圈养马来熊行为节律和时间分配的季节变化

2009年3－12月,分春、夏、秋、冬4个季节,采用人工观察和红外摄像记录观察2种方式,对上海动物园的圈养马来熊进行行为学研究。建立的行为谱包括休息、走动、踱步、乞食、采食、爬树、探寻、擦痒、玩耍、追逐、嗅闻、示警、打斗、爬跨、舔阴、交配和排泄,将相关行为合并后归纳成6类,即休息、运动、乞食、刻板、社群和其他行为。马来熊用于休息的时间最多,其次是运动和乞食行为。各行为具有不同程度的季节性差异,运动行为（F=62.748,P<0.001）和社群行为（F=26.041,P<0.001）季节性差异极显著,刻板行为（F=4.667,P<0.05）差异显著,休息行为（F=1.857,P>0.05）和乞食行为（F=1.180,P>0.05）差异不显著。圈养马来熊具有明显的日活动节律,00:00－5:00和20:00－24:00是马来熊的休息高峰,6:00开始活动量增大,8:00－9:00是马来熊的正常进食高峰,同时,运动、乞食、社群等行为逐渐增多,乞食行为集中在运动场10:00－15:00游客多的时段。18:00之后运动逐渐减少,进入休息状态。春夏昼间行为比较,运动和刻板行为（P<0.05）差异显著。年龄因素,春季对休息、运动和刻板行为影响特别显著（P<0.001）,社群和乞食行为的影响显著（P<0.05）,夏季对乞食行为影响特别显著（P<0.001）,运动、刻板和社群行为影响显著（P<0.05）。性别因素,春季对社群行为影响极显著（P<0.001）,休息、乞食和其他行为影响显著（P<0.05）,夏季只对社群行为影响显著（P<0.05）。秋冬间各行为差异不显著,室内和运动场的行为对比表明,刻板和休息多在室内,运动行为多在运动场,室内和运动场秋季的运动行为和社群行为差异显著（P<0.05）,冬季的刻板行为差异极显著（P<0.001）。     

军医大学学员坚毅性评价的内隐效应及脑电特征研究

目的:探寻军医大学学员内隐层面对自我和他人坚毅性评价的特点及脑电特征,为全面、客观的评估个体的坚毅性提供理论依据和客观指标。方法:使用E-Prime2.0参照经典内隐联想范式编制内隐联想-坚毅测验,对100名军医大学学员施测坚毅量表(Grit O),选取高、低坚毅水平被试(各20名)进行内隐联想-坚毅测验,并记录脑电,分析两组被试的内隐效应及主要脑电成分。结果:计算内隐效应D值,t检验显示高坚毅组(0.55±0.36)显著低于低坚毅组(0.87±0.49),t=-2.257,P0.05,Cohen'd=0.74。两组被试均诱发明显的N400和LPP,高坚毅组中N400在任务状态下主效应显著,F(1,17)=8.528,P0.05,η2=0.334,且在电极位置上主效应显著,F(10,170)=8.207,P0.001,η2=0.326。LPP在任务状态下主效应显著,F(1,17)=5.471,P0.05,η2=0.243,且在电极位置上主效应显著,F(10,170)=18.479,P0.001,η2=0.521;低坚毅组中N400在任务状态下主效应显著,F(1,17)=10.051,P0.05,η2=0.372,且在电极位置上主效应显著,F(10,170)=8.223,P0.001,η2=0.326,LPP在任务状态下主效应不显著。结论:1.军医大学学员坚毅性评价的内隐效应显著,即均倾向于认为自我的坚毅性高,他人的坚毅性低,通过问卷法评估坚毅性时应考虑坚毅评价的内隐效应。2.高、低坚毅性军医大学学员坚毅性内隐评价时的主要脑电成分N400、LPP存在差异,N400可作为坚毅性内隐评价符合程度的判断指标。3.内隐效应及N400可以作为对军医大学学员坚毅性评价时的客观指标。     

