A NEW GENUS OF CAPRINI (BOVIDAE, ARTIODACTYLA) FROM UPPER PLIOCENE OF YUSHE, SHANSI

<正> In the present paper a new caprine, Sinocapra minor gen. et sp. nov. is erected on the basis of several horn cores. The type specimen was collected by the Sino-American Palaeontology Expedition from the Upper Pliocene, Mazegou Formation, of Yunzhu Subbasin, Yushe Basin, Shansi province in 1988. All the other ones referred to the new genus were described and identified by Teilhard de Chardin and Trassaert (1938, p. 53, fig. 46) as Antilope gen. et sp. indet. They also came from Zhaozhuang, Yunzhu Subbasin and it is likely that they might be gathered from the same Formation as the type specimen judging by the yellow sandy clay filling into the horn cores. Magnetostratigraphic studies by Prof. N. Opdyke of the Yunzhu Subbasin indicates that this stratigraphic interval only includes the Gauss one, approximately 3.4 to 2.47 Ma. Accounts of the biostratigraphy and dating of Yunzhu Subbasin are giyen by Dr. R. H. Tedford and Dr. Z. Qiu in another paper.     

EARLY MIOCENE MAMMALIAN FOSSILS OF XINING BASIN,QINGHAI

<正> Remains of Early Miocene mammals were practically unknown in China.In autumnof 1978,however,a collection of mammalian fossil assemblage was collected by theauthors at Xiejia,a small village about 20 km SE of Xining(Sining).The fauna,mainly made up of micromammals consists.at least of 14 species belonging to 10 genera,dated as Early Miocene in age,approximately equivalent to Aquitanian or Aquitanian-Burdigalian in Europe.Sediments attributed to the Xiejia Formation are composed of yellow brown mud-stone with intercalated yellowish green,grey mudstone,sanstone and conglomerateslens,containing fish and mammalian remains(vide infra.).All the fossils were col-lected from a quarry(IVPP loc.no.78027).     

MURID RODENTS FROM THE LATE PLIOCENE OF YANGQUAN AND YUXIAN, HEBEI

<正> Daodi is considered to be a late Pliocene locality near Nihewan, a classic site well known for its abundant and diverse Plio-Pleistocene mammalian fossils. An assemblage of micromammals was collected by the first author from eight quarries at Daodi by screen-washing in 1984. Preliminary reports on 26 species of small mammals collected and more detailed studies of lagomorphs have been given (see Cai, 1987; 1989). This paper deals with the material of the rodent family Muridae in the collections.     

PONTIAN MAMMALS OF WENQUAN,SINKIANG

Some mammalian fossils collected by the authors in Autumn of 1963 from thewestern part of Zungarica Basin in Sinkiang are described in the present notes.Thelocality lies in the extreme west of Zungarica Basin at Ta-ku-sze-tai valley of Wenquandistrict on the southern side of the Altao Mountains,and it is the first Tertiary localityin Sinkiang represented by a mammalian assemblage,the stratigraphic occurrence ofwhich is known.The fossils are rather well preserved and occur in a clay“pocket”intercalated as a lens in a series of sandstones,marls and conglomerates.The age ofthe fossil bearing Tertiary beds at Ta-ku-sze-tai is Early Pliocene as characterized bythe presence of Gazella dorcadoides,Indarctos sinensis and?Lycyaena dubia,which arethe common elements of Hipparion fauna in North China.     

A MAMMALIAN LOWER JAW FROM THE JURASSIC OF LINGYUAN, LIAONING

<正> In 1976, a right mandible of a Mesozoic mammal was collected by Messrs. Cheng Zhengwu and Yue Zhao of Institute of Geology, the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, from the Middle Jurassic in Lingyuan County, Liaoning Province, Northeast China (fig. 1), When they were studying the Mesozoic stratigraphy of that area. This fossil site is most probably from the same locality as that of Yabeinosaurus tenuis reported by C.C. Young in 1958. Both fossils are derived from the same horizon.     

