共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 984 毫秒
1.
Spatially Explicit Characterization of Acidifying and Eutrophying Air Pollution in Life-Cycle Assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mark A. J. Huijbregts Wolfgang Schöpp Evert Verkuijlen Reinout Heijungs Lucas Reijnders 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2000,4(3):75-92
Abstract: Simple models are often used to assess the potential impact of acidifying and eutrophying substances released during the life cycle of products. As fate, background depositions, and ecosystem sensitivity are not included in these models, environmental life-cycle assessment of products (LCA) may produce incorrect results for these impact categories. This paper outlines the spatially explicit regional air pollution information and simulation model (RAINSLCA), which was developed for the calculation of acidification and terrestrial eutrophication potentials of ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) air emissions and acidification potentials for sulfur dioxide (SO2) air emissions for Europe and a number of European regions, taking fate, 相似文献
2.
Robert Renzoni Albert Germain 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(2):118-126
Goal, Scope and Background The goal of this study is to determine the environmental impact of using one cubic metre of water in the Walloon Region.
The whole anthropogenic water cycle is analysed, from the pumping stations to the wastewater treatment plants. The functional
unit has been defined as one cubic metre of water at the consumer tap. This study was carried out in the context of the EU
Water Framework Directive. It is part of a programme called PIRENE launched by the Walloon Region to fulfil the requirements
of this Directive.
Methods A model of the whole anthropogenic water cycle in the Walloon Region was developed. The model is mainly based on site-specific
data given by the companies working in the field of water production and wastewater treatment. It was used to assess the environmental
impact from the pumping station to the wastewater treatment plant using the Eco-Indicator 99 methodology. Eco-Indicator 99
has been adapted in order to better take into account environmental impact of acidification and eutrophication. Characterisation
factors have been calculated for COD, nitrogen and phosphate emissions. From the reference model, different scenarios have
been elaborated.
Results and Discussion
On the basis of the inventory, the environmental impact of five scenarios has been evaluated. Acidification and eutrophication
is the most important impact category. It is mainly caused by the wastewater that is discharged without any treatment, but
also by the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant. So, this impact category has the lowest environmental load when the
wastewater treatment rate is high. For the other impact categories, the impact generally increases with the wastewater treatment
rate. During wastewater treatment, energy and chemicals are indeed consumed to improve the quality of the final outputs, and
thus to reduce the environmental impact related to acidification and eutrophication. A comparison between the scenarios has
also shown that the building of the sewer network has a significant contribution to the global environmental load and that
the stages before the tap contribute less to the environmental impact than the stage after the tap.
Conclusions
The three stages that contribute significantly to the global environmental load are: water discharge, wastewater treatment
operation and, to a lesser extent, the sewer system. The results show that the wastewater treatment rate must be as high as
possible, using either collective or individual wastewater treatment plants. Even a small water discharge without any treatment
has a significant environmental impact. Operation of the wastewater treatment plants must also be improved to reduce the environmental
impact caused by the effluent of the plants. For new wastewater treatment plants, building plants treating nitrogen and phosphorus
should be encouraged. A sensitivity analysis was conducted and showed that the results of the study were not very affected
by a modification of key parameters. Impact assessment using the CML methodology has confirmed the results obtained with Eco-Indicator
99. 相似文献
3.
4.
Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production from waste activated bleaching earth as raw material in a pilot plant 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from waste activated bleaching earth (ABE) discarded by the crude oil refining industry using lipase from Candida cylindracea was investigated in a 50-L pilot plant. Diesel oil or kerosene was used as an organic solvent for the transesterification of triglycerides embedded in the waste ABE. When 1% (w/w) lipase was added to waste ABE, the FAME content reached 97% (w/w) after reaction for 12 h at 25 degrees C with an agitation rate of 30 rpm. The FAME production rate was strongly dependent upon the amount of enzyme added. Mixtures of FAME and diesel oil at ratios of 45:55 (BDF-45) and 35:65 (BDF-35) were assessed and compared with the European specifications for biodiesel as automotive diesel fuel, as defined by pr EN 14214. The biodiesel quality of BDF-45 met the EN 14214 standard. BDF-45 was used as generator fuel, and the exhaust emissions were compared with those of diesel oil. The CO and SO2 contents were reduced, but nitrogen oxide emission increased by 10%. This is the first report of a pilot plant study of lipase-catalyzed FAME production using waste ABE as a raw material. This result demonstrates a promising reutilization method for the production of FAME from industrial waste resources containing vegetable oils for use as a biodiesel fuel. 相似文献
5.