黄山短尾猴社群中的架桥行为

2007年3~5月,采用随机取样法对黄山短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)YA1群架桥行为进行研究。结果表明,不同时间段架桥行为发生次数存在极显著差异(t=3.912,df=10,P<0.01)。成年组雄性个体是主要发起者(Z=-2.1888,P<0.05)和接受者(Z=-2.5238,P<0.05),但同年龄组不同性别个体发起次数(Z=-1.755,P>0.05)无显著差异,接受次数(Z=-2.201,P<0.05)差异显著。架桥行为多采用雄性婴幼猴(Z=-2.437,P<0.05)(F=6.735,df=2,P<0.05)作为媒介,母亲序位影响婴幼猴在架桥中被使用的次数(Z=-3.724,P<0.01)。不同序位雄性(F=2.947,df=4,P<0.05)和雌性个体(F=5.320,df=4,P<0.05)架桥行为发起模式主要是第Ⅰ类。雌性个体选择具有亲缘关系的个体作为架桥媒介(Z=-2.490,P<0.05),但雄性个体对母系亲属后代无明显选择性(Z=-0.866,P>0.05)。短期研究表明,黄山短尾猴社群中的架桥行为主要采用第Ⅰ类模式;亲缘关系不一定是影响架桥行为媒介选择的主要因素;架桥行为具有缓解群体间竞争压力的作用。     

笼舍和洞穴两种条件下出生的幼年华南虎警戒行为比较

对福建梅花山华南虎繁育研究所分别在笼舍和洞穴环境条件下出生的华南虎Panthera tigris amoyensis幼虎的警戒行为进行了研究。结果显示:幼虎的警戒行为多样;洞穴出生的幼虎警戒性整体高于笼舍出生的幼虎;在笼舍与半散放区连通的环境中,2组幼虎组内在每个测量时间点的警戒距离与逃逸距离差异均有高度统计学意义(警戒距离:df=18,F=5.690,P0.001;逃逸距离:df=18,F=4.875,P0.001),而2组幼虎之间的警戒距离与逃逸距离差异均无统计学意义(警戒距离:df=1,F=7.461,P=0.072;逃逸距离:df=1,F=3.288,P=0.167);2组幼虎的警戒距离与逃逸距离随时间增加分别有不同程度的下降,2组幼虎的警戒距离与时间没有显著相关性(笼舍组:R~2=0.082 0,P=0.235,n=19;洞穴组:R~2=0.084 2,P=0.228,n=19),而逃逸距离与时间显著相关(笼舍组:R~2=0.318 5,P=0.012,n=19;洞穴组:R~2=0.304 9,P=0.014,n=19)。     

高功能自闭症儿童面孔加工的ERP研究

目的:探讨7-9岁高功能自闭症儿童面孔加工时事件相关电位(Electrical event-relateds,ERP)的变化及其意义。方法:选择7-9岁自闭症儿童(实验组)与普通儿童(对照组)各15名,以中国人中性面孔及常见物件为刺激材料,记录和比较两类儿童在面孔刺激下的脑电成分。结果:剔除无效数据后,有效被试:实验组12人、对照组14人,两组年龄和性别组成无显著性差异(P0.05)。而,自闭症组按键反应时间、面孔反应时间显著长于对照组(按键反应F=9.26,P0.05;面孔反应t=5.32,P0.05)。在面孔刺激因素下,自闭症组平均波峰明显小于对照组(t=4.62,P0.05)。在物件刺激因素下,两组平均波峰无显著差异(t=0.21,P0.05)。而两组的潜伏期组别主效应不显著(F=1.63,P0.05)。结论:自闭症儿童面孔结构编码过程异常,对面孔的关注度比普通儿童低。本文证实了自闭症儿童知觉/认知缺陷的存在,为更进一步研究提供了理论依据。     

