收载。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.