部分小檗科植物的RAPD 分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术分析了部分小檗科(Berberidaceae)5 个属6 种植物:猫儿刺(Berberis julianae Schneid.), 日本绿叶小檗(Berberis thunbergii DC.), 阔叶十大功劳(Mahonia bealei (Fo rt.)Carr.), 南天竹(Nandina domestica Thunb.), 淫羊藿(Epimedium sagittatum(S.et Z.)Maxim.)和八角莲(Dysosma versipellis (Hance)M.Cheng.)。经筛选Sangon 公司的60 个引物, 其中29 个引物的谱带清晰并呈多态性。采用UPGMA 法对求出的遗传距离进行聚类分析, 结果显示:在小檗科内建立十大功劳属(Mahonia)和南天竹属(Nandina)是合理的。     

湖南种子植物新记录

报道产自湖南的7种新记录植物,包括春榆Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehd.) Nakai、壶托榕Ficus ischnopoda Miq.、兴山五味子Schisandra incarnata Stapf、叉毛阴山荠Yinshania furcatopilosa (K. C. Kuan) Y. H.Zhang、鳞斑荚蒾Viburnum punctatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don、巴东小檗Berberis veitchii Schneid.、峨眉十大功劳Mahonia polyodonta Fedde。本文对这些物种新分布区域的报道,扩宽了其分布范围,丰富了湖南省种子植物资源。凭证标本均保存于吉首大学植物标本馆(JIU)。     

中国小檗属（小檗科）一新组合的新名称

小檗属和十大功劳属是小檗科内2个近缘属,Laferrière在1997年将十大功劳属的种及种下类群转移至小檗属中,由此也产生了许多新组合。其中,产于中国贵州的新组合Berberis bodinieri(Gagnep.)Laferr.（小果十大功劳）却是一个不合法的晚出同名,因为Léveillé 在1911年描述产于中国云南的1个小檗属新种时,已经发表了滇小檗（新拟）B.bodinieri Lév.,并且有关中国及世界小檗属的主要研究专著至今都未收录该种。因此,该文提出了新名称Berberis qianensis X.H.Li nom.nov.,以代替晚出同名B.bodinieri(Gagnep.)Laferr.,同时也对B.bodinieri Lév.进行了简要介绍。     

四川十大功劳属一新变种

<正> 菱叶刺黄柏 新变种 图 Mahonia graciupes(Oliv.)Feddo var. rhombicus Z. F. Pan et Z. P. Song,var. nov.     

短序与阔叶十大功劳化学组分及小檗碱含量的FTIR比较研究

为快速评价短序与阔叶十大功劳不同部位化学成分差异,本研究运用FTIR采集短序和阔叶十大功劳不同部位的红外光谱并比较短序与阔叶十大功劳不同部位盐酸小檗碱含量差异.研究结果显示,生物碱、黄酮和丁香酯等化学成分,短序十大功劳根、茎及叶片中均较阔叶十大功劳丰富,但是,多糖和苷类含量在两种十大功劳根中相当,在茎和叶片中均以阔叶十大功劳含量高,尤其是叶片中这种差异更明显.最后,与盐酸小檗碱标准品比较发现,2种十大功劳中盐酸小檗碱含量均以茎中最高,叶片中含量最低;2种十大功劳比较各部位盐酸小檗碱含量均以短序十大功劳中高.故运用FTIR技术可以快速找出2种十大功劳化学成分的差异,本研究结果将为十大功劳属植物资源合理开发利用及良种选育提供参考.     

十大功劳属植物种子形态研究

利用光镜(LM)和扫描电镜(SEM)对十大功劳属24种植物的种子形态进行观察。结果发现十大功劳属植物种子颜色为黑色,长3.4～6.7mm,宽1.7～3.5mm,属大型种子,形状多样;外种皮纹饰为网纹状,网眼形状、大小及网脊粗细、凸凹在不同类群间不完全相同,种内变异稳定,据此可将十大功劳属植物种皮纹饰划分为9种类型。研究结果表明:种子形态在十大功劳属内具有重要的系统学意义,但不支持Ahrendt将十大功劳属下分为2个groups,4个sections,14个subsections的观点。     

竹柏染色体数目和形态

本文对竹柏(Podocarpus nagi(Thb.)Zoll.et Moritz.ex Zoll.)的染色体组型进行了初步观察。观察结果:染色体数目2N=29;染色体长度变化在3.32—6.21微米之间;其相对长度的变动范围是5.29—9.90％;臂比表明有6对染色体具有中部着丝点,7对染色体具有近中部着丝点,其中有2个随体。     