四川雉鹑孵卵行为初步观察

2009年4～5月,在四川省雅江县对四川雉鹑Tetraophasis szechenyii的孵卵行为进行了观察.在孵化过程中,卵重与孵卵剩余天数呈明显的正相关(r=0.939,F=59.585,P<0.001).卵在巢中的位置是不断变化的.雌鸟坐巢的行为主要是孵卵行为(78.7%),其次是离巢(17.4%)和翻卵(3.1%),其他行为(如鸣叫和梳理)偶尔发生(0.8%).孵卵行为全天发生,离巢行为主要发生在7:30～11:30,翻卵行为多发生在13:30～15:30.雌鸟从巢的一个固定位置进出巢.雏鸟出巢时只由雌鸟带领活动.     

人为因素对峨眉山圈养大熊猫夏季行为的影响

对圈养大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca行为及其影响因素的了解有助于改善大熊猫饲养管理。本研究以峨眉山大熊猫馆3只大熊猫香琳、芦琳、平平为对象,采用连续时间记录法,分析了夏季游客数量和饲养员接触方式对大熊猫行为的影响。结果表明,游客数量对香琳的嗅闻(t=3.648,P=0.001)和蹭阴(Z=-2.192,P=0.028)以及芦琳的进食(t=2.487,P=0.018)和踱步(t=-3.302,P=0.001)行为影响显著。饲养员的日常接触使大熊猫的休息、玩耍时长均显著下降(P0.001),而进食、嗅闻、趴门、踱步行为时长显著增加(P0.001)。根据研究结果,我们建议:(1)在大熊猫表现出异常行为时,应适当控制游客数量,以免产生更严重的应激反应;(2)在日常饲养管理中,应减少饲养员与大熊猫的被动接触,以降低饲养员对大熊猫行为的干扰。     

不同出生体重儿童的生命质量研究

目的:探讨不同出生体重对学龄期儿童生命质量及影响因素.方法:采用Achendach儿童行为量表、儿少主观生命质量问卷及自制儿童生命质量影响因素问卷,对台湾基隆市8-11岁儿童进行调查,依研究对象按照不同出生体重分组并进行分析.结果:在所调查的350名儿童中,出现行为问题的儿童有21.14%(74/350).使用Logistic回归检验发现行为问题与父亲与主要养育人的教育程度、受试儿童是否对家庭造成心理负担及经济负担四个方面有密切关系.对不同出生体重儿童主观生命质量满意度的分析结果提示:低出生体重儿与正常出生体重儿相比,在生命质量中的情感成份满意度较低(F=2.601;P=0.028);而巨大儿在认知成份满意度较正常出生体重儿差(F=3.189;P=0.012),且多元逐步回归发现:主要养育人的教育程度与母亲每周与孩子相处时间的长短是影响儿童主观生命质量满意度的因素.结论:低出生体重儿生命质量的情感成份满意度较低.而巨大儿生命质量的认知成份满意度较差,出生体重是影响儿童生命质量的因素.     

投喂频率对红鳍东方鲀生长和行为的影响

以红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼为实验对象,研究在日投喂量相同的条件下,不同投喂频率[3次/d(F3)、4次/d(F4)和5次/d(F5)]对幼鱼生长和行为的影响。结果表明:(1) F4组幼鱼的生长性能显著高于F3和F5组(P<0.05);(2)在实验结束时,不同处理组幼鱼的游泳速度差异显著,从大到小依次为F4>F3>F5(P<0.05),F4组幼鱼的角速度显著高于F3和F5组(P<0.05), F4组幼鱼的加速度和活跃度显著低于F3和F5组(P<0.05), F3组幼鱼的对象间距离显著高于F4和F5组(P<0.05);(3) GLMMs的结果表明, F4组幼鱼的游速受到实验时间与投喂频率交互效应的影响显著(P<0.05),各处理组之间的比较结果显示,实验时间和投喂频率的交互效应对F5组幼鱼的加速度有正向效果,但其显著降低了F5组幼鱼的对象间距离。综上所述,不同投喂频率对幼鱼的生长性能和行为表现具有显著影响。实验推测4次/d的投喂频率可能改变了幼鱼的能量分配,更多的能量被用于生长和游泳,使得幼鱼的生长性能有所提高,并...     