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE PLIOCENE TURTLE FROM TIENSHUI,KANSU (NORTH CHINA)

C.C.Young in 1950 described a genus and species of fossil turtle new toChina under the name Terrapene sinica n.sp..The remains of this turtle arefrom Hipparion-Red Clay in North China (Pliocene).Placing it in the genusTerrapene the author refers to Hay's characteristics of the genus (1908a).It is     

印尼爪哇动物群与周口店地区及华南动物群对比

Recently the vertebrate faunal succession established by von Koenigswald in 1930s was replaced by a new one which was proposed by Sondaar (1984), which arose some problems in regional correlations, because the relationship between the two schemes are not very clear,and some of the guide fossils mentioned by von Koenigswald were not included in the new scheme. In China, we used to compare the Jetis Fauna with Gongwangling fauna, Trinil Fauna with Zhoukoudian and Yanjinggou Faunas, but at the present time, both of the faunal names were given up. The new dating works changed the old scheme of faunas, the oldest mammalian fossil record in Java is only 1.5 Ma, which had been thought to be Middle Pliocene in the past half century. The new results from the dating works are not well correlated yet with the turnover of faunal assemblages. It's sure that the Java Faunas have close relationship with that of China, but how we can correlate them precisely is still to be done in the future.
     

A PLIOCENE SPECIES OF VULPES FROM YUSHE,SHANXI

<正> The Yushe County in Shanxi Province is one of the most famous "dragon bone" localities in China. Teilhard de Chardin's monographs on the fossil mammals from Yushe made it well known internationally as well. However, the work so far done there is far from completion, especially when compared with the recent achievements in stratigraphic work on late Cenozoic     

NEW FINDS OF MARIOPTERIS-REMAINS FROM CHINA

Mariopteris is one of the most important Carboniferous pteridosperms in the Eura-merican floras.It is represented by more than fifty species,most of which occur ratherwidely and abundantly in the Westphalian,and not uncommon in the Upper Namuriandeposits.A thorough study of the family Mariopterides including the form generaMariopteris,Tetratmema,Dicksonites,Pseudomariopteris and many species attributed tothem commonly found in the Carboniferous of North France has been made by P.Danzé-Corsin in 1953.The genus has hitherto not definitely been known in Eastern Asia;only a few frag-mentary specimens have been described by Kawasaki(1931—34,p.157,pl.28,fig.53)as?Mariopteris sp.from the Jido Series of Korea,by Sze(1934,p.604,pl.5,fig.8)asMariopteris?sp.from the Hsuanmachuang Series of Tachingshan,Inner Mongolia and byStockmans and Mathieu(1939,p.8,pl.8,fig.3)as Mariopteris?hallei from the Chaoko-chuang Series of Kaiping Basin.     

NEW FOSSIL MICROMAMMALS FROM SHANWANG, SHANDONG

<正> In comparison with the recovery of macromammals from Shanwang, Shandong, the finds of micromammals from the locality are still rather small. Up to now, only three forms, Shanwangia unexpectula Young, 1977, Meinia asiatica Qiu, 1981 and Diatomys shantungensis Li, 1977 have been reported. Two taxa of small mammals described in this paper can be added to the list of the middle Miocene Shanwang fauna. The specimens in question were collected from the diatomaceous quarry in 1983.     

THE ROLE OF BACTERIAL SYMBIONTS IN AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF BLACK BEAN APHIDS

To evaluate the role of bacterial symbionts ( Buchnera spp. ) in the black bean aphids ( Aphis craccivora Koch), the aphids were treated with the antibiotic, rifampicin, to eliminate their intracellular symbiotic bacteria. Analysis of protein and amino acid concentration in 7-day-old of aposymbiotic aphids showed that the total protein content per mg fresh weight was significantly reduced by 29 %, but free amino acid titers were increased by 17% . The ratio of the essential amino acids was in general only around 20% essential amino acids in phloem sap of broad bean, whereas it was 44% and 37% in symbiotic and aposymbiotic aphids, respectively,suggesting that the composition of the free amino acids was unbalanced. For example, the essential amino acid,threonine represented 21. 6% of essential amino acids in symbiotic aphids, but it was only 16.7% in aposymbiotic aphids. Likewise, two nonessential amino acids, tyrosine and serine, represented 8.9% and 5.6% of total amino acids in symbiontic aphids, respectively, but they enhanced to 21.1% and 13.6% in aposymbiotic aphids. It seems likely that the elevated free amino acid concentration in aposymbiotic aphids was caused by the limited protein anabolism as the result of the unbalanced amino acid composition.     

