中国姜科象牙参属小志

本文对我国象牙参属(Roscoea)的种类进行整理,计有13种、3变种,其中包括1新种和2个新变种。文末附有中国该属分种检索表。     

姜科植物研究进展

姜科植物在种类、外部性状及内部解剖等方面具有高度的复杂性,其传粉方式也显示出了丰富的多样性。因此,姜科植物的研究对姜目乃至单子叶植物的系统与进化研究,都具有十分重要的意义。本文综述了国内外有关姜科植物在分类学、系统学、解剖学、花器官发生学和繁殖生物学等方面的研究和进展,以期能为该类群的系统研究提供一定的帮助。     

象牙参种子的解剖学和组织化学研究

象牙参种子解剖学和组织化学的研究结果表明, 种子包括假种皮、种皮、外胚乳、内胚乳和胚。假种皮没有完全包被种子, 由约4~5 层薄壁细胞构成。种皮可以分为外种皮、中种皮和内种皮。外种皮由1 层表皮细胞构成, 细胞壁明显增厚;中种皮包括下皮层、半透明细胞层和3~4层细胞的色素层, 下皮层和色素层细胞均充满红棕色色素;内种皮由1 层体积小、壁局部增厚的砖形薄壁细胞构成。种子在珠孔端分化出珠孔领、孔盖和种阜状结构, 珠孔领为同形型, 孔盖不具石细胞硬层。合点区内种皮出现缺口, 缺口间充满合点区色素细胞, 其整体轮廓成新月形。外胚乳可分为厚区与薄区两部分, 外胚乳细胞壁平直, 细胞内充满淀粉。内胚乳细胞主要含蛋白质, 也有少量脂类物质, 细胞界限不清楚。胚棒状, 两端略膨大, 含大量脂类物质, 也含蛋白质和多糖。     

Palynology of South Indian Zingiberaceae

MANGALY, J. K. & NAYAR, J. 1990. Palynology of South Indian Zingiberaceae. Light microscope studies on pollen morphology of 21 Old World, tropical taxa of Zingiberaceae reveal that an exine is absent only in Kaempferia . A discontinuous exine layer consisting of circular plates joined together at margins occurs in Alpinia galanga and Amomum hypoleucum while all other taxa possess an uninterrupted exine layer which is commonly 0.7 μm to less than 2.0 μrn thick (3.2 μm in Zingiber zerumbet , 2.5 μm in Amomum hypoleucum ). Exine is spinose in Alpinia (smooth in Alpinia sanderae ), Amomum and Boesenbergia , verrucose in Eleltaria , tuberculate to areolate or striate in Zingiber , papillose in Globba and smooth or nearly so in Curcuma, Costus and Hedychiurn . Pollen grains are spheroidal, 50–90 μm in size (35 μm in Globba ophioglossa ), and inaparturate (foraminate in Costus ), except in Curcuma and Zingiber where they are ovoid to ellipsoidal, 70–135 times 60–80 μm in size and sulcate. A lamellated intine, much thicker than the exine, occurs in all, and it is thinner at the apertural region in Curcuma, Costus and Zingiber; in Elettaria and Hedychiurn it is thinner in one or few large scattered circular areas, and in Boesenbergia and Alpinia zerumbet on one side of the grains. Palynologirally Alpinia, Amomum, Boesenbergia, Kaempferia and Zingiber constitute one group while Elettaria, Hedychiurn and Costus constitute another.     

New Taxa of Zingiberaceae from Yunnan

Twelve new species of Zingiberaceae are described from Yunnan Province, China. They are Amomum fragle S. Q. Tong, A. quadrato-laminare S. Q. Tong, A. verrucosum S. Q. Tong, A. glabrum S. Q. Tong, A. capsiciforme S. Q. Tong, A. coriandriodorum S. Q. Tong, Alpinia rubromaculata S. Q. Tong, A. emaculata S. Q. Tong, Zingiber nigrimaculatum S. Q. Tong, Hedychium glabrum S. Q. Tong, Costus viridis S. Q. Tong and Costus oblongus S. Q.Tong. A key to species of the genus Costus is given at the end of text.     

姜科植物的FTIR鉴别分类研究

红外光谱图峰形峰位大体一致,所含化学成分基本相同,是由碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类等生物大分子振动谱带构成。该研究采用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合聚类分析,对姜科植物姜亚科2族6属29种植物进行光谱测试,分析比较姜科同族不同属和同属不同种植物在红外谱图上表现出的差异。将1800~1000 cm-1进行二阶导数处理,并对差异较大的1750~1400、1200~1000 cm-1两个波段分别进行比较分析,用吸光度比值A1516/A3424、A1449/A3424来反映二苯基庚烷和姜辣素的相对含量,再将二阶导数据进行系统聚类。结果表明：姜科植物的主要化学成分姜辣素与二苯基庚烷类化合物的相对含量在族属间和属种间有差异,两种化合物的相对含量在同族不同属植物中差别很大,在同属不同种植物中大体一致;姜科植物的糖类化学成分以单糖和多糖为主;在族属级的水平分类中,2族6属姜科植物的分类与传统分类结果基本吻合,并从光谱角度建议心叶凹唇姜的族级分类应该深入研究。通过研究可知,傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合聚类分析法可以应用于姜科植物的分类。该研究结果为姜科植物的分类系统学提供了参考。     

