中华豆芫菁的室内人工养殖研究

室内人工养殖中华豆芫菁Epicauta chinensis Laporte的结果表明：成虫喜食苜蓿、大豆叶,也取食甜菜和马铃薯的叶;最适宜的投食方式是将植物插入盛水的瓶内;幼虫喜食东亚飞蝗卵块,尤其是顶端微露于土表的卵块最易被中华豆芫菁1龄幼虫找到并取食。不同温度、土壤含水量对中华豆芫菁卵的发育速率及孵化率均有明显影响。卵的发育速率和孵化率随温度升高呈偏锋曲线变化,孵化率则随土壤含水量增加呈直线上升。温度为32℃、土壤含水量11％的处理最有利于卵的生长发育,在该条件下,卵的发育速率为0．045455,孵化率达到99．0％。从试验结果计算出卵的发育起点温度为19．3℃,卵期有效积温为108．1日度。成虫适宜饲养密度为15～30头／m^3,幼虫在每杯中只养1头。     

温度对水椰八角铁甲生长发育的影响

研究表明,水椰八角铁甲卵的发育起点温度为13.4±0.4℃,有效积温为69.75±3.56日度;2龄幼虫发育起点温度最低,为10.4±2.8℃,有效积温为84.51±16.66日度;蛹的发育起点温度为11.0±1.5℃,有效积温为111.07±10.48日度;卵至蛹的发育起点温度为11.6±1.2℃,有效积温为624.17±46.26日度;在海南文昌一年发生2.96代。成虫羽化适宜温度为29℃。     

竹织叶野螟发育起点温度和有效积温

采用19,22,25,28和31℃5个温度对竹织叶野螟Algedonia coclesalis Walker各虫态(龄)发育起点温度和有效积温进行测定。结果表明,竹织叶野螟的在19～31℃范围内均能正常生长发育,尤其是28～31℃范围最适宜于竹织叶野螟的生长发育。卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、5龄幼虫、6龄幼虫、7龄幼虫、蛹、成虫及世代的发育起点温度分别为6.63,12.51,11.18,10.93,10.05,8.01,6.80,5.78,6.20,7.81和8.33℃,有效积温分别为124.19,64.54,72.59,82.08,93.46,136.84,155.42,201.06,211.55,111.49和1235.50日.度。     

温度对意大利蝗生长发育的影响

为了全面掌握意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus(L.)生长发育规律,明确该虫的越冬和适宜生长区域,为该虫预测预报和合理防治提供科学依据。本文研究了恒温条件下意大利蝗蝗卵越冬低温、各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温。研究结果表明意大利蝗蝗卵越冬低温高于-20℃;发育速率与温度呈线性正相关:卵、幼虫、雌成虫、雄成虫和雌成虫世代和雄成虫世代发育起点温度为8.62、16.12、17.07、17.82、15.02、16.27℃,有效积温为249.84、397.46、377.9、323.78、1053.82、931.53日·度;发育速率随着温度的升高而加快,同时通过测量发现33℃意大利蝗雌虫和雄虫体重均最大。     

温度对圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫生长发育的影响

研究了恒温对圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫Nephusryuguus(Kamiya)发育速率的影响。结果表明 :在 1 7～3 2℃范围内 ,各虫期的发育速率都随温度的升高而加快 ,当温度为 3 2℃以上时 ,发育速率有所平缓或回落 ;采用线性日度模型和Logistic模型对卵期、各龄幼虫期和蛹期的发育速率进行模拟分析 ,2种模型均能较好地反映各虫期发育的进度 ;用直接最优法对发育起点温度和有效积温进行估算 ,求得圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫世代发育起点温度为 1 3 7℃ ,有效积温为 3 71 .6日·度。     

柞蚕卵为繁育寄主的黏虫赤眼蜂发育 起点温度和有效积温研究

为了明确黏虫赤眼蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温,本研究以柞蚕卵为中间繁育寄主,测定了黏虫赤眼蜂在17℃、20℃、23℃、26℃、29℃下各虫态的发育历期,并运用有效积温法则计算出黏虫赤眼蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:黏虫赤眼蜂各虫态在17℃～29℃均能正常发育,并且各温度下的发育历期明显不同,世代发育历期也明显不同,均随着温度的升高而逐渐变短。柞蚕卵繁育黏虫赤眼蜂的卵期、幼虫前期、幼虫中期、幼虫后期、预蛹期、蛹期的发育起点温度分别为8.01℃、15.41℃、13.51℃、13.32℃、15.39℃、9.04℃,有效积温分别为22.01、7.66、8.98、9.19、37.23、115.22℃·d。本研究为指导利用柞蚕卵大量繁育黏虫赤眼蜂以及探索诱导滞育温度提供了理论依据。     