圈养普氏野马夏季高温期昼间活动时间分配研究

2011至2012年的7⁸月,在新疆野马繁育中心采用全事件取样法和目标动物取样法相结合,研究了圈养普氏野马不同组间夏季昼间的主要行为。结果表明,圈养普氏野马在不同高温应激条件下的主要行为存在一定差异,符合动物正常的生物学特性,经双因素方差分析及多重比较检验,得出不同组间在采食行为时间分配上,带驹雌马显著高于其他组群(F3,68=131.144,P=0.000),而幼驹显著低于其他组群(F3,68=131.144,P=0.000);在饮水行为时间分配上,带驹雌马低于其他组群,且与雌马的差异达显著水平(F3,68=1.825,P=0.049);在站醒行为时间分配上,带驹雌马显著低于其他组群(F3,68=41.438,P=0.000;P=0.010),而幼驹显著高于其他组群(F3,68=41.438,P=0.000);在休息行为时间分配上,幼驹高于其他组群,且与雄马(F3,68=7.068,P=0.040)、带驹雌马(F3,68=7.068,P=0.006)的差异达显著水平;在运动行为时间分配上,雄马显著高于(F3,68=24.781,P=0.021;P=0.000)而带驹雌马显著低于(F3,68=24.781,P=0.000;P=0.003)其他组群;在修饰行为时间分配上,雌马显著高于其他组群(F2,51=14.967,P=0.017;P=0.001);在其他行为时间分配上,幼驹显著高于(F3,68=217.107,P=0.000)而雌马则显著低于(F3,68=217.107,P=0.000)其他组群。总体上,圈养普氏野马在高温季节表现出不同程度的行为应答,建议针对新疆夏季高温期,对野马分组分圈进行管护,防止出现由高温造成的意外伤害。同时,行为观测的研究方法可作为监测普氏野马夏季高温期生存状况的有效工具,为人工管护提供科学依据。     

Accurate judgments of intention from motion cues alone: A cross-cultural study

One of our most fundamental cognitive adaptations is the ability to infer the intentions of others. Whole-body motion is a reliable, valid, easily perceived source of information about intentions because different kinds of intentional action have different motion signatures. In this study, we report four experiments that examined the ability of German adults, German children, and Shuar adults from Amazonian Ecuador to distinguish, on the basis of motion cues alone, between six categories of intentional interaction: chasing, fighting, courting, following, guarding, and playing. Naturalistic motion trajectories were elicited from untutored participants in a game-like situation with performance-based monetary payoffs and were categorized by other participants in a forced-choice design. On a six-category task, German adults correctly categorized intention 75% of the time (where 17% represents chance performance). On a four-category judgment task, children's performance was above chance by age 4, with a mean of 64% correct. A final study compared the judgments of German adults with those of Shuar hunter-horticulturalists. Performance was identical and well above chance in both populations, suggesting that cognitive adaptations for inferring intention from motion deserve further research as possible universal components of human psychology.     

Efficacy of two different stretch training programs (passive vs. proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) on shoulder and hip range of motion in older people