Sune Hansen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(1):50-58
Background, Goal and Scope The palm oil industry is one of the leading industries in Malaysia. With a yearly production of more than 13 million tons
of crude palm oil (CPO) and plantations covering 11% of the Malaysian land area it is an industry to be reckoned with, also
when it comes to environmental impacts. One way to describe and present the environmental impacts is through a life cycle
assessment, LCA. This assessment aims to introduce the concept of LCA and perform a screening LCA on crude palm oil production
in Malaysia including the stages of plantation, transport and milling. The assessment is largely based on general data and
is thus meant to function as an indication of the environmental threads posed by CPO production and as a guideline to CPO
producers and local universities on how to perform an LCA on a palm oil scenario. Due to the general data background the results
of this report should not be quoted directly for decision making. The Functional Unit, to which all masses and emissions in
this assessment have been adjusted, is the production of 1000 kg of CPO in Malaysia.
Method Initially an overview of palm oil production was obtained and the outlines and borders of the assessment were determined
along with the specific goal and scope of the assessment. The data for the assessment was collected from three different sources:
- 1. Earlier studies and statistics on palm oil production in Malaysia
- 2. Studies on similar processes, when palm oil related processes were not available
- 3. General data from the SimaPro 5 database
- The European Eco-Indicator 99 method and European databases included in the LCA software SimaPro 5 have been used for the
impact calculations.
Results and Discussion The impact processes related to the plantation are the on-site energy use (mainly diesel) and the production of artificial
fertilizer. Pesticide use contributes a minor impact due to widely used integrated biological poet management. For transportation
the only impact is from combustion of diesel and at the mill the boiler is the sole significant contributor – positively through
electricity production and negatively by emissions from the boiler. Impacts from POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent) are not dealt
with in the main assessment, but touched upon in alternative scenarios. The results clearly show that fertilizer production
is the most polluting process in the system followed by transportation and the boiler emissions at a tie. The most significant
impacts from the system are respiratory inorganics and depletion of fossil fuels, of which the boiler emission is the main
responsible for the prior and fertilizer production and transportation are responsible for the latter. It is also evident
from the results that crude palm oil production is a significant environmental impact generator in Malaysia due to the vast
production quantities. Alternative scenarios revealed that there are significant impact savings to be made by introduction
of environmental investments, both regarding the overall impacts and in particularly regarding CO2 emissions.
Conclusion A screening LCA was successfully conducted on the Malaysian crude palm oil production thus promising potentials for the palm
oil industry to conduct their own inventories and assessments using specific company data.
Crude palm oil production in Malaysia is responsible for app. 3.5% of the total environmental impacts in the country and must
thus be given attention to reduce impacts. Alternatives such as optimized use of organic fertilizer, environmentally friendlier
artificial fertilizer production, rail transport, approved filters at the mill boiler stack and biogas harvest from POME digestion
must thus be promoted in the industry.
Recommendation . The Malaysian palm oil industry should take steps towards introducing LCA. Exhaustive inventories are likely to open the
eyes of many companies towards implementing environmental investments and improve the international competitiveness. In order
to retrieve results with a greater accuracy in the future, databases must be created containing life cycle data from Malaysian
scenarios and normalization and weighting factors must be designed to reflect Malaysian conditions. The Malaysian authorities
must create incentives through increased tariffs on electricity and diesel and/or financial support for cleaner technology
investments. 相似文献
6.
Agriculture is an important source of ammonia (NH3), which contributes to acidification and eutrophication, as well as emissions of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Controlling emissions of one of these pollutants through application of technical measures might have an impact (either beneficial or adverse) on emissions of the others. These side effects are usually ignored in policy making. This study analyses cost-effectiveness of measures to reduce acidification and eutrophication as well as agricultural emissions of N2O and CH4 in Europe, taking into account interrelations between abatement of NH3, N2O, and CH4 in agriculture. The model used is based on the RAINS (Regional Air pollution INformation and Simulation) model for air pollution in Europe, which includes emissions, abatement options, and atmospheric source-receptor relationships for pollutants contributing to acidification and eutrophication. We used an optimisation model that is largely based on the RAINS model but that also includes emissions of N2O and CH4 from agriculture and technical measures to reduce these emissions. For abatement options for agricultural emissions we estimated side effects on other emissions. The model determines abatement strategies to meet restrictions on emission and/or deposition levels at the least cost. Cost-effective strategies to reduce acidification and eutrophication in Europe were analysed. We found that NH3 abatement may cause an increase in N2O emissions. If total agricultural N2O and CH4 emissions in Europe were not allowed to increase, cost-effective allocation of emission reductions over countries in Europe changed considerably. 相似文献
7.
