植物MAP激酶级联途径研究进展

MAP激酶(促分裂原活化蛋白激酶)级联途径可以将不同的细胞膜感受器与细胞应答联系起来,响应各种生物以及非生物胁迫,在植物激素信号以及细胞分裂和发育过程中发挥着重要的作用.为有效地传递各种特异信号,MAP激酶级联相互交叉形成复杂的信号传递网络.近年来,随着功能获得型突变体、功能缺失型突变体的获得以及其它一些新技术的应用,进一步阐明了MAP激酶级联途径在信号传导过程中的功能和作用.本文主要对植物MAPK级联途径在信号传导过程中交叉串通以及复杂性的最新研究结果进行综述.     

Caspase 的活化机制

Caspase是一类与凋亡密切相关的蛋白水解酶家族,以Caspase前体酶原的形式存在大多后生动物的细胞中。Caspase在凋亡信号的作用下首先激活启动型Caspase引发Caspase级联反应,然后通过活化的执行型Caspase裂解特异性底物导致细胞凋亡。Caspase的活化是导致细胞凋亡的中心环节,位于Caspase级联反应上游的启动型Caspase的和下游的执行型Caspase有着明显不同的活化机制。     

昆虫细胞程序性死亡的研究进展

在昆虫发育和抵抗病原微生物的入侵过程中,细胞凋亡与自噬性死亡现象十分常见。昆虫细胞凋亡的研究已经取得了许多的成果,但是有关细胞自噬程序性死亡的研究还正在深入。昆虫细胞凋亡的信号通路至少有3条：一条类似于线虫细胞的凋亡信号通路,另一条类似于哺乳动物细胞的凋亡信号通路, 还有一条不依赖于胱天蛋白酶的凋亡信号通路。在昆虫的多种组织细胞中,细胞凋亡与自噬程序性死亡在信号通路上存在互串(cross talking),可以相互促进、抑制或替代。了解昆虫细胞程序性死亡对防治害虫具有一定的意义。     

风疹病毒诱导细胞凋亡分子机制的研究进展

风疹病毒是披膜病毒科风疹病毒属的唯一成员,能够诱导细胞发生细胞凋亡。Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK和PI3KAkt信号通路是病毒增殖与细胞生存的必要通路,在细胞凋亡过程中起着必不可少的作用。p53蛋白和TAp63蛋白能够进入细胞核与DNA特异结合,抑制Bcl-2的表达,促进Bax的表达,导致线粒体内外膜间的物质(细胞色素C等)释放,进而引起caspase级联反应,最终导致细胞凋亡。本文从风疹病毒感染的细胞系,病毒感染导致的细胞病理改变和病毒诱导的细胞凋亡信号通路及其相关因子等方面对风疹病毒诱导细胞凋亡的分子机制进行了综述。     

斑马鱼胚胎发育中细胞凋亡的研究进展

细胞凋亡是细胞在基因调控下发生的主动消亡过程,在脊椎动物胚胎发育过程中非常重要。斑马鱼作为一种十分理想的发育分子生物学研究模型,在有关细胞凋亡在诸如形态发生、性别分化等方面功能之活体在位研究中日益受到重视。目前,斑马鱼胚胎发育中主要凋亡通路研究已进行了不少工作,特别是caspase及其它凋亡调控基因在斑马鱼中已被成功克隆,通过转基因斑马鱼胚胎中胁迫诱导细胞凋亡并研究其信号通路以及斑马鱼胚胎形态发生的异常改变,为阐明这些凋亡调控基因与发育之间的关系提供了一个强有力的手段。     

细胞凋亡信号途径与免疫系统之间的串流

细胞凋亡作为一种生命体的主要细胞死亡方式,在清除多余或受感染细胞中发挥重要作用.尽管在组织或胚胎正常发育过程中,细胞凋亡诱导免痉反应比较温和,但在病毒感染或者对死亡受体(death receptor.DR)进行刺激时凋亡可以触发强烈的天然和获得性免疫反应.凋亡信号途径中的分子与免疫系统有着复杂的相互作用.本文综述了有关凋亡性死亡在诱导炎症,维持免疫系统动态平衡,促进免疫应答以及凋亡信号途径和免疫系统抗病毒机制相互关系等方面的研究成果,分析细胞凋亡所诱发免疫效应的机制.     

TCR途径引起T细胞活化与凋亡的信号事件

通过ＴＣＲ刺激Ｔ细胞可导致复杂的生化信号级联,其产生依赖于使用在其它细胞表面受体传播的共刺激信号。ＴＣＲ交联产生活化信号,可导致细胞增殖,细胞因子的产生,或诱导ＣＤ９５的其配体的表达,导致细胞凋亡或无能。     

PKCδ在细胞凋亡中的作用

PKCδ是nPKC家族成员,参与细胞凋亡调控,其激活机制与特异性位点的磷酸化和半胱天冬酶3(caspase-3)的剪切密切联系.PKCδ激活后可通过多种途径介导细胞凋亡:激活多种蛋白激酶级联启动细胞凋亡信号,转位至线粒体诱导细胞色素C等凋亡因子的释放,核转位启动核内凋亡通路诱导细胞凋亡.本文综述了PKCδ的分子结构、激活机制以及调控细胞凋亡的最新研究进展.     

DFF和CIDE介导细胞凋亡的分子机制

DNA裂解因子（DFF）是由分子量分别为45kD和40kD两个亚单位组成的异源二聚体。在细胞凋亡信号启动的caspase级联活化过程中作为下游caspase的底物被活化并形成脱氧核糖核酸酶（DNase)。从而介导并调节DNA断裂和染色质凝聚,DFF作为细胞凋亡信号传递的主要途径在细胞凋亡中起着关键作用。诱导细胞死亡的DFF45样效应因子（CIDE）是与DFF同源的诱导凋亡因子,CIDE与DFF在结构,功能和作用上有很大的相似性,可发挥诱导凋亡的作用。本阐述了DFF和CIDE在诱导细胞凋亡过程中担当的角色和它们相互作用的机制。从而揭示DFF和CIDE在细胞凋亡过程中作为传递凋亡信号-caspase级联反应的下游因子在诱导凋亡时所处的关键地位和重要功能。     

烟草花粉发育过程中的细胞凋亡及其与钙/钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶T1表达的关系(英文)

用原位末端标记及免疫组化显色方法,对烟草花药发育过程中的细胞凋亡进行了检测。结果表明绒毡层、环形细胞、药隔组织细胞在减数分裂后四分体时期开始凋亡(Plate I, C &D),而花药维管束细胞从小孢子母细胞时期就开始凋亡(Plate I, E)。这些特定的细胞在花药发育特定时期的凋亡担负着特定的作用。钙/钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶T1在这些凋亡细胞中大量特异表达(Plate II),表明钙信号途径参与了烟草花粉发育的细胞凋亡调控。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.