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of 2 methods of stretch training (passive and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation [PNF]) on range of motion (ROM) in older people between the age of 60 and 70 years over a period of 13 weeks. Fifty-four participants (39 women and 15 men) were divided into 3 groups: passive (n = 17; 66.5 ± 6.5 years), PNF (n = 17; age, 64.7 ± 4.0 years old), and control (n = 17; age, 66.4 ± 4.5 years). The subjects trained 2 times per week on nonconsecutive days for 13 weeks. Each training session included 2 flexibility exercises focused on the shoulder and hip joints. The PNF group performed 6 seconds of passive stretching, 3 seconds of muscular contractions, and 2 seconds of relaxation. The passive group performed 10 seconds of stretching and 5 seconds of relaxation. This sequence was repeated 3 times by each group. The control group did not perform any stretching. In the PNF group, there was an increase in hip ROM (p < 0.001) between pretest and posttest in the passive group and an improvement (p < 0.001) was observed between pretest and posttest, whereas in the control group, there was a significant decrease (p < 0.01) in hip ROM between pretest and posttest. In shoulder ROM, there was an increase (p < 0.001) between pretest and posttest in the passive group and an improvement (p < 0.001) was observed between pretest and posttest in the PNF group. There were no changes in shoulder ROM between pretest and posttest in the control group. The analysis of variance showed significant differences in hip and shoulder ROM between passive and control groups and PNF and control groups, but no significant differences were found between passive and PNF. The main finding was that the ability of physically active older people to increase ROM in response to stretching techniques is similar for both passive and PNF techniques.     

Effects of a short-term interval training program on physical fitness in prepubertal children

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a 7-week interval-training program on different aspects of physical fitness in children who were 8-11 years old. Forty-six boys and 54 girls (9.7 +/- 0.8 years) were divided into an experimental group and a control group. The 2 groups performed selected tests from the European physical fitness test battery before and after training. Training consisted of 2 specific 30-minute sessions per week of short high-intensity, intermittent-running aerobic exercises at velocities ranging from 100-130% of maximal aerobic speed. After training, the experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement in the standing broad jump (9.6%, p < 0.001, F = 12.9) and 20-meter shuttle run (5.4%, p < 0.001, F = 14.4), whereas for the control group, no significant changes were observed. It was concluded that a high-intensity, intermittent-running program improved children's aerobic performance and explosive strength.     

The Effect of an Animal-Assisted Intervention on Anxiety and Pain in Hospitalized Children

ABSTRACT

Forty children between the ages of 8 and 18 years, who were admitted to a hospital pediatric unit, were randomly assigned to an animal-assisted intervention (AAI) or an active control condition (working on an age-appropriate jigsaw puzzle). Ratings of pain and anxiety were taken both pre- and post-condition. The attachment Questionnaire and Family Life Space Diagram (FLSD) also were administered, and information on medications taken was recorded. A significant post-condition difference was found between groups for anxiety, with the aaI group having lower anxiety scores. However, no significant within- or between-group pre-post changes in either pain or anxiety were detected. Nearly two-thirds of the children (64%) reporting pain at baseline were receiving some type of analgesic, which may have influenced outcomes. Findings demonstrate some support that attachment may be a moderating variable: children with a secure attachment style reported lower pain and anxiety at baseline, with large effect sizes for differences in both anxiety (g = 1.34) and pain (g = 1.23). Although the aaI did not significantly reduce anxiety and pain in these hospitalized children, further investigation of the influence of analgesic use and the moderating effect of attachment style is indicated.     

Prevalence and intensity of infections of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura and associated socio-demographic variables in four rural Honduran communities

Between January and March 1998, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in four rural communities in Honduras, Central America. We examined the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections among 240 fecal specimens, and the association between selected socio-demographic variables and infection for 62 households. The overall prevalence of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was 45% (95% CI 39.0-51.9) and 38% (95% CI 31.8-44.4) respectively. The most intense infections for Ascaris and Trichuris were found in children aged 2-12 years old. By univariate analysis variables associated with infections of A. lumbricoides were: number of children 2-5 years old (p=0.001), level of formal education of respondents (p=0.01), reported site of defecation of children in households (p=0.02), households with children who had a recent history of diarrhea (p=0.002), and the location of households (p=0.03). Variables associated with both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infection included: number of children 6-14 years old (p=0.01, p=0.04, respectively), ownership of a latrine (p=0.04, p=0.03, respectively) and coinfection with either helminth (p=0.001, p=0.001, respectively). By multivariate analysis the number of children 2-5 years living in the household, (p=0.01, odds ratio (OR)=22.2), children with a recent history of diarrhea (p=0.0, OR=39.8), and infection of household members with T. trichiura (p=0.02, OR=16.0) were associated with A. lumbricoides infection. The number of children 6-14 years old in the household was associated with both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infection (p=0.04, p=0.01, OR=19.2, OR=5.2, respectively).     