Willow Salix sp. is currently cultivated as a short rotation forestry crop in Ireland as a source of biomass to contribute to renewable energy goals. The aim of this study is to evaluate the energy requirements and environmental impacts associated with willow (Salix sp.) cultivation, harvest, and transport using life cycle assessment (LCA). In this study, only emissions from the production of the willow chip are included, end‐use emissions from combustion are not considered. In this LCA study, three impact categories are considered; acidification potential, eutrophication potential and global warming potential. In addition, the cumulative energy demand and energy ratio of the system are evaluated. The results identify three key processes in the production chain which contribute most to all impact categories considered; maintenance, harvest and transportation of the crop. Sensitivity analysis on the type of fertilizers used, harvesting technologies and transport distances highlights the effects of these management techniques on overall system performance. Replacement of synthetic fertilizer with biosolids results in a reduction in overall energy demand, but raises acidification potential, eutrophication potential and global warming potential. Rod harvesting compares unfavourably in comparison with direct chip harvesting in each of the impact categories considered due to the additional chipping step required. The results show that dedicated truck transport is preferable to tractor‐trailer transport in terms of energy demand and environmental impacts. Finally, willow chip production compares favourably with coal provision in terms of energy ratio and global warming potential, while achieving a higher energy ratio than peat provision but also a higher global warming potential. 相似文献
8.
Aim, Scope, and Background Studies to evaluate the energy and emission impacts of vehicle/fuel systems have to address allocation of the energy use and
emissions associated with petroleum refineries to various petroleum products because refineries produce multiple products.
The allocation is needed in evaluating energy and emission effects of individual transportation fuels. Allocation methods
used so far for petroleum-based fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel, and liquefied petroleum gas [LPG]) are based primarily on mass,
energy content, or market value shares of individual fuels from a given refinery. The aggregate approach at the refinery level
is unable to account for the energy use and emission differences associated with producing individual fuels at the next sub-level:
individual refining processes within a refinery. The approach ignores the fact that different refinery products go through
different processes within a refinery. Allocation at the subprocess level (i.e., the refining process level) instead of at
the aggregate process level (i.e., the refinery level) is advocated by the International Standard Organization. In this study,
we seek a means of allocating total refinery energy use among various refinery products at the level of individual refinery
processes.
Main Features We present a petroleum refinery-process-based approach to allocating energy use in a petroleum refinery to petroleum refinery
products according to mass, energy content, and market value share of final and intermediate petroleum products as they flow
through refining processes within a refinery. The approach is based on energy and mass balance among refining processes within
a petroleum refinery. By using published energy and mass balance data for a simplified U.S. refinery, we developed a methodology
and used it to allocate total energy use within a refinery to various petroleum products. The approach accounts for energy
use during individual refining processes by tracking product stream mass and energy use within a refinery. The energy use
associated with an individual refining process is then distributed to product streams by using the mass, energy content, or
market value share of each product stream as the weighting factors.
Results The results from this study reveal that product-specific energy use based on the refinery process-level allocation differs
considerably from that based on the refinery-level allocation. We calculated well-to-pump total energy use and greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions for gasoline, diesel, LPG, and naphtha with the refinery process-based allocation approach. For gasoline,
the efficiency estimated from the refinery-level allocation underestimates gasoline energy use, relative to the process-level
based gasoline efficiency. For diesel fuel, the well-to-pump energy use for the process-level allocations with the mass- and
energy-content-based weighting factors is smaller than that predicted with the refinery-level allocations. However, the process-level
allocation with the market-value-based weighting factors has results very close to those obtained by using the refinery-level
allocations. For LPG, the refinery-level allocation significantly overestimates LPG energy use. For naphtha, the refinery-level
allocation overestimates naphtha energy use. The GHG emission patterns for each of the fuels are similar to those of energy
use.
Conclusions We presented a refining-process-level-based method that can be used to allocate energy use of individual refining processes
to refinery products. The process-level-based method captures process-dependent characteristics of fuel production within
a petroleum refinery. The method starts with the mass and energy flow chart of a refinery, tracks energy use by individual
refining processes, and distributes energy use of a given refining process to products from the process. In allocating energy
use to refinery products, the allocation method could rely on product mass, product energy contents, or product market values
as weighting factors. While the mass- and energy-content-based allocation methods provide an engineering perspective of energy
allocation within a refinery, the market-value-based allocation method provides an economic perspective. The results from
this study show that energy allocations at the aggregate refinery level and at the refining process level could make a difference
in evaluating the energy use and emissions associated with individual petroleum products. Furthermore, for the refining-process-level
allocation method, use of mass — energy content- or market value share-based weighting factors could lead to different results
for diesel fuels, LPG, and naphtha. We suggest that, when possible, energy use allocations should be made at the lowest subprocess
level — a confirmation of the recommendation by the International Standard Organization for life cycle analyses.