基于nrDNA ITS序列的广西十大功劳属植物的亲缘关系分析

以广西区6种十大功劳属植物为材料,采用PCR直接测序法测定其nr DNA ITS序列,以Gen Bank中的察瓦龙小檗的序列为外群对照,利用MEGA2.1软件构建7种植物的系统发育树,分析它们的亲缘关系。结果表明:(1)十大功劳属广西区6种植物的ITS序列长度在691~692间,ITS中G+C含量的变化范围为40.52%~42.67%,序列间的遗传分化距离为0.000~0.028,平均值为0.017;(2)NJ、MP、ME聚类树的分支趋势一致,六种十大功劳属植物都聚为一支,都以高支持率(96%以上)将小果十大功劳、阔叶十大功劳和十大功劳聚在一起,然后再和其他3种十大功劳属植物相聚,说明6种十大功劳的亲缘关系都比较近,但小果十大功劳,阔叶十大功劳和十大功劳这3个种的亲缘关系最为密切;(3)在6种十大功劳植物中,分布海拔相同以及分布区域有重叠的种类先相聚,可见这些物种的亲缘关系密切。     

4种光响应曲线模型对3种十大功劳属植物的实用性

运用4种光合作用光响应模型对3种十大功劳属植物的光响应数据进行拟合,提取了各光响应模型的主要特征参数并对比分析了各模型参数间的差异。结果表明:不同模型对同一种十大功劳的光响应曲线的拟合结果存在着差异;同一模型对不同十大功劳的光响应曲线的拟合效果也不同;但直角双曲线修正模型对3种十大功劳光响应曲线的拟合效果最佳。因此,在研究植物的光响应时,应考虑光响应模型对植物的整体拟合效果,不能以某个参数作为衡量标准来选取最优的光响应模型。     

锦鸡儿属植物4个种的核型分析

对4种锦鸡儿属(CaraganaFabr.)植物的核型进行了分析,得出4种染色体核型:秦晋锦鸡儿(C.purdom iiRehd.)染色体数为2n=16,其核型公式为2n=16=16 m(4 SAT);小叶锦鸡儿(C.m icrophyllaLam.)染色体数为2n=16,其核型公式为2n=16=14 m(2 SAT) 2 M;中间锦鸡儿(C.interm ediaKuang et H.C.Fu)染色体数为2n=18,其核型公式为2n=18=16 m(4 SAT) 2 M;树锦鸡儿(C.arborescensLam.)染色体数为2n=20,其核型公式为2n=20=20 m(4 SAT)。由此可推测:中间锦鸡儿可能为小叶锦鸡儿和树锦鸡儿或秦晋锦鸡儿和树锦鸡儿的中间类型或杂交种,也可能是具有递增染色体基数的不同种。     

The karyotypic structure of cell populations in vitro as an integral system

This review describes regularities of karyotypic variability maintaining karyotypic stabilization of continuous cell lines. Statistical analysis of individual karyotypes of "marker" and "markerless" cell lines show that survival of cell population in vitro is maintained by a certain ratio of cells with different structural variants of karyotype (SVK). Characteristic feature of karyotypic variability in the "markerless" cell lines during long-term cultivation under various conditions is dicentric formation due to telomeric associations. These dicentrics seem to form genetical structures providing adaptation to conditions in vitro of the cell population as an autonomous system. Correlations between the numerical variability reflecting in SVK, and structural variability (dicentric formation) are manifestations of an integral cell-populational function. Experimental data allow to suggest that integrity of the karyotypic structure of cell populations is maintained not only by selection of random variations, but also by programmed (adaptive) changes of karyotype. As a whole, in the cell population the state is realized that can be called karyotypic homeostasis; the observed phenomena characterize processes maintaining such homeostasis.     