REDESCRIPTION OF THE EARLY CAMBRIAN TRILOBITE ART HRICOCEP HALUS CHAUVEAUI BERGERON, 1899

The type series of Arthricocephalus chauvea-ui Bergeron, 1899 is redescribed and figured, anda lectotype selected. The genus is referable to theOryctocephalidae. Arthricocephalus was described by Bergeron(1899, P. 514) from a small number of specimenson a slab of shale collected, and presented to Ber-geron, by M. Chauveau. The provenance of theslab was said to be the mountain chain to the nor-th of Toung-yen-Fou, i. e. in Tongren Countywhich is located in northeastern Guizhou. south-     

A REVIEW ON THE STUDY OF EARLY CRETACEOUS ANGIOSPERM POLLEN IN CHINA

The origin and early evolution of angiosperms is one of the most important topics in the field of botany. During the recent twenty years, the theory on Pre-Cretaceous origin of angiosperms was criticized by Scott et al. (1960),Hughes (1976) and others. Palynological data show that the monosulcate pollen possibly bearing an affinity to angiosperms such as Clavatipollenites first appeared from     

CHANGES OF GLYCEROL CONTENT IN DIAPAUSE LARVAEOF THE ORANGE WHEAT BLOSSOM MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA （GEHIN） IN VARIOUS SEASONS

The glycerol contents in diapause larvae of the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin), collected from various seasons, were measured. The results showed that there was less glycerol content in larvae during living on the wheat head. Content of glycerol began to increase significantly when the larvae left the wheat head and entered the soil. A change trend of upper- lower- upper- lower in larvae glycerol contents during diapause in soil was observed from June to April of next year. More glycerol could be examined in larvae collected in summer and winter than in spring and autumn. There was not more glycerol in cocooned larvae than that in non-cocooned larvae during various seasons from the point of statistics. Comparing the glycerol content of larvae being diapause in the first year with that of larvae in the second year, there was yet no obvious difference when larvae were collected in the same season belonged to different years. Therefore, it is shown that the content of glycerol in larvae of the wheat midge in diapause is affected mainly by the seasons or diapause intensity.     

A REVIEW OF THE GENUS A CRICOTOPUS KIEFFER （DIPTERA： CHIRONOMIDAE） IN CHINA

The genus Acricotopus Kieffer including three species from China is reviewed.Acricotopus lucens (Zetterstedt) is reexamined. Two species A. simplex sp. nov. and A.zhalingensis sp. nov. are described as male imagines. Acricotopus simplex sp. nov. was collected from Xizang, Sichuan and Qinghai Provinces; the species differs from others of the genus by the absence of hind tibial comb, temporal and clypeal seta. Acricotopus zhalingensis sp. nov. was collected from Qinghai Province; the species is recognized by a combination of characters: the larger body size; the clypeus without setae; anal lobe strongly produced, nearly hemispherical shape; inferior volsella triangular, strongly sclerotized; gonostylus with 13 very long setae. A key to the world males of the genus is presented. The generic diagnosis is emended.All the types described in this paper are deposited in Department of Biology, Nankai University,China (BDN).     