Outlook The allocation of energy use in petroleum refineries at the refining process level in this study follows the recommendation
of ISO 14041 that allocations should be accomplished at the subprocess level when possible. We developed a method in this
study that can be readily adapted for refineries in which process-level energy and mass balance data are available. The process-level
allocation helps reveal some additional energy and emission burdens associated with certain refinery products that are otherwise
overlooked with the refinery-level allocation. When possible, process-level allocation should be used in life-cycle analyses. 相似文献
9.
Bengt Steen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(2):103-108
Goal, Scope and Background The life cycles of many products including textiles contain chemicals for which process flow data are not known or are too
time consuming to collect. Although each chemical may not contribute significantly to the LCA results of the product, which
might justify excluding them, but together their contribution could be significant. Similarly, rough estimates of the process
flows for the production of a single chemical may be very uncertain and considered meaningless, while the estimates of the
cumulative data of process flows for several chemicals may be less uncertain and be a meaningful contribution to the quality
of the LCA results. There are methods for estimation of process flows for different types of products, with varying demands
regarding input data and time and with varying accuracy of the results. This work contributes to the available methods, focusing
on simple estimations for production of chemical substances. The goal was to create a fast method for estimation of emissions,
resource and energy flows (process flows) for the production of chemicals, based on easily available data on the properties
of the chemicals. The process flows investigated were limited to those normally associated with process industries and contributing
most to depletion of resources, to global warming, acidification, eutrophication and photochemical ozone production, i.e.
use of energy, crude oil, coal, natural gas, uranium in ore and emissions of CO2, SOx, NOx, NMVOC, methane, BOD, COD and total
N. Toxic substances were excluded, since toxic emissions are substance specific and cannot be included in a generalization.
Method Available data for the process flows for the production of chemicals of mainly fossil origin were correlated to properties
of chemicals such as amount of carbon in the molecule, heat of formation and average number of chemical reaction steps in
the production. The production procedures were found in readily available literature. Up to about six reaction steps were
evaluated in the correlation study. The variations in the process flows among the chemicals studied were calculated.
Results and Discussion There were weak correlations between average number of chemical reaction steps in the production and energy use, COD measured
in water emissions, and SOx and NOx emissions to air. For the remaining properties of chemicals and process flows, there were
only weak correlations for share of double bonding in the molecule if only molecules containing double bondings were included.
Conclusions The precision in estimation of the process flows increases non-significantly when adding information on the number of reaction
steps or share of double bonding for chemicals containing double bonding is added.
Recommendations and Outlook It seems reasonable to start with a simple grouping method to estimate the process flows for the production of a chemical
of fossil origin. Further investigations might investigate whether there is a correlation between process flows and the costs
of chemicals, and further study the correlations between process flows and share of double bonding for chemicals containing
double bondings. 相似文献
10.
Larry Bredeson Raul Quiceno-Gonzalez Xavier Riera-Palou Andrew Harrison 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2010,15(8):817-826
Background and scope
Attempts to develop adequate allocation methods for CO2 emissions from petroleum products have been reported in the literature. The common features in those studies are the use of energy, mass, and/or market prices as parameters to allocate the emissions to individual products. The crude barrel is changing, as are refinery complexities and the severity of conversion to gasoline or diesel leading to changes in the emissions intensity of refining. This paper estimates the consequences for CO2 emissions at refineries of allowing these parameters to vary. 相似文献11.
A significant quantum of crude oil is trapped in reservoirs and often unrecoverable by conventional oil recovery methods. Further downstream, the petroleum industry is facing challenges to remove sulfur, metal, nitrogen as well as undesirable organic compounds from the crude.Conventional secondary recovery methods such as water and gas injections helped to increase the productivity of the well, while chemical and physical refinery processes such as hydrodesulfurization, desalting, and high-pressure high-temperature hydrotreating remove most inorganic impurities. The increasing demand for oil in the world coupled with very stringent environmental laws piled economical and technical pressure upon the refinery industry to further improve crude oil recovery as well as reduce sulfur, metal and nitrogen concentration to the low ppm levels.In the search for economical and environmentally friendly solutions, growing attention has been given to biotechnology such as the use of microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). MEOR is an alternate recovery method that uses microorganisms and their metabolic products. In addition, the emerging field of crude oil refining and associated industrial processes such as biodesulfurization, biodemetallation, biodenitrogenation and biotransformation are also covered.This review aims to provide an overview on MEOR and biorefining relevant to the petroleum industry and highlights challenges that need to be overcome to become commercially successful. Literature pertaining to laboratory experiments, field trials and patents are included in view of industrial applications and further developments. 相似文献
12.