大耳姬鼠对滇西北18种植物种子的捕食

2004年9月至10月在滇西北高海拔地区对18种植物种子进行了野外被捕食研究。选取高、低两种人为干扰程度的生境;高、低两种种子密度:3粒种子/塑料盘和15粒种子/塑料盘;3种试验设置:排除啮齿动物等大型捕食者、排除蚂蚁等小型捕食者,不作任何处理作为对照。其结果表明,种子捕食者主要为夜间活动的大耳姬鼠(Apodemus latronum)。种子在高人为干扰的生境中被捕食率要显著低于低人为干扰的生境(F1,430=7.78,P<0.01);种子在高密度状况下的被捕食率要显著高于低密度状况(F1,430=13.16,P<0.001)。大耳姬鼠对于不同种类植物种子也有很强的选择性(F17,414=106.69,P<0.001),如喜好取食华山松(Pinus armandi)、中甸乌头(Aconitum chungdianensis)、豆科一种(Leguminosae sp.)和大头续断(Dipsacusasper)的种子,而不喜好取食高山柏(Sabina squamata)、黄花木(Piptanthus concolor)、子(Cotoneaster sp.)和西南鸢尾(Iris bulleyana)的种子。18种植物中,种子大小与其被捕食率高低之间无显著相关性,不同硬度等级的种子与被捕食率也无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

Evolving intentions for social interaction: from entrainment to joint action

This article discusses four different scenarios to specify increasingly complex mechanisms that enable increasingly flexible social interactions. The key dimension on which these mechanisms differ is the extent to which organisms are able to process other organisms' intentions and to keep them apart from their own. Drawing on findings from ecological psychology, scenario 1 focuses on entrainment and simultaneous affordance in 'intentionally blind' individuals. Scenario 2 discusses how an interface between perception and action allows observers to simulate intentional action in others. Scenario 3 is concerned with shared perceptions, arising through joint attention and the ability to distinguish between self and other. Scenario 4 illustrates how people could form intentions to act together while simultaneously distinguishing between their own and the other's part of a joint action. The final part focuses on how combining the functionality of the four mechanisms can explain different forms of social interactions. It is proposed that basic interpersonal processes are put to service by more advanced functions that support the type of intentionality required to engage in joint action, cultural learning, and communication.     

猪冠状动脉前降支结扎位点和左室功能的线性回归

目的探讨猪冠状动脉前降支(LAD)结扎百分位点和心梗体积、左室射血分数的关系,以期指导研究者能够根据急性心肌梗死模型的心功能要求选择合适的LAD结扎百分位点。方法将47只小型猪开胸结扎心脏LAD中远段约30%~75%的不同百分位点,分别于术前、术后1 h心脏超声检查左室射血分数(LVEF),术后3 d进行常规冠状动脉造影,4周处死测量前降支结扎位点和梗死体积,最后用简单直线回归模型分析LAD结扎百分位点和心梗体积、左室射血分数回归方程和相关系数。结果47例动物手术过程中死亡8只,剩余39只存活动物冠状动脉造影均显示LAD中远段结扎部位处完全闭塞,表明手术成功。LAD结扎百分位点和术后1 h LVEF、术后1 hLVEF下降值、梗死心肌体积均明显相关(相关系数r分别为0.87、0.78和0.90,P均<0.001),其回归方程分别为:术后LVEF(%)=65.88-0.55x结扎百分位点;术后LVEF下降值(%)=0.12 0.59x结扎百分位点;心肌梗死体积(%)=0.53x结扎百分位点-5.43。结论猪LAD结扎百分位点和术后左室功能、梗死心肌体积均存在显著的相关性,可根据实验目的和对心功能的要求选择合适的结扎百分位点。     

Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination in Uruguay,a Middle-Income Country

Background

In 2008, a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was introduced into the routine childhood immunization program in Uruguay, with a 2+1 schedule. In 2010, PCV13 replaced PCV7, and the same 2+1 schedule was used. The effect of these pneumococcal vaccines on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections (IPD) and on serotype distribution was analyzed retrospectively, based on passive national laboratory surveillance.