Stochastic cancer progression driven by non-clonal chromosome aberrations

Cancer research has previously focused on the identification of specific genes and pathways responsible for cancer initiation and progression based on the prevailing viewpoint that cancer is caused by a stepwise accumulation of genetic aberrations. This viewpoint, however, is not consistent with the clinical finding that tumors display high levels of genetic heterogeneity and distinctive karyotypes. We show that chromosomal instability primarily generates stochastic karyotypic changes leading to the random progression of cancer. This was accomplished by tracing karyotypic patterns of individual cells that contained either defective genes responsible for genome integrity or were challenged by onco-proteins or carcinogens that destabilized the genome. Analysis included the tracing of patterns of karyotypic evolution during different stages of cellular immortalization. This study revealed that non-clonal chromosomal aberrations (NCCAs) (both aneuploidy and structural aberrations) and not recurrent clonal chromosomal aberrations (CCAs) are directly linked to genomic instability and karyotypic evolution. Discovery of "transitional CCAs" during in vitro immortalization clearly demonstrates that karyotypic evolution in solid tumors is not a continuous process. NCCAs and their dynamic interplay with CCAs create infinite genomic combinations leading to clonal diversity necessary for cancer cell evolution. The karyotypic chaos observed within the cell crisis stage prior to establishment of the immortalization further supports the ultimate importance of genetic aberrations at the karyotypic or genome level. Therefore, genomic instability generated NCCAs are a key driving force in cancer progression. The dynamic relationship between NCCAs and CCAs provides a mechanism underlying chromosomal based cancer evolution and could have broad clinical applications.     

中国和邻近地区杉科特有植物的核型及其进化水平的初步研究

中国和邻近地区杉科特有植物的核型类型,柳杉属、水松属、水杉属均为“1A”,杉木属、台湾杉属分别为“1B”和“2B”,它们的进化水平似依序递增并组成A-柳杉属——水松属——台湾杉属和L-水杉属——杉木属二条演化路线。该结果得到某些形态学性状和古植物学的支持,基本上适用于整个杉科。     

Effect of laminin on numerical karyotype variability of kangaroo rat kidney cell lines

The numerical karyotypic variability has been investigated in "markerless" epithelial-like Rat kangaroo kidney cell lines NBL-3-11 and NBL-3-17 on cultivation on a laminin-2/4 coated surface. In cell line NBL-3-17, cultivated on the laminin-coated surface for 2, 4 and 12 days, the character of numerical karyotypic variability has changed. In 2 days the general character of cell distribution for the chromosome number did not change, but the frequency of cells with modal number of chromosomes decreases significantly, while that of cells with lower chromosome number show a tendency to increase. At a prolongation of cultivation time to 4 and 12 days, the numerical karyotypic heterogeneity in cell population increases due to a significant change in the general character of cell distribution for the chromosome number, which is caused by a significant decrease in the frequency of cells with the modal number of chromosomes, and by an increase in the frequency of cells with lower chromosome number. The analysis of distribution of individual chromosomes showed that the number of types of additional structural variants of the karyotype (SVK) increases significantly on cultivation on laminin for 2-12 days. In cell line NBL-3-11, cultivated on the laminin-coated surface for 2 and 4 days, the character of numerical karyotypic variability did not change compared to control variants. Possible reasons of the observed changes of numerical karyotypic variability in cell line NBL-3-17 is discussed. The reason of differences in the character of numerical karyotypic variability between cell lines NBL-3-11 and NBL-3-17 possibly consists in the change of gene expression, namely in a dose of certain functioning genes. The polymerase chain reaction with arbitrary primers revealed no differences between DNA patterns of cell lines NBL-3-17 and NBL-3-11. This can reflect a similarity in the primary DNA structure of both cell lines. Hence, these lines differ only in the number of homologous chromosomes (hypotriploid and hypodiploid).     

Karyotypic stability of Serum-Free Mouse Embryo (SFME) cells

Mouse embryo cultures derived in serum-containing medium undergo growth crisis or senescence after fewer than 20 population doublings, followed by the emergence of genetically altered, polyploid immortalized cells capable of growing indefinitely. Serum-free mouse embryo (SFME) cells, derived in medium in which serum is replaced with growth factors and other supplements, do not exhibit growth crisis or gross chromosomal aberrations when cultured for well over 100 population doublings and display other unique properties. We examined culture conditions and physiological factors affecting karyotypic stability in long term cultures of SFME cells derived from several mouse strains. Cloning SFME cells consistently isolated colonies with altered karyotype, even when the clones were derived from parent cultures with no karyotypic alterations. After 140–200 population doublingsin vitro, the percentage of SFME cells showing hyperdiploidy or structural chromosomal abnormalities increased, although the modal chromosome number remained diploid. SFME cells transformed with molecularly cloned oncogenes did not show alterations in karyotype beyond that expected from the clonal origins of these cells, indicating that malignant transformation of SFME cells does not result in general karyotypic instability.     