短翅豆芫菁生长发育的温度效应观测

在自然变温条件下,对短翅豆芫菁Epicauta aptera Kaszab各虫态的发育历期、发育起点温度进行了研究。结果表明,短翅豆芫菁活动期各生长发育阶段历期多随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率则随温度的升高而加快;以1⁴龄虫发育起点温度最低,卵的发育起点温度最高。     

扁角豆芫菁幼虫取食与生长发育关系研究

为探明扁角豆芫菁Epicauta impressicornis Pic幼虫取食与生长发育关系,在室内人工气候箱内,恒温条件下,采用杯养法,对扁角豆芫菁幼虫的取食习性进行试验观察。结果表明:1龄幼虫寻食期长短与蝗虫卵块埋藏深度有关,与蝗卵量多少无关。幼虫取食多少与羽化后成虫个体大小、体重有明显的关系,取食1/2块蝗卵的幼虫提前入土化蛹,继续发育为成虫,但成虫体形瘦小;而取食1块蝗卵的幼虫正常发育,成虫体形肥大。幼虫无再取食习性。建议在扁角豆芫菁饲养中,供给卵量为1块完整的蝗卵,鲜重约为0.6 g最合适。     

温度对大菜粉蝶生长发育的影响

为明确温度对大菜粉蝶生长发育的影响,在16、20、22、25、28和31℃共6个恒温条件下以白菜为寄主进行饲养,测定了温度对大菜粉蝶各虫态的发育历期、发育速率、存活率及成虫寿命等的影响,并采用直接最优法计算其各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明：在16～28℃温度范围内,大菜粉蝶的卵、幼虫、蛹及全世代平均发育速率具有随温度升高而加快的趋势,存活率则随着温度的升高而降低;卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的发育起点温度分别为11.76℃、6.87℃、5.30℃和14.91℃,有效积温分别为38.14、213.90、169.68和43.01 d·℃。在28℃时大菜粉蝶卵的孵化率、各龄幼虫存活率、化蛹率、蛹重及羽化率均显著低于其他温度,31℃条件下不能完成个体发育。由此可见,高温环境不利于大菜粉蝶的存活和生长发育。研究结果可为大菜粉蝶田间发生期预测及综合防治提供科学依据。     

棉铃虫发育起点温度和有效积温的地理变异

为探明棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera不同地理种群发育起点温度和有效积温及其地理变异,推测该虫在不同地区可能发生的代数、为预测其发育发生期的差异提供依据,从而更有效地进行该虫的综合治理。以采集自中国的4个地理种群(广东广州(23.08°N,113.14°E)、江西永修(29.04°N,115.82°E)、山东泰安(36.15°N,116.59°E)、辽宁喀佐(41.34°N,120.27°E)的幼虫在室内饲养繁育1代后为试材,采用在获得其在20℃、22℃、25℃和28℃恒温、L16∶D8的光周期条件下饲养的发育历期的基础上,比较研究这4个地理种群的幼虫、非滞育蛹和滞育蛹的发育起点温度和有效积温及其与栖息地纬度的关系。结果表明:在实验室人工饲料饲养的条件下,棉铃虫幼虫、非滞育蛹和滞育蛹发育起点温度分别为10.18℃-12.19℃、10.60℃-13.50℃、15.56℃-17.96℃,有效积温分别为254.91-300.89日度、126.21-204.43日度、181.03-363.39日度,滞育蛹的发育起点温度比非滞育蛹高3.39℃-5.50℃,其有效积温比非滞育蛹高35.56-165.89日度。这些说明棉铃虫发育起点温度和有效积温均存在明显地理变异,随栖息地纬度的升高,幼虫、非滞育蛹和滞育蛹的发育起点温度呈现逐渐下降趋势,幼虫的发育起点温度与栖息地纬度呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),其余呈不显著负相关(P0.05),而有效积温则相反,呈现上升趋势,滞育蛹有效积温与栖息地纬度升高呈显著正相关(P0.05),其余呈不显著正相关(P0.05)。     

Isolation and characteristics of Thiopedia rosea (neotype)

Four new strains of Thiopedia rosea were isolated in pure culture from blooms of platelet-forming purple sulfur bacteria in the top layers of the anoxic hypolimnia of two freshwater lakes. Individual cells of the new strains as well as of T. rosea strain 4211 were spherical to oval, nonmotile and contained gas vesicles in the central part. The predominant photosynthetic pigments were bacteriochlorophyll a and okenone. All strains were strictly anaerobic and obligately phototrophic. Optimal growth occurred at low light intensities of 100 E · m^-2 s^-1 (tungsten lamp); intensities above 150 E · m^-2 s^-1 inhibited growth completely. Photoautotrophic growth was possible at sulfide concentrations up to 0.6 mM; higher concentrations were inhibitory. Acetate, butyrate and valerate supported photoorganotrophic growth in the presence of bicarbonate and sulfide concentrations below 1 mM. Sulfide was required as a source of cellular sulfur because assimilatory sulfate reduction is lacking. All strains were assigned to the species Thiopedia rosea with strain 4211 as a neotype.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. H. G. Schlegel on the occasion of his 66th birthday     