Methods

Data from 1,887 IPD isolates from 5 years before and 5 years after PCV7 introduction (7 before and 3 after PCV13 introduction) was examined to assess the incidence rate per 100,000 age-specific population of all IPD, PCV7-serotypes, and PCV13-serotypes associated IPD among children <2 years and 2 to 4 years old, and patients ≥5 years old. Trends of frequency for each serotype were also analyzed.

Results

Comparison of pre-vaccination (2003–2007) and post-vaccination (2008–2012) periods showed a significant decrease in IPD incidence among children <2 years old (IR 68.7 to IR 29.6, p<0.001) and children 2 to 4 years (p<0.04). IPD caused by serotypes in PCV7 was reduced by 95.6% and IPD caused by 6 serotypes added in PCV13 was reduced by 83.9% in children <5 years old. Indirect effects of both conjugate vaccines were observed among patients ≥5 years old one year after the introduction of each vaccine, in 2010 for PCV7 and in 2012 for PCV13. Nevertheless, for reasons that still need to be explained, perhaps due to ascertainment bias, total IPD in this group increased after 2007. In 2012, the relative frequency of vaccine serotypes among vaccinated and unvaccinated population declined, except for serotype 3. Non vaccine serotypes with increasing frequency were identified, in rank order: 12F, 8, 24F, 22F, 24A, 15C, 9N, 10A and 33.

Conclusion

Consecutive immunization with PCV7 and PCV13 has significantly reduced IPD in children <5 years of age in Uruguay.     

单核细胞趋化蛋白-1、高迁移率族蛋白B1与溃疡性结肠炎患者肠道菌群变化的相关性

目的 探讨单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）、高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）与溃疡性结肠炎（UC）患者肠道菌群变化的相关性。方法 选取2016年9月‒2018年1月遂宁市中心医院收治的98例UC患者资料,根据Mayo评分系统将UC患者分为活动期组（n=50）和缓解期组（n=48）。选取同期进行体检的健康人50例作为对照组。比较各组间肠道菌群,血清MCP-1、HMGB1水平,并进行Pearson相关分析。结果 活动期组患者肠道乳杆菌、双歧杆菌含量[（5.34±0.87）、（5.81±0.83）CFU/g]显著低于缓解期组和对照组[（8.07±0.86）、（8.35±0.88）CFU/g;（8.13±0.91）、（8.46±0.95）CFU/g]（F=12.035,P0.05）。活动期组和缓解期组患者血清MCP-1、HMGB1水平[（267.42±23.51）、（21.35±2.26）ng/mL;（188.15±20.73）、（6.28±1.38）ng/mL]显著高于对照组[（106.38±15.92）、（2.13±0.41）ng/mL]（F=84.163,P<0.001;F=25.386,P<0.001）;活动期组患者血清MCP-1、HMGB1水平[（267.42±23.51）、（21.35±2.26）ng/mL]显著高于缓解期组[（188.15±20.73）、（6.28±1.38）ng/mL]（t=17.676、39.641,均P<0.05）。经过Pearson相关性分析,MCP-1、HMGB1与UC患者乳杆菌、双歧杆菌含量呈负相关（r=‒0.715、‒0.659,r=‒0.703、‒0.614,均P<0.001）,与大肠埃希菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌含量呈正相关（r=0.783、0.702,r=0.762、0.735,r=0.653、0.612,均P<0.001）。结论 MCP-1、HMGB1作为促炎因子可介导肠黏膜炎性反应,引起UC患者肠道菌群的紊乱。