分子生物学在空气微生物气溶胶研究中的应用进展

空气微生物气溶胶的研究方法很多,包括培养计数法、生物发光法、化学发光法、直接镜检法、免疫学方法、分子标志法、生物传感器和分子生物学方法(基因探针和PCR法)。分子生物学方法由于特异性强、操作简便、快速,尤其是最新发展的定量PCR的方法还可以实现对DNA或RNA的绝对定量分析,因此在空气微生物气溶胶的研究中有很好的发展前景。本文对应用PCR和实时定量PCR(QPCR)在空气微生物气溶胶领域的研究进行了综述,指出了传统PCR和QPCR的优缺点,着重对QPCR在空气微生物领域的应用进行了比较全面的分析,指出了应用QPCR检测空气微生物气溶胶还应解决的问题和前景。     

微生物学的发光仪器

生物发光和化学发光的仪器已有很多应用.这里,我们坚持使用“发光仪”这个词来命名这类仪器,虽然也有人偶尔用辐射仪或光度计等其他名称.这里“发光”一词仅包括生物发光和化学发光,不包括荧光、磷光等等.有好几家公司生产发光仪,本文结尾罗列了这些仪器.而所使用的非商品发光仪不在此列,因此论述将集中在适于工业化生产的发光仪的设计原则.当把生物和化学发光与微生物学联系在一起,人们习惯上会想到生物发光的ATP技术.可是近年来,免疫分析和DNA探针方法也在使用生物及化学发光标记.这些分析技     

生物发光和化学发光学术讨论会在苏州召开

1990年5月22—24日由中国生物物理学会光生物专业委员会和中国物理学会发光分科学会联合举办的生物发光和化学发光学术讨论会在苏州举行,参加会议的代表100多人,其中中青年科学工作者包括研究生过半数,代表来自全国16个省市,交流的论文达120篇(宣读了64篇),论文的内容覆盖面广,有生物发光、生物的超微弱发光、细胞化学发光、体表发光、化学发光和荧光标记、化学及荧光免疫分析法及测量发光的仪器仪表等。从人数、论文数来看,比1987年苏州光生物学会议增加了4倍,说明生物发光和化学发光这一新兴学科已在我国生根,并得到了迅速发展。     

微弱发光分析技术原理及应用实例(一)

微弱发光分析技术近年得到迅速发展,在自由基、活性氧分析、化学发光分析、生物的超微弱发光分析、发光免疫分析、生物发光分析等领域得到广泛应用.简要介绍了微弱发光分析技术的测量原理,并以一些研究成果为实例讲解如何应用微弱发光分析技术进行研究和实践.     

生物发光技术在生命科学中的应用

随着发光（luminescence）技术在多种生物实验中的广泛应用,生物发光（bioluminescence）技术越来越成为首选的生物检测手段。在这篇文章中,我们将详细讨论生物发光技术在生物检测中的应用,以及它与其它发光检测手段相比所显示出的优点。     

荧光素酶在蛋白相互作用研究中的应用

蛋白质相互作用参与细胞的多项生理活动,是生命科学研究的一个重要领域。化学发光,特别是基于生物酶的化学发光即生物发光,提供了极灵敏的检测信号,因而在实际应用中具有诸多优势。荧光素酶如萤火虫荧光素酶、细菌荧光素酶、海肾荧光素酶,以及近年来出现的几种低分子量荧光素酶,具有不同的酶催化特性及理化特征。它们应用于蛋白质片段互补与共振能量转移技术等各种生化检测方法,为观察蛋白质相互作用提供了更安全便捷的手段,拓宽了蛋白质相互作用检测技术的适用范围。本文综述了常用荧光素酶的特征和它们在各种蛋白质相互作用检测方法中使用的原理、策略及其适用性。     

AlphaLISA技术的发展及应用

AlphaLISA技术是一种基于微珠的化学发光的新型均相检测技术,与传统的ELISA技术相比具有更高的敏感性、精确性、均一性、背景低、广泛的动态检测范围,而且无需洗涤及样本需求量极少等特点.该技术可用于多种组织、细胞来源的生物分子的检测,如细胞因子、抗原抗体的检测、蛋白相互作用及蛋白质与核酸相互作用的检测以及药物分析等研究.随着AlphaLISA技术的发展,该技术已在医学及分子生物学领域得到了广泛的应用.     

