微塑料对大型溞的急性毒性研究

为了解微塑料对淡水生态环境的影响,选择了大型溞作为受试生物,研究了聚氯乙烯(PVC)对其产生的急性毒性效应与恢复试验.研究设置了7个PVC浓度梯度,范围是0-400 mg/L,等比系数为2,对其进行急性毒性处理,测定96h LC50,并对大型溞心率变化和抗氧化指标进行测定.同时,对其进行清水21d恢复实验.96h LC...     

大型溞引导的沉水植被生态修复对滴水湖水质的净化效果

2007年4月-2008年1月,在滴水湖D港中段长950m(水量为10000m3)的修复区内投放大型溞(Daphnia magna),以滤除水华藻类等颗粒有机物,然后移栽伊乐藻、苦草、轮叶黒藻、光叶眼子菜和菹草等沉水植物,逐月监测水体中总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、总磷(TP)、活性磷酸盐(PO43--P)和COD等水质指标,分析沉水植被栽培对滴水湖水体水质的净化效果.结果表明:试验期间,修复区水体TN、TP、NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N、PO43--P和COD显著低于对照区(P0.01),溶解氧(DO)增加了50.4%,水体透明度(SD)平均在3.4~3.7m,水质达到国家Ⅱ~Ⅲ类地表水水质标准;2008年3月应用已构建的沉水植被群落对富营养化流水水体水质进行净化试验,7d后修复区流水水体除BOD外,TN、TP、NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N、PO43--P和COD均显著降低(P0.01),DO增加了17.98%,SD提高了30cm.利用大型溞控藻后移栽沉水植物对滴水湖水体水质的净化效果十分显著.     

五氯酚对大型溞的急性亚慢性和慢性毒性

本文采用换水式试验研究了五氨酚溞（ＰＣＰ）对大型（Ｄａｐｈｎｉａｍａｇｎａ）的急性、亚慢性和慢性毒性,稀释水硬度为８０─１００ｍｇ／Ｌ（以ＣａＣＯ３计）。急性和慢性试验均使用小于一日龄的幼溞,试验温度为２５─２６℃,慢性试验进行了２０ｄ。用小于一日龄幼溞进行的亚慢性试验暴露了１９ｄ,而用四日龄幼溞的亚慢性试验则进行了１６ｄ,水温均保持在１９─２０℃。ＰＣＰ对大型溞的２４ｈ和４８ｈＥＣ５０分别是４８９和２４５μｇ／Ｌ。依据第１胎所产幼溞数求得的最低可观察效应浓度（ＬＯＥＣ）和无可观察效应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）,在慢性试验中分别是１６０和８０μｇ／Ｌ,在１９ｄ亚慢性试验中分别为２００和１００μｇ／Ｌ,二者相近。试验结果表明,第１胎所产幼溞数是敏感的指标。     

9种农药对家蚕和蚯蚓的急性毒性

【背景】当前农药品种及其使用量日益增多,测试农药对环境生物的急性毒性成为农药环境安全监测的重要途径。【方法】采用食下毒叶法和药土法分别测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素、氰氟虫腙、螺螨酯、螺虫乙脂、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇、2,4-D二甲胺盐等9种农药对家蚕和蚯蚓的急性毒性,并根据其毒性等级划分标准进行分级,评价其对环境的安全性。【结果】甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素、氰氟虫腙、螺螨酯、螺虫乙脂、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和2,4-D二甲胺盐对家蚕的LC50(96 h)分别为2.05×10-3、8.59×10-4、2.79、250.48、11.52、272.18、2.50、1.93×10-2和534.47 a.i.mg·L-1,对蚯蚓的LC50(14 d)分别为11.05、6.29、100、100、100、100、99.13、115.31和100 a.i.mg·kg-1干土。其中,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素和戊唑醇对家蚕"剧毒",氰氟虫腙、螺虫乙脂和苯醚甲环唑对家蚕"高毒",其余农药对家蚕均为"低毒";阿维菌素对蚯蚓为"中毒",其余农药对蚯蚓均为"低毒"。【结论与意义】9种农药对家蚕和蚯蚓的急性毒性存在差异,为农药的合理使用和环境保护提供了依据。     

不同藻类对大型溞存活和生殖的影响

通过生命表技术观察了大型溞（Daphnia magna）在实验室恒定温度（25 ℃）下分别以梅尼小环藻、铜绿微囊藻905、铜绿微囊藻469和斜生栅藻为饵料时的存活率和生殖量变化,并据此探讨了不同藻类对大型溞生活史特征的影响。结果表明：大型溞食用梅尼小环藻和铜绿微囊藻469后生长良好,大型溞在斜生栅藻中也能较好生长,而铜绿微囊藻905对大型溞的生长和繁殖均有不良影响;大型溞对不同藻类的净生殖率(R₀)、世代历期(T)和内禀增长率(r_m)及存活率有不同的影响,梅尼小环藻分别为44.35、11.86、0.32、5%;铜绿微囊藻469分别为48.20、14.25、0.27、30%;斜生栅藻分别为8.10、12.47、0.17、15%;铜绿微囊藻905分别为0、0、0、0。     