Ana Cláudia Dias Luis Arroja Isabel Capela 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(7):521-528
Goal, Scope and Background The environmental sustainability is one of the current priorities of the Portuguese pulp and paper industry. Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA) was the methodology chosen to evaluate the sustainability of the printing and writing paper production activity. This
paper grade represents about 60% of the total production of paper in Portugal and its production is expected to increase in
the near future. The main goal of this study was to assess the potential environmental impacts associated with the entire
life cycle of the printing and writing paper produced in Portugal from Eucalyptus globulus pulp and consumed in Germany, in order to identify the processes with the largest environmental impacts. Another goal of
this study was to evaluate the effect on the potential environmental impacts of changing the market where the Portuguese printing
and writing paper is consumed: German market vs. Portuguese market.
Methods The main stages considered in this study were: forestry, pulp production, paper production, paper distribution, and paper
final disposal. Transports and production of chemicals, fuels and energy in the grid were also included in these stages. Whenever
possible and feasible, average or typical data from industry were collected. The remaining data were obtained from the literature
and specialised databases. A quantitative impact assessment was performed for five impact categories: global warming over
100 years, acidification, eutrophication, non-renewable resource depletion and photochemical oxidant formation.
Results In the German market scenario, the paper production stage was a remarkable hot spot for air emissions (non-renewable CO2, NOx and SO2) and for non-renewable energy consumption, and, consequently, for the impact categories that consider these parameters: global
warming, acidification and non-renewable resource depletion. These important environmental impacts are due to the energy requirements
in the printing and writing paper production process, which are fulfilled by on-site fuel oil burning and consumption of electricity
from the national grid, which is mostly based on the use of fossil fuels. The pulp production stage was identified as the
largest contributor to water emissions (COD and AOX) and to eutrophication. Considering that energy consumed by the pulp production
processes comes from renewable fuels, this stage was also the most contributing to renewable energy consumption.
Discussion The paper distribution stage showed an important contribution to NOx emissions, which, however, did not result in a major contribution to acidification or eutrophication. The final disposal
stage was the main contributor to the photochemical oxidant formation potential due to CH4 emissions from wastepaper landfilling. On the other hand, paper consumption in Portugal was environmentally more favourable
than in Germany for the parameters/impact categories where the paper distribution stage has a significant contribution (non-renewable
CO2, NOx, non-renewable energy consumption, acidification, eutrophication and non-renewable resource depletion) due to shorter distances
needed to deliver paper to the consumers. For the remaining parameters/impact categories, the increase observed in the final
disposal stage in the Portuguese market was preponderant, and resulted from the existence of significant differences in the
final disposal alternatives in the analysed markets (recycling dominates in Germany, whereas landfilling dominates in Portugal).
Conclusions The pulp and paper production stages were found to be of significance for almost all of the inventory parameters as well as
for the impact assessment categories. The paper distribution and the final disposal stages were only of importance for some
of the inventory parameters and some of the impact categories. The forestry stage played a minor role in the environmental
impacts generated during the paper life cycle. The consumption of paper in Portugal led to a decrease in the environmental
burdens of the paper distribution stage, but to an increase in the environmental burdens of the final disposal stage, when
compared with the consumption of paper in Germany.
Recommendations and Perspectives This study provides useful information that can assist the pulp and paper industry in the planning of future investments leading
to an increase in its sustainability.
The results of inventory analysis and impact assessment show the processes that play an important role in each impact category,
which allow the industry to improve its environmental performance, making changes not only in the production process itself,
but also in the treatment of flue gases and liquid effluents. Besides that concern regarding pollution prevention, other issues
with relevance to the context of sustainability, such as the energy consumption, can also be dealt with. 相似文献
13.