全国植物分子生物学与生物技术学术研讨会在庐山召开（2000年8月12~17？…

由中国植物学会植物生理与分子生物学专业委员会、中国植物生理学会植物分子生物学专业委员会、中国细胞学会和中国遗传学会联合组织 ,国家自然科学基金委员会、科技部国家高技术计划生物领域办公室和中国科学院资助的“全国植物分子生物学与生物技术学术研讨会”于 2 0 0 0年     

基于ATP生物发光法的微生物数量快速检测技术的研究进展

微生物数量的快速检测一直是工业生产与食品行业需要解决的问题,腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)生物发光法具有操作简便、检测周期短等优点,可满足一般微生物检测的需求。然而,ATP生物发光法的准确性也受到不同因素的影响,如微生物的ATP检测限值较高、微生物自身及其他因素(如非微生物ATP、提取剂种类、荧光素酶活性等)均对微生物数量的检测产生影响。本文简述了不同微生物数量检测方法的优缺点,介绍了ATP生物发光法的发展历程及原理,综述了非微生物ATP与游离ATP、微生物量、ATP提取剂、荧光素酶等因素对ATP生物发光法灵敏度与稳定性的影响,归纳总结了ATP生物发光法及检测设备在食品、医疗、污水处理等领域的应用现状,并就ATP生物发光法体系的优化及ATP在线检测的应用等方面进行了展望,以期为ATP生物发光法的高效应用提供新的思路。     

分子生物学技术在生物修复中的应用研究进展

随着分子生物学技术如分子杂交、PCR、电泳技术等的发展,微生物学研究领域发生了深刻的变革,灵敏的检测和精确的细菌鉴定成为可能.微生物分子生态学作为分子生物学与微生物生态学交叉而形成的学科,在生物修复方面得到广泛应用.从分子生物学实验技术角度综述了各种微生物分子生物学技术在生物修复中的应用研究情况.     

Biotechnological applications of bioluminescence and chemiluminescence

Recent progress in molecular biology has made available several biotechnological tools that take advantage of the high detectability and rapidity of bioluminescence and chemiluminescence spectroscopy. These developments provide inroads to in vitro and in vivo continuous monitoring of biological processes (e.g. gene expression, protein-protein interaction and disease progression), with clinical, diagnostic and drug discovery applications. Furthermore, combining luminescent enzymes or photoproteins with biospecific recognition elements at the genetic level has led to the development of ultrasensitive and selective bioanalytical tools, such as recombinant whole-cell biosensors, immunoassays and nucleic acid hybridization assays. The high detectability of the luminescence analytical signal makes it appropriate for miniaturized bioanalytical devices (e.g. microarrays, microfluidic devices and high-density-well microtiter plates) for the high-throughput screening of genes and proteins in small sample volumes.     

Luminometer development in the last four decades: recollections of two entrepreneurs

This article, written by two entrepreneurs in luminescence, traces their involvement in the major part of the interconnected innovation and development of luminometers, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence and other technologies from the mid‐1970s to 2011 that ushered in much of the field of luminometry as we know it today. Key developments leading to current commercial applications of ATP bioluminescence, luminescence immunoassay, cellular luminescence, reporter gene and other applications are described from the first tube luminometers derived from early luminescence studies using liquid scintillation counting technology to measuring bioluminescence from crude ATP and firefly tail extracts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Disposable bioluminescence-based biosensor for detection of bacterial count in food

A biosensor for rapid detection of bacterial count based on adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence has been developed. The biosensor is composed of a key sensitive element and a photomultiplier tube used as a detector element. The disposable sensitive element consists of a sampler, a cartridge where intracellular ATP is chemically extracted from bacteria, and a microtube where the extracted ATP reacts with the luciferin–luciferase reagent to produce bioluminescence. The bioluminescence signal is transformed into relevant electrical signal by the detector and further measured with a homemade luminometer. Parameters affecting the amount of the extracted ATP, including the types of ATP extractants, the concentrations of ATP extractant, and the relevant neutralizing reagent, were optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the biosensor showed a linear response to standard bacteria in a concentration range from 10³ to 10⁸ colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter with a correlation coefficient of 0.925 (n = 22) within 5 min. Moreover, the bacterial count of real food samples obtained by the biosensor correlated well with those by the conventional plate count method. The proposed biosensor, with characteristics of low cost, easy operation, and fast response, provides potential application to rapid evaluation of bacterial contamination in the food industry, environment monitoring, and other fields.     

Cellular biosensors for drug discovery.

Recent advances in cell biology, fluorescent probe chemistry, miniaturization and automation have allowed the use of mammalian cells in a variety of medical and industrial applications. Here we describe the generation of cell-based biosensors, engineered to optically report specific biological activity. Cellular biosensors are comprised of living cells and can be used in various applications, including screening chemical libraries for drug discovery and environmental sensing. Panels of biosensors may also be useful for elucidating the function of novel genes. Here we describe two examples of the construction and use of engineered cell lines as biosensors for drug discovery.     