家用洗涤剂对大型溞的毒性影响

三材料与方法1．l家用洗涤剂选用四种不同产地的洗衣粉和洗洁精,研究它们对大型搔的存活和繁殖的影响,编号为,AF：北京产洗衣粉,AJ：上海产洗洁精,BJ：湖北产洗洁精,CJ：香港产洗洁精。洗衣粉配制溶液略是碱性,用稀HO将pH调至7－8。配制浓度以每升水中洗涤剂重量的毫克数（mg／L）表示。1．2大型活培养及栅藻培养据文献［’］方法,实验用大型搔为Dophniamagna,IIB。实验用水为活性碳过滤的自来水,存放24h并曝气。1．3急性毒性实验播龄＜24h的幼搔,试验溶液10mL,每个容器中放10个个体,温度20ti℃,24h后观察,计算每个浓…     

苯酚对不同营养层次水生生物的急性毒性

利用静水致毒试验,获处苯酚对四种水生物的毒效应。由回归分析法计算出苯酚对月芽藻48hEbC_(50)为63.22mg/L;对F_2代短钝蚤72h的LC_(50)为2.09±0.24mg/L,对鲤鱼的LC_(50)48b、72h分别为18.52±0.10mg/L和18.87±0.12mg/L;对孔雀鱼的LC_(50)48h、72h分别为64.52±0.04mg/L和64.30±0.04mg/L。即苯酚对蚤的毒性最强、鲤鱼次之,再次为藻类,孔雀鱼最弱。苯酚对蚤的LC_(50)值随时间延长而下降,而对藻类E_0C_(50)则相反随时间延长而增大,但对鱼类的LC_(50)则随时间延长没有明显的变化。     

标准化测试中不同食物浓度对大型溞生长和繁殖的影响

在标准化的大型溞繁殖试验中探讨食物浓度的合适表征指标和研究不同食物浓度对大型溞生长和繁殖的影响。结果表明: 分别采用细胞计数法、光密度法和总有机碳分析法测定的斜生栅藻液细胞数量、吸光度和总有机碳浓度三者两两之间的线性方程相关系数r 均大于0.917(P<0.01), 线性相关性显著, 三个指标有明显的可比性。从操作的角度考虑,光密度法最为简便, 然而为体现不同种类食物提供的能量水平差异, 以总有机碳浓度表征食物的浓度最为合适。幼溞的数量是反映亲溞繁殖能力的主要指标, 设置的0.01、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20 和0.30 mg C·(溞·d)–1 食物浓度组所产幼溞数量的平均值和标准差分别为33、6810、11816、16415、20522 和23120, 表明随着食物浓度的增加, 亲溞繁殖幼溞的数量也相应增加, 且在不同食物浓度组之间均存在显著性的差异(P<0.05)。当喂食浓度达到0.05 mg C·(溞·d)–1 时, 亲溞繁殖幼溞数量的平均值即能达到60 只(大型溞繁殖试验的质量控制要求之一), 因此, 对于易吸附于藻细胞或被藻细胞降解的化学物质, 大型溞繁殖试验中可调整食物浓度为0.05-0.1 mg C·(溞·d)–1, 有利于受试物暴露浓度的维持。     

不同接种途径对两种葡萄球菌急性毒性的影响

定位是微生态学研究的重要内容之一,细菌的生长与其定植的部位密切相关,本研究的目的是为了探索微生态制剂研究中急性毒性试验的给药途径对试验结果的影响。采用从无感染伤创面分离的孔氏葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌标准菌株ＡＴＣＣ２５９２３分别的接种在腹腔,静脉和皮内,观察７２小时。其间观察小鼠的外表,行为,饮食和死亡时间,并计算死亡率;取心,肝和脾进行细菌培养。结果皮内接种两种细菌和静脉注射孔氏葡萄球菌均无动物     

The use of biomarkers in Daphnia magna toxicity testing

We investigated the effect of short-term exposure to cadmium and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid on the digestive physiology of Daphnia magna and the consequences for the bioenergetics of the organism. In both cases, ingestion was more drastically reduced compared to digestive enzyme activity. Furthermore a differential shift in catabolism was noted: in general polysaccharidases were less affected than the enzymes responsible for protein and lipid digestion. Comparison of the ‘1 h in vivo fluorescence’ criterion (Janssen & Persoone, 1993) with the ingestion and digestive enzyme activity revealed that this rapid screening assay should be considered as a quantification of ingestion inhibition rather than a methodology assessing digestive enzyme inhibition. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Reproducibility of short-term and reproduction toxicity experiments with Daphnia magna and comparison of the sensitivity of Daphnia magna with Daphnia pulex and Daphnia cucullata in short-term experiments

Short-term toxicity tests with Daphnia magna are reasonably reproducible. The sensitivity of Daphnia pulex, Daphnia cucullata and Daphnia magna proved to be about the same in short-term tests with 15 different chemical compounds.Reproduction toxicity experiments with Daphnia magna can easily be carried out within three weeks. At least duplicate experiments are necessary to arrive at an approximate no-effect level.     