Life cycle analysis enables to investigate environmental performance of fuel ethanol used in an E10 fueled compact passenger vehicle. Ethanol is derived from corn grain via dry milling. This type of analysis is an important component for identifying practices that will help to ensure that a renewable fuel, such as ethanol, may be produced in a sustainable manner. Based on data from eight counties in seven Corn Belt states as corn farming sites, we show ethanol derived from corn grain as E10 fuel would reduce nonrenewable energy and greenhouse gas emissions, but would increase acidification, eutrophication and photochemical smog, compared to using gasoline as liquid fuel. The ethanol fuel systems considered in this study offer economic benefits, namely more money returned to society than the investment for producing ethanol. The environmental performance of ethanol fuel system varies significantly with corn farming sites because of different crop management practices, soil properties, and climatic conditions. The dominant factor determining most environmental impacts considered here (i.e., greenhouse gas emissions, acidification, eutrophication, and photochemical smog formation) is soil related nitrogen losses (e.g., N2O, NOx, and NO3-). The sources of soil nitrogen include nitrogen fertilizer, crop residues, and air deposition. Nitrogen fertilizer is probably the primary source. Simulations using an agro-ecosystem model predict that planting winter cover crops would reduce soil nitrogen losses and increase soil organic carbon levels, thereby greatly improving the environmental performance of the ethanol fuel system. 相似文献
14.
Sutton MA Tang YS Dragosits U Fournier N Dore AJ Smith RI Weston KJ Fowler D 《TheScientificWorldJournal》2001,1(Z2):275-286
As measures are implemented internationally to reduce SO2 and NOx emissions, attention is falling on the contribution of NH3 emissions to acidification, nitrogen eutrophication, and aerosol formation. In the U.K., a monitoring network has been established to measure the spatial distribution and long-term trends in atmospheric gaseous NH3 and aerosol NH4+. At the same time, an atmospheric chemistry and transport model, FRAME, has been developed with a focus on reduced nitrogen (NHx). The monitoring data are important to evaluate the model, while the model is essential for a more detailed spatial assessment. The national network is established with over 80 sampling locations. Measurements of NH3 and NH4+ (at up to 50 sites) have been made using a new low-cost denuder-filterpack system. Additionally, improved passive sampling methods for NH3 have been applied to explore local variability. The measurements confirm the high spatial variability of NH3 (annual means 0.06 to 11 microg NH3 m(-3)), consistent with its nature as a primary pollutant emitted from ground-level sources, while NH4+, being a slowly formed secondary product, shows much less spatial variability (0.14 to 2.4 mg NH4+ m(-3)). These features are reproduced in the FRAME model, which provides estimates at a 5-km level. Analysis of the underlying NH3 emission inventory shows that sheep emissions may have been underestimated and nonagricultural sources overestimated relative to emissions from cattle. The combination of model and measurements is applied to estimate spatial patterns of dry deposition to different vegetation types. The combined approach provides the basis to assess NHx responses across the U.K. to international emission controls. 相似文献
15.
Jyri Seppälä Maximilian Posch Matti Johansson Jean-Paul Hettelingh 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(6):403-416
Background, Aims and Scope Several authors have shown that spatially derived characterisation factors used in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) can
differ widely between different countries in the context of regional impact categories such as acidification or terrestrial
eutrophication. Previous methodology studies in Europe have produced country-dependent characterisation factors for acidification
and terrestrial eutrophication by using the results of the EMEP and RAINS models and critical loads for Europe. The unprotected
ecosystem area (UA) is commonly used as a category indicator in the determination of characterisation factors in those studies.
However, the UA indicator is only suitable for large emission changes and it does not result in environmental benefits in
terms of characterisation factors if deposition after the emission reduction is still higher than the critical load. For this
reason, there is a need to search for a new category indicator type for acidification and terrestrial eutrophying in order
to calculate site-dependent characterisation factors. The aim of this study is to explore new site-dependent characterisation
factors for European acidifying and eutrophying emissions based on accumulated exceedance (AE) as the category indicator,
which integrates both the exceeded area and amount of exceedance. In addition, the results obtained for the AE and UA indicators
are compared with each other.
Methods The chosen category indicator, accumulated exceedance (AE), was computed according to the calculation methods developed in
the work under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
(LRTAP). Sulphur and nitrogen depositions to 150x150 km2 grid cells over Europe were calculated by source-receptor matrices
derived from the EMEP Lagrangian model of long-range transport of air pollution in Europe. Using the latest critical load
data of Europe, the site-dependent characterisation factors for acidification and terrestrial eutrophication were calculated
for 35 European countries and 5 sea areas for 2002 emissions and emissions predicted for 2010. In the determination of characterisation
factors, the emissions of each country/area were reduced by various amounts in order to find stable characterisation factors.
In addition, characterisation errors were calculated for the AE-based characterisation factors. For the comparison, the results
based on the use of UA indicator were calculated by 10% and 50% reductions of emissions that corresponded to the common practice
used in the previous studies.