A taxonomic revision of the Antennaria rosea (Asteraceae: Inuleae: Gnaphaliinae) polyploid complex

TheAntennaria rosea species complex is circumscribed to contain four subspecific taxa. A complete synonymy and key to the subspecies ofA. rosea is presented. The following new combinations are proposed:Antennaria rosea subsp.arida (E. Nels.) R. Bayer,A. rosea subsp. confinis (Greene) R. Bayer, andA. rosea subsp. pulvinata (Greene) R. Bayer. The affinities ofA. rosea to other species ofAntennaria are discussed and a key to separateA. rosea from related polyploid complexes is provided.     

Description of the Final Stadium Larva of Hetaerina rosea Selys (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae)

The final stadium larva of Hetaerina rosea is here described and illustrated for the first time based on specimens collected in Corrientes and Buenos Aires provinces, Argentina.     

Investigations into the evolutionary history of theAntennaria rosea (Asteraceae: Inuleae) polyploid complex

TheAntennaria rosea polyploid agamic complex is one of the most morphologically diverse and widespread complexes of N. AmericanAntennaria. The group is taxonomically confusing because of numerous agamospermous microspecies, having been recognized as distinct species. Morphometric analyses have demonstrated that the primary source of morphological variability in the complex derives from six sexually reproducing progenitors,A. aromatica, A. corymbosa, A. media, A. microphylla, A. racemona, andA. umbrinella. Additionally, two other sexually reproducing species,A. marginata andA. rosulata, may have contributed to the genetic complexity of theA. rosea complex. Cluster analysis indicates that four discrete morphological groups exist within theA. rosea complex. Each group could be the result of predominance of genes from different groups of sexual progenitors. AsA. rosea is of multiple hybrid origin, from among several sexual progenitors, it is advisable to recognizeA. rosea as a distinct species from its sexual progenitors.Investigations into the evolutionary history of the polyploid complexes inAntennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae). 3. TheA. rosea complex.     

Biological control of snails exerted byEuglandina rosea (Ferussac) in Bermuda

Résumé Cet article relate un essai de lutte biologique effectué aux Bermudes contre deux Gastéropodes nuisibles:Rumina decollata (Linné) (Achatinidae) etOtata lactea Muller (Helicidae) au moyen du mollusque carnivoreEuglandina rosea (Ferussac). 845Euglandina, ont été libérés dans l'?le en 1958 et 1960. Dès 1962, il était évident que l'opération se soldait par un succès complet contreOtata mais par un échec contreRumina. 500Euglandina ont été récoltés en quelques jours aux Bermudes et expédiés à l'?le Maurice, à Hong-kong, Nord-Bornéo et les Bahamas pour de semblables essais.      

Burrowing,feeding, egestion and energy budgets of Allolobophora rosea (Savigny) (Lumbricidae)

Summary Allolobophora rosea (Savigny) was found to be common in mull type soils beneath bramble (Rubus fruticosus L.). Burrow construction in this soil type in the laboratory at 4.4, 10.0 and 14.8°C ranged between 133 and 516 mm g^-1 fresh wt of worm day^-1. Burrowing was affected by both body size and temperature. Rates of soil displacement during burrowing were estimated from burrowing rates, burrow dimensions and soil density; depending on body size and temperature they were in the range 809–1,928 mg dry wt of soil g^-1 fresh wt of worm day^-1. These values were in reasonable agreement with measured egestion rates (range: 1,000–2,000 mg dry wt of egesta g^-1 fresh wt of worm day^-1). It was concluded that A. rosea eats its way through the soil and is adapted to its rapid turnover. Gut turnover times were calculated to be between 1 and 2.5 h.Direct observation indicated that feeding was by a grazing procedure and it was shown that A. rosea preferentially selects the more organic fractions of the soil for ingestion.The evaluation of energy budgets for individual small immature, large immature and adult worms at 10°C revealed respiration to production ratios (R/P) of 1.0, 1.8 and 4.1, respectively. Assimilation efficiencies (A/C) were always less than 2.5%.     

Resource defense polygyny by Hetaerina rosea Selys (Odonata: Calopterygidae): influence of age and wing pigmentation

Current evidence suggests that in Hetaerina damselflies males exhibit lek mating system. In this study, in order to answer if the same occurs in Hetaerina rosea Selys, we manipulated vegetation substrates used as territories and quantified the number of visiting females, males defending territories and fight intensity. We also examined whether body size and wing pigmentation are selectable traits in male-male competition, and if age affects male territorial behavior. Our results showed that males with larger pigmented areas won more contests, independently of body size. Old males changed from territoriality to sneaking strategy. Contrary to other Hetaerina species, males of H. rosea do not display lek behavior, but defend resources according to the resource defense polygyny strategy.