On the effects of Dikonirt (sodium salt of 2.4-Dichlorophenoxi-acetic acid) on the mortality and reproduction of Daphnia magna

The effects of sodium salt of 2.4-Dichlorophenoxi-acetic acid (2.4-D-Na) on the mortality and reproduction ofDaphnia magna have been tested.The mortality tests were performed in experiments with duration time of 24, 48 and 96 h at the temperatures of 15 and 20 °C. The toxic effect increased by 11–16 regarding 47% with increasing of temperature and exposure time.This herbicide (Dikonirt) affected adversely the reproduction of daphnids at concentration lower than tenth of LC₅₀ value.     

The use of inorganic substances to stimulate gut evacuation in Daphnia magna

Observations were done on the effect of inorganic substances on the gut evacuation process in Daphnia magna. Procedures which accelerate this process are described.     

The response of European Daphnia magna Straus and Australian Daphnia carinata King to changes in geomagnetic field

This study investigates the effects of lifelong exposure to reversed geomagnetic and zero geomagnetic fields (the latter means absence of geomagnetic field) on the life history of Daphnia carinata King from Australia and Daphnia magna Straus from Europe. Considerable deviation in the geomagnetic field from the usual strength, leads to a decrease in daphnia size and life span. Reduced brood sizes and increased body length of neonates are observed in D. magna exposed to unusual magnetic background. The most apparent effects are induced by zero geomagnetic field in both species of Daphnia. A delay in the first reproduction in zero geomagnetic field is observed only in D. magna. No adaptive maternal effects to reversed geomagnetic field are found in a line of D. magna maintained in these magnetic conditions for eight generations. Integrally, the responses of D. magna to unusual geomagnetic conditions are more extensive than that in D. carinata. We suggest that the mechanism of the effects of geomagnetic field reversal on Daphnia may be related to differences in the pattern of distribution of the particles that have a magnetic moment, or to moving charged organic molecules owing to a change in combined outcome and orientation of the geomagnetic field and Earth's gravitational field. The possibility of modulation of self-oscillating processes with changes in geomagnetic field is also discussed.     

Phylogeography of Daphnia magna in Europe

The phylogeographical structure of the water flea Daphnia magna in Europe was analysed using a 609-bp fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. Only moderate overall genetic divergence was detected within Europe. We detected four genetically and, to a large extent, geographically distinct phylogroups within Europe. Our results suggest that these groups recolonized large parts of Europe around 100,000 BP from different refugia. Overall, the pattern suggests a high degree of provincialism with a patchy occurrence of specific lineages, thus confirming the highly subdivided genetic structure usually observed in freshwater zooplankton populations. Although the region around the Mediterranean Sea was only sampled patchily, we obtained strong indications for the occurrence of more divergent genetic lineages in this region. Comparing our European samples to samples from North America and Japan revealed a higher level of differentiation, reflecting limited intercontinental dispersal.     

1,8-二羟基蒽醌对大型溞的毒性效应

The study on the acute,sublethal and chronic toxicity of 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone (1,8-dihAQ) to Daphnia magna showed that the 48 h LC₅₀ was 0.37 mg稬^-1,and the feeding behavior of Daphnia magna was severely affected by the compound.When exposed to 0.2 mg稬^-1 of 1,8-dihAQ for 5 h,the filtration and ingestion rate of Daphnia magna was inhibited by 97%.Chronic toxicity test results indicated that the reproduction ability decreased dramatically after exposing to sublethal concentration of 1,8-dihAQ.It could be inferred that reproduction parameters and intrinsic rate of natural increase were the sensitive parameters in characterizing sublethal toxicity.The NOEC and LOEC values for reproduction parameters were also given.     

Mechanisms of energy allocation to reproduction in the cladoceran Daphnia magna Straus

Understanding rules of resource allocation within individuals is helpful in explaining population dynamics. This is particularly the case under the conditions of resource limitation that are commonly experienced by zooplankton. Here, we evaluate assumptions underlying models of resource allocation in Daphnia and test the predictions of two models of response to starvation.
We also test the predictions of two simple models concerning the mechanisms of egg provisioning in Daphnia magna. Our results: (1) demonstrate that provisioning is discontinuous, occurring over a discrete period of the instar; (2) support the hypothesis that egg production occurs in a serial fashion; (3) show that Daphnia magna responds to starvation by ceasing egg production but that there is an increase in mean size of eggs provisioned during the instar, prior to starvation; and (4) broadly support predictions that the response of Daphnia to starvation is an instantaneous cessation of reproduction but that there is a time lag before death.     

有毒和无毒微囊藻对大型溞生长和繁殖的影响

近年来,随着工农业的快速发展和人们生活水平提高,一些城市生活污水和工农业废水流入江河、湖泊等淡水水体中,加剧了水体的富营养化和污染,导致蓝藻过度生长繁殖而形成水华,其中最常见的是微囊藻水华[1,2].