Results and Discussion The characterisation factors based on the AE indicator were shown to be largely independent of the reduction percentage used
to calculate them.. Small changes in emissions (≤100 t) produced the most stable characterisation factors in the case of the
AE indicator. The characterisation errors of those characterisation factors were practically zero. This means that the characterisation
factors can describe the effects of small changes in national emissions that are mostly looked at in LCAs. The comparison
between country-dependent characterisation factors calculated by the AE and UA indicators showed that these two approaches
produce differences between characterisation factors for many countries/areas in Europe. The differences were mostly related
to the Central and Northern European countries. They were greater for terrestrial eutrophication because the contribution
of ammonia emission differ remarkably between the two approaches. The characterisation factors of the AE indicator calculated
by the emissions of 2002 were greater than the factors calculated by the predicted emissions for 2010 in almost all countries/sea
areas, due to the presumed decrease of acidifying and eutrophying emissions in Europe.
Conclusions and Recommendations. In this study, accumulated exceedance was shown to be an appropriate category indicator in LCIA applications
for the determination of site-dependent characterisation factors for acidification and terrestrial eutrophication in the context
of integrated assessment modelling. In the future, it would be useful to calculate characterisation factors for emissions
of separate parts of large countries and sea areas in Europe. In addition, it would also be useful to compare the approach
based on the AE indicator with the method of the hazard index, as recommended in the latest CML guidebook. 相似文献
16.
《农业工程》2019,39(4):300-305
This study investigated the abiliy of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem to utilize crude oil and kerosene. Hydrocarbons are molecules that pose serious environmental problem because of their toxic, carcinogenic or teratogenic properties. The fate of these pollutants in the environment is mainly governed by the biodegradation process. The existence of these phenomena depends on the inherent biodegradability of the pollutant but also the presence of microflora-degrading competent.The microbial strain were isolated and identified from industrial wastewater samples from Sonatrach Skikda (North-east of Algeria), we selected them for their ability to grow in the presence of hydrocarbons. To test the ability to biodegrade the two selected hydrocarbons in 6 days, the study of the evolution of such parameters as the microbial kinetics, pH, the final dry weight of the population, oxygen concentration, and finally, biodegradation rate of crude oil and kerosene was conducted by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A control test was performed to quantify the losses caused by abiotic factors.The filamentous fungus was found to degrade crude oil and kerosene, when previously grown mycelium was incubated 6 days in the Galzy and Slonimski media containing hydrocarbon. The results showed that these organisms were able to utilize crude oil more than kerosene and the degradation rate was 52.01% and 32.67%, respectively. Thus Aspergillus niger van Tieghem plays a major role in the detoxification of polluted natural environments and these capabilities could be explored in bioremediation processes. 相似文献
17.
Sara González-García Daniel García-Rey Almudena Hospido 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(1):61-76
Purpose
Biofuels have received special research interest, driven by concerns over high fuel prices, security of energy supplies, global climate change as well as the search of opportunities for rural economic development. This work examines the production of biodiesel derived from the transesterification of crude rapeseed oil, one of the most important sources of biodiesel in Europe, paying special attention to the environmental profile-associated to the manufacture life cycle (i.e., cradle-to-gate perspective).Methods
To do so, a Spanish company with an average annual biodiesel production of 300,000 t was assessed in detail. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study covers the whole life cycle, from the production of the crude rapeseed oil to the biodiesel production and storage. The inventory data for the foreground system consisted of average annual data obtained by on-site measurements in the company, and background data were taken from databases. Seven impact categories have been assessed in detail: abiotic depletion, acidification, eutrophication, global warming, ozone layer depletion, land competition, and photochemical oxidant formation. An energy analysis was carried out based on the cumulative nonrenewable fossil and nuclear energy demand as an additional impact category. Furthermore, well-to-wheels environmental characterization results were estimated and compared per ton-kilometer for the biodiesel (B100) and the conventional diesel so as to point out the environmental drawbacks and strengths of using biodiesel as transport fuel in a 28 t lorry.Results and discussion
The results showed that the cultivation of the rapeseed was the main key issue in environmental terms (68 %–100 % depending on the category) mainly because of fertilizer doses and intensive agricultural practices required. With regard to the biorefinery production process, pretreatment and transesterification sections considerably contribute to the environmental profile mostly due to electricity and chemical requirements. Concerning the well-to-wheels comparison, using B100 derived from rapeseed oil instead of petroleum-based diesel would reduce nonrenewable energy dependence (?20 %), GHG emissions (?74 %), and ozone layer depletion (?44 %) but would increase acidification (+59 %), eutrophication (+214 %), photochemical smog (+119 %), and land competition.Conclusions
The information presented in this study could help to promote the use of renewable transport biofuels. However, the extensive implementation of biodiesel (particularly rapeseed oil-derived biodiesel) in our society is enormously complex with many issues involved not only from environmental but also economical and social points of view. 相似文献18.