益母草的核型研究

<正> 益母草Leonurus japonicus Houtt, (L. heterophyllus Sweet, L. artemisia(Lour,) S. Y. Hu)是唇形科益母单属的一、二年生草本植物,全国各地均产,朝鲜和日本也有分布,生于旷野向阳处,海拔可达3400米。 益母草是著名的重要中药,《神农本草经》和明李时珍的《本草纲目》列为上品,性微寒,味辛苦,具有活血调经、祛瘀生新之功效,为妇科要药,果实名“茺蔚子”,能清肝明目。     

Evolution of the common shrewSorex araneus:

We review data on the chromosomal variation in the common shrewSorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 in the context of recent molecular findings. The article considers all aspects of chromosomal variation in this species: within-population polymorphism, karyotypic races, hybrid zones between karyotypic races, chromosomal evolution, and speciation. The recent molecular data provide vital information on different evolutionary processes such as inbreeding, genetic drift, population expansion, and selective forces. In particular, the molecular data challenge traditional models for the fixation of chromosomal variants, provide new insights into the manner of spread of such variants once they are formed and allow in-depth analysis of gene exchange between karyotypic races.     

小叶锦鸡儿的核型分析

本文对小叶锦鸡儿进行细胞水平的核型分析,可得出结论：小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla Lam.)体细胞染色体数目为2n=16,其核型公式为2n=2x=14m(2SAT) 2M,桉stebbins的核型分析原则,小叶锦鸡儿的核型属1A型。     

Effect of laminin on structural karyotype variability of kangaroo rat kidney cell lines

The structural karyotypic variability has been investigated in the "markerless" epithelial-like Rat kangaroo kidney cell lines NBL-3-17 and NBL-3-11 on cultivation on a laminin-2/4 coated surface. In cell line NBL-3-17, cultivated on the laminin-coated surface for 2, 4 and 12 days, and in cell line NBL-3-11, cultivated on the laminin-coated surface for 2 and 4 days, there is a significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations, both chromosomal breaks and dicentrics (telomeric associations). Different sensitivity of individual chromosomes to inducing chromosomal breaks was observed in addition to a preferential involvement of some chromosomes in dicentric formation. Structural instability of chromosomes at cultivation on laminin demonstrates nonspecific reaction of the "markerless" cell lines to unfavourable factors of the environment. We discuss possible reasons of differences in the character of karyotypic variability between a cell line of the Indian muntjac skin fibroblasts and epithelial-like Rat kangaroo kidney cell lines cultivated on laminin.     

The influence of immobilized fibronectin on karyotypic variability of two rat kangaroo kidney cell lines

The numerical and structural karyotypic variability has been investigated in "markerless" Rat kangaroo kidney cell lines NBL-3-17 and NBL-3-11 when cultivating on a fibronectin-coated surface. In cell line NBL-3-17, cultivated on the fibronectin-coated surface for 1, 2, 4 and 8 days, the character of cell distribution for the chromosome number has changed. These changes involve a significant decrease in frequency of cells with modal number of chromosomes, and an increase in frequency of cells with lower chromosomal number. Many new additional structural variants of the karyotype (SVK) appear. The observed alterations seem to be due preference adhesion of cells with lower chromosome number, disturbances of mitotic apparatus and selection of SVK, which are more adopted to changes in culture conditions. Detachment of cells from the fibronectin-coated surface, followed by 5 days cultivation on a hydrophilic surface restored control distribution. In cell line NBL-3-11, cultivated on the fibronectin-coated surface for 1, 2, 4 and 8 days, the character of numerical karyotypic variability did not change compared to control variants. In cell line NBL-3-17 the frequency of chromosomal aberrations under cultivation on the fibronectin-coated surface for 1, 2, 4 and 8 days did not change relative to control variants. In cell line NBL-3-11 the frequency of chromosomal aberrations under the same conditions significantly increases, mainly at the expence of chromosomal, chromatid breaks and dicentrics (telomeric association) relative to control variants. We discuss possible reasons of differences in the character of numerical and structural karyotypic variability between cell lines NBL-3-17 (hypotriploid) and NBL-3-11 (hypodiploid) under cultivation on fibronectin. The reasons of the observed interline karyotypic differences possibly consist in peculiarity of karyotypic structure of cell line NBL-3-11 and in the change of gene expression, namely in a dose of certain functioning genes in the hypotryploid cell line NBL-3-17.