十种姜科植物的染色体数目研究

报道了姜科3属10种植物的染色体数目。(1)姜属5种:版纳姜2n=22,弯管姜2n=22,圆瓣姜2n=22,红球姜2n=22,紫色姜2n=22;(2)舞花姜属4种:舞花姜2n=24,毛舞花姜2n=48,双翅舞花姜2n=48,澜沧舞花姜2n=32;(3)凹唇姜属1种:白斑凹唇姜2n=36。其中弯管姜、圆瓣姜、紫色姜、澜沧舞花姜、白斑凹唇姜的染色体数目为首次报道。     

(Zingiberaceae) used as cobra-bite antidotes

Two new species of Curcuma, C. sattayasaii A. Chaveerach &; R. Sudmoon and C. zedoaroides A. Chaveerach &; T. Tanee with rhizomes traditionally used for many decades as cobra-bite antidotes are described and illustrated. Curcuma sattayasaii is similar to C. longa L., but differs in rhizome horizontally branching on ground; coma bracts pinkish-white or pinkish-pale green; corolla pale yellow with orange tip; labellum pale orange with an orange central band; anther crest very short, broadly ovate, wider than long. Curcuma zedoaroides is similar to C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe, but differs in rhizome branching pattern; the protruding secondary rhizomes curved down; blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate; peduncle glabrous; fertile and coma bracts glabrous; corolla lobes pale yellow to white, lateral lobe ovate, dorsal lobe broadly ovate. The new taxa have been found in a village of Khon Kaen Province, Northeastern Thailand.     

Structural analysis of subterranean organs in Zingiberaceae

Xylem structural characteristics are rarely used to separate tribes. This study aims to characterize the morphology of subterranean organs and determine both the occurrence and distribution of the vessel elements in ten species, belonging to Alpinieae and Zingibereae tribes. Species were from protected areas in the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest or from private cultivation areas. Roots and rhizomes processing followed both light and scanning electron microscopy procedures. According to morphological and anatomical characteristics, Euclidean distances among taxa were calculated, resulting in a dendrogram based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering. Despite our results indicating a similarity among all the species studied, they could be segregated by using qualitative and special metabolites characters in both the rhizome and the root. Vessel elements were found to be confined to the roots, presenting several basal characters in most of species, except for Alpinia purpurata and Etlingera species.     

海南三七（姜科）的食源性欺骗传粉

有花植物为繁殖成功,进化出各种各样的花部特征来吸引传粉者,如为传粉者提供花蜜、花粉、栖息地等,然而在33科146属的被子植物中也存在着不提供任何报酬而欺骗昆虫为其传粉的现象。这种欺骗性传粉模式主要出现在高度进化的具有多样化传粉模式的兰科植物中。报道了在姜科植物中首次发现的食源性欺骗传粉模式。对姜科山柰属海南三七进行连续2年的传粉生物学观察和研究发现,海南三七的花在早上5:30～6:00之间开放,下午17:00～18:00左右闭合萎蔫,持续大约11～12h。开花过程中花粉活性与柱头可受性均保持较高水平(>90%)。花粉/胚珠比率(P/O)为82.20±47.89(n=20)。木蜂是其主要的访花和传粉昆虫,访花目的是吸取花蜜。海南三七虽有细长线形的蜜腺,但并不分泌花蜜作为传粉昆虫访花的报酬,采用食源性欺骗的方式欺骗木蜂为其传粉。繁育系统的研究表明广西弄化的海南三七居群主要是通过根茎进行无性繁殖。     

Revision of the genus Haniffia (Zingiberaceae)

The genus Haniffia is revised, in comprises two species of which one is described as new: H. albiflora from Thailand. Both species are illustrated.     

草豆蔻传粉生物学的研究

比较研究了花柱卷曲性植物草豆蔻 Alpinia hainanensis两种表型(上举型和下垂型)的传粉生物学特性。结果表明:草豆蔻的花柱卷曲运动节律与其他已报道的山姜属Alpinia植物基本一致,而下垂型花的花柱卷曲运动明显滞后于上举型花约2 h。草豆蔻的花柱卷曲运动中存在一些不同步的现象,甚至在同一花序上的两朵花的花柱运动节律亦会表现出不一致的现象,但上举型花的花药开裂时间却严格同步,都发生在同类型个体的柱头全部位于花药上方之后进行。草豆蔻上举型花的花蜜分泌量、单花花粉量、花粉/胚珠比率(P/O)均明显比下垂型花多,而两种表型的胚珠数、花蜜糖含量、氨基酸含量无显著差异。在草豆蔻的单花期内不同时间段进行人工授粉,上举型花在其柱头位于花药下方时进行人工授粉,其结实率明显比柱头位于花药上方时人工授粉的处理高,下垂型花则没有显著差异。在自然居群中,草豆蔻的主要传粉者是无垫蜂Ameglla sp.和两种木蜂Xylocopa sp.,但存在传粉者不足而影响结实率的现象。完全套袋、去雄和去雌(去柱头)处理的均不结实,表明草豆蔻中不存在无融合生殖、主动自花授粉和滞后自交的生殖保障现象。而人工自交和异交均具有较高的结实率,表明草豆蔻为自交亲和植物。草豆蔻的繁育系统是具花柱卷曲性运动的异花授粉的交配系统。