Edgar A. Silveira Armando Caldeira-Pires Sandra M. Luz Cristiano M. Silveira 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2017,22(11):1815-1822
Purpose
The goal of this study is to characterize a single oil refinery using a mass and energy multi-scale allocation method for 13 different fossil fuel-based products. This method structures a rigorous modeling and data collection approach to fill the gap that exists in traditional methods of life cycle assessment (LCA).Methods
The refinery system’s information is used to subdivide a main process at different sub-process levels and obtain multi-scale information using calculated factors for the main process system’s raw material inputs and outputs. The analysis was performed using derived sub-models from an overall technological model that individually simulate the production of each final refinery product. Based on the technological models of the individual product refineries, the same environmental indicators identified for mass and energy allocation were calculated.Results and discussion
With this approach, it was possible to build a mass and energy LCA model of a fully parameterized refinery capable to accurately describe up to 98% the analyzed system. Incoming raw materials and effluents are weighted by specific factors calculated from the total of each principal process refining amount and the percentage outputs of the intermediate products. From a bottom-up approach, a primary data questionnaire was obtained with the total raw materials and waste quantities for each of the five key processes and their auxiliary processes. Information that previously appeared at the system (global refinery) and processes (main processes) level can now be accounted for in sub-process terms, thus allowing the monitoring information and environmental performance of the product and intermediate products to be found in a multiproduct system.Conclusions
The refining sub-process’ environmental impact with regard to specific and intermediate products within the refinery processing steps was accurately estimated. This resulted not only in improvement of the property allocation but also in the identification of critical points in the processing steps, thus enabling optimization and innovation with regard to the processing lines and the refining process and producing a more efficient environmental impact analysis with great quality. The obtained formulations can be extended to more complex refining systems and other manufacturing processes.19.
Claudine Basset-Mens Hayo M.G. van der Werf Patrick Durand Philippe Leterme 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(5):298-304
Goal, Scope and Background Calculating LCA outcomes implies the use of parameters, models, choices and scenarios which introduce uncertainty, as they
imperfectly account for the variability of both human and environmental systems. The analysis of the uncertainty of LCA results,
and its reduction by an improved estimation of key parameters and through the improvement of the models used to convert emissions
into regional impacts, such as eutrophication, are major issues for LCA.
Methods In a case study of pig production systems, we propose a simple quantification of the uncertainty of LCA results (intra-system
variability) and we explore the inter-system variability to produce more robust LCA outcomes. The quantification of the intra-system
uncertainty takes into account the variability of the technical performance (crop yield, feed efficiency) and of emission
factors (for NH3, N2O and NO3) and the influence of the functional unit (FU) (kg of pig versus hectare used). For farming
systems, the inter-system variability is investigated through differentiating the production mode (conventional, quality label,
organic (OA)), and the farmer practices (Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) versus Over Fertilised (OF)), while for natural
systems, variability due to physical and climatic characteristics of catchments expected to modify nitrate fate is explored.
Results and Conclusion For the eutrophication and climate change impact categories, the uncertainty associated with field emissions contributes
more to the overall uncertainty than the uncertainty associated with emissions from livestock buildings, with crop yield and
with feed efficiency. For acidification, the uncertainty of emissions from livestock buildings is the single most important
contributor to the overall uncertainty. The influence of the FU on eutrophication results is very important when comparing
systems with different degrees of intensification such as GAP and OA. Concerning the inter-system variability, differences
in farmer practices have a larger effect on eutrophication than differences between production modes. Finally, the physical
characteristics of the catchment and the climate strongly affect the results for eutrophication. In conclusion, in this case
study, the main sources of uncertainty are in the estimation of emission factors, due both to the variability of environmental
conditions and to lack of knowledge (emissions of N2O at the field level), but also in the model used for assessing regional
impacts such as eutrophication.
Recommendation and Perspective Suitable deterministic simulation models integrating the main controlling variables (environmental conditions, farmer practices,
technology used) should be used to predict the emissions of a given system as well as their probabilistic distribution allowing
the use of stochastic modelling. Finally, our simulations on eutrophication illustrate the necessity of integrating the fate
of pollutants in models of impact assessment and highlight the important margin of improvement existing for the eutrophication
impact assessment model. 相似文献
20.
Aldo Roberto Ometto Michael Zwicky Hauschild Woodrow Nelson Lopes Roma 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2009,14(3):236-247