THE SKULL OF HAPALODECTES (?ACREODI, MAMMALIA), WITH NOTES ON SOME CHINESE PALEOCENE MESONYCHIDS

<正> Hapalodectes has long been considered as a small mesonychid specialized toward a carnivorous and piscivorous mode of life. Its rare fossil record was known from the early Eocene of North America and middle and upper Eocene of Asia. Knowledge of this genus is still restricted to two species based mainly on some fragmentary materials.A part of the right mandible of the type species, H. leptognathus, was first described by Osborn and Wortman (1892), but was referred by them to Dissacus, and renamed as Hapalodectes by Matthew (1909). Szalay and Gould (1966) erected a new subfamily, Hapalodectinae, and then all known material were restudied by the former author (Szalay, 1969). No additional material of the genus has been reported since then.The newly discovered specimens described in this paper are the first, and so far the only, cranial evidence of Hapalodectes. The fossils were collected from early Eocene (Ling-cha Formation), Hengdong, Hunan, during two field seasons of 1982-1983. The purpose of the present paper is to place on record the morphology of this well-preserved cranial material and to discuss briefly its significance, it is hoped that the information about the cranial morphology of Hapalodectes will increase our understanding of its relationship with Mesonychidae.We are indebted to Drs. Everett H. Lindsay and Chow Minchen for correcting English summary. We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Malcolm C. McKenna for his valuable comments and correcting English summary and the facilitating the casts of the type species of Hapalodectes at the American Museum of Natural History. Ms. Ann Bleefield and Meng jin help us to get the casts, Zhai R. j. and Qi T. lend us unpublished material for the comparison, all the photographs are taken by Wang J. f. and figures are drawn by shen W. L., we thank all of them for their kind help.     

云南路南早第三紀哺乳动物

关于滇东路南地区的第三紀哺乳动物化石及其时代問題,最初曾由楊鈡健、卞美年(1939,1940)及周明鎮(1957)等进行过研究。近几年来,地貭部博物館胡承志先生,以及本所云南野外工作队,对滇东进行了多次調查和化石采集工作,相继在路南以南的扳桥及大可村附近发現了相当丰富的哺乳动物化石。其中絕大部分材料均已研究发表(周, The Tertiary fossil mammals and the fossil bearing beds of Lunan, Yunnan were first studied by Young and Bien (1939). In recent years many new materials had been found and most of them had been investigated and published (Chow, 1957; 1958_1; 1958_2 Chow and Hu, 1959; Chow and Xu, 1961). Chow not only reexamined the collection, which had been preliminarily identified by Young and Bien (1939), and confirmed the age of the fossil bearing sediments to be Latest Eocene, but also pointed out, on the basis of the new materials, that a stratum of Oligocene age occurs in the upper part of the series of Lunan beds. He divided this series into two parts; the upper part of the series was called "Upper Lunan stratum", and dated to be Early Oligocene; the lower part was called "Lower Lunan stratum", and dated to be Latest Eocene.The present paper describes some mammalian fossils recently collected in these beds, and discusses the character and age of the fossil mammalian fauna of Lunan.A list of the fossil mammals described in this paper is given below: Brontotheriidae Rhinotitan quadridens sp. nov. Brontotheriidae indet. Helaletidae Teleolophus medius M. & G. Amynodontidae Amynodon altidens sp. nov. Amynodon sp. of. Metamynodon sp. Rhinocerotidae Prohyracodon progressa Chow & Xu Rhinocerotidae indet. Entelodontidae Eoentelodon yunnanense Chow     

NEW ZONATION AND CORRELATION OF THE UPPER CAMBRIAN CHANGSHANIAN STAGE IN NORTH CHINA

Through a preliminary study of the Changshanian trilobites collected from the Taizihe Valley of Liaoning by the Taizihe stratigraphical team (Wang et al., 1954), from the Qingshuihe region of Nei Monggol by F. H. Chia and Q. L. Kao in 1952, and from the Kushan and Tai'an areas of Shandong by Lu and Dong (1953). 12 new genera and 17 new species are identified (pls. I—III), and six faunal zones and two subzones are established. They are as follows in descending order: VI. Zone with Acanthometopus obesus gen. et sp. nov. (P1. III, figs. 1—4):     

Recording of calcium transient and analysis of calcium removal mechanisms in cardiac myocytes from rats and ground squirrels

With confocal microscopy, we recorded calcium transients and analyzed calcium removal rate at different temperatures in cardiac myocytes from the rat, a non-hibernator, and the ground squirrel, a hibernator. The results showed a remarkable increase of the diastolic level of calcium transients in the rat but no detectable change in the ground squirrel. Calcium transient of the ground squirrel, compared with that of the rat at the same temperature, had a shorter duration and showed a faster calcium removal. As indicated by the pharmacological effect of cyclopiazonic acid, calcium uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was the major mechanism of calcium removal, and was faster in the ground squirrel than in the rat. Our results confirmed the essential role of SR in hypothermia-tolerant adaptation, and negated the importance of Na-Ca exchange. We postulated the possibility to improve hypothermia-tolerance of the cardiac tissue of non-hibernating mammals.