Functional assays for screening GPCR targets

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are valuable molecular targets for drug discovery. An important aspect of the early drug discovery process is the design and implementation of high-throughput GPCR functional assays that allow the cost-effective screening of large compound libraries to identify novel drug candidates. Several functional assay kits based on fluorescence and/or chemiluminescence detection are commercially available for convenient screen development, each having advantages and disadvantages. In addition, new GPCR biosensors and high-content imaging technologies have recently been developed that hold promise for the development of functional GPCR screens in living cells.     

Light it up: highly efficient multigene delivery in mammalian cells

Multigene delivery and expression systems are emerging as key technologies for many applications in contemporary biology. We have developed new methods for multigene delivery and expression in eukaryotic hosts for a variety of applications, including production of protein complexes for structural biology and drug development, provision of multicomponent protein biologics, and cell-based assays. We implemented tandem recombineering to facilitate rapid generation of multicomponent gene expression constructs for efficient transformation of mammalian cells, resulting in homogenous cell populations. Analysis of multiple parameters in living cells may require co-expression of fluorescently tagged sensors simultaneously in a single cell, at defined and ideally controlled ratios. Our method enables such applications by overcoming currently limiting challenges. Here, we review recent multigene delivery and expression strategies and their exploitation in mammalian cells. We discuss applications in drug discovery assays, interaction studies, and biologics production, which may benefit in the future from our novel approach.     

Applications of low-light imaging to life sciences

Photon imaging is a new technique for the quantitative analysis of bioluminescence and chemiluminescence and can be performed both at the macro and micro levels. The high sensitivity and spatial resolution of photon-counting cameras have resulted in the development of new applications in the life sciences. At the macro level, imaging is a valuable tool for the rapid identification of biological samples emitting long-lasting glows in assays using microtitre plates or filter formats (immunoassays, DNA probes, phagocytosis, gene expression, metabolite and drug analysis) and also for in vivo studies of promoter activity. At the micro level, low-light imaging can be used for analysing multiple analytes on micro sensors and for advanced cell analysis (immunocytology, in situ hybridization, identification of cells or tissues expressing the luciferase gene, intracellular or intercellular protein traffic, metabolite analysis and imaging of Ca²⁺ flux and phosphorylation reactions). Two-dimensional photon-counting instrumentation is a versatile and powerful research tool for imaging and is complementary to conventional luminometers. The main applications to the life sciences involve many types of luminescence assays and can be performed on multiple samples in standard and non-standard formats. Photon-counting coupled to imaging is very helpful in selecting microorganisms or cells expressing bioluminescent genes. Measurements can be made in vitro and in vivo with a sensitivity comparable to that of phototube luminometers.     

Introduction to beetle luciferases and their applications

All beetle luciferases have evolved from a common ancestor: they all use ATP, O₂, and a common luciferin as substrates. The most studied of these luciferases is that derived from the firefly Photinus pyralis, a beetle in the superfamily of Cantharoidea. The sensitivity with which the activity of this enzyme can be assayed has made it useful in the measurement of minute concentrations of ATP. With the cloning of the cDNA coding this luciferase, it has also found wide application in molecular biology as a reporter gene. We have recently cloned other cDNAs that code for luciferases from the bioluminescent click beetle, Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus, in the superfamily Elateroidea. These newly acquired luciferases are of at least four different types, distinguishable by their ability to emit different colours of bioluminescence ranging from green to orange. Unique properties of these luciferases, especially their emission of multiple colours, may make them additionally useful in applications.     

Reduction of Background Problems in Nonradioactive Northern and Southern Blot Analyses Enables Higher Sensitivity Than P-Based Hybridizations

An improved chemiluminescence-based RNA/DNA detection procedure offering a widely applicable alternative to the conventional ³²P labeling employed in molecular biology is described. Even highly sensitive applications such as Northern blot analysis of low-copy RNAs are shown to be feasible now without radioactive labeling. Improved quality of nonradioactive detection was obtained by the use of digoxigenin-labeled nucleotides in combination with dioxetane substrates which are decomposed by the hydrolysis of alkaline phosphatase. Previously existing problems involving unacceptably high background signals in nonradioactive labeling procedures were eliminated by the application of a modified RNA/DNA transfer, hybridization, and detection protocol. The data presented here delineate a system consistently superior to radioactivity and should considerably increase the usefulness of nonradioactively labeled probes detected by chemiluminescence.