微生物NAD合成酶及其抑制剂的研究进展

NAD(P)生物代谢在能量代谢,维持氧化还原稳态以及调节细胞寿命等许多细胞进程中有重要作用。因此,NAD生物合成途径的关键酶的抑制剂就成为备受关注的候选新药,如NAD合成酶抑制剂。本文对微生物中的NAD合成酶的催化活性特征,晶体结构,调控因子以及基于晶体结构的抑制剂设计方面进行了综述,以期为基于NAD的治疗领域打开新的思路。     

豌豆NAD激酶的提纯及活力测定

NAD激酶(ATP:NAD 2′-磷酸转移酶EC 2.7.1.23简称NADK)催化NAD磷酸化生成NADP,其活性随着酶的纯化而降低,其激活依赖于Ca~(2 )激活的钙调素(Calmod-ulin简称CaM),两者之间成剂量关系,因此,可用该酶定量CaM。活性CaM一般采用酶法[如环腺苷酸磷酸二酯酶(PDE)和红血球Ca~(2 )-ATP酶等]定量,但采用这类酶时,酶活性易受磷酯与脂     

NAD~+/NADH代谢机制研究进展

NAD+/NADH是细胞能量代谢所必需的辅酶,小到细胞的各种生命活动,大到整个生命结构的平衡,都需要能量来维持。同时,细胞的氧化还原状态,特别是NAD+/NADH的水平直接影响着细胞的节律、衰老、癌变和死亡等重大生命过程。故而有关细胞内NAD+或NADH代谢的研究近年在国际上形成了一个新的热点。我们以NAD+/NADH代谢为重点,综述国内外关于该机制的研究现状。     

NAD~+分子在癌症细胞生物学中的重要地位

NAD~+是一种重要的辅助因子,是细胞能量代谢和细胞信号转导过程建立联系的重要桥梁。NAD~+可以对ADP进行核糖基化修饰,参与蛋白脱乙酰化作用。而这些信号事件参与调控一系列重要的生物过程,比如转录、细胞周期调控、DNA修复,以及细胞凋亡等,这些生物过程与癌症发生和发展联系紧密。近年来,以NAD~+代谢为靶点的抗癌策略得到了迅速地发展。本综述重点论述了NAD~+的生物合成、其参与的信号转导过程等研究的最新进展以及它与细胞增殖动态平衡的联系,以及基于此的一些抗癌药物研发的新的切入点。     

检测钙调素的NAD激酶法

drClinmillWUShu－Pins,ZHANGXue－on,WANGJian－Ping,WANGYou－Al（HdriN～］ned．8彻加部办呼050016）磷酸二酯酶（PDE）定量测定活性钙调素（CaM）是国内外普遍应用的酶学方法［1］,而用NAD激酶（NADK）法检测活性CaM,虽早已提出[3],但应用并不普遍,国内尤为如此。多年来,我们研究了提取植物NADK及测定活性的方法[2],并用此法于红萝卜,玉米、豌豆、水稻、白茫、衣藻、四膜虫,人血细胞等多种生物的活性CaM的定性和定量检测,证实它与PDE法相比,有提取较为简易,灵敏度高,检测程序简便等多种优点;此外,…     

NADH依赖型酶活性检测方法的建立

目的:建立一种NADH依赖型酶活性检测的方法。方法:将FDH、LeuDH串联克隆到表达载体pET-22b(+)中,转化至E.coli,并向培养液中分别添加去离子水、甲酸胺、三甲基丙酮酸,反应一段时间后,检测NADH的吸光度。同时通过测定氨气的产生判断FDH活性;通过薄层层析检测判断LeuDH活性;比较NADH吸光度测定结果与常规方法结果是否一致。结果:通过测定氨气的产生,证明FDH具有活性;此时NADH吸光度上升亦说明FDH具有活性;两种方法结论一致。薄层层析检测,生成叔亮氨酸,证明LeuDH具有活性;此时NADH吸光度下降亦说明LeuDH具有活性;两种方法结论一致。结论:通过检测菌体内部NADH吸光度的变化检测NADH依赖型酶活性的方法可行。     

NAD+在衰老生物学中的研究进展

烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD+)是一种必需吡啶核苷酸,它既是氧化还原反应的经典辅酶,也是Sirtuins、聚ADP-核糖聚合酶(poly ADP-ribose polymerases,PARPs)、CD38等NAD+依赖酶的共底物.NAD+可直接或间接...     

微生物辅因子工程研究进展

微生物细胞中的大部分酶促反应都需要各种辅因子的参与,辅因子平衡对维持细胞内的生化反应稳态非常重要,辅因子供应不足会导致细胞生长和化合物生产的紊乱。近年来,辅因子在生化反应过程中的关键作用备受关注,但由于其价格较昂贵、稳定性差,因此限制了辅因子工程的发展。合成生物学和代谢工程的发展为辅因子的可持续供应提供了可行的解决方案,多种加强辅因子供应的策略有效地推动了目标化合物的生物合成。其中,烟酰胺类辅因子NAD(P)⁺、NAD(P)H是微生物代谢过程中最常见的氧化还原辅因子,它们在所有生物体内作为重要的电子受体或供体推动合成与分解代谢反应,对维持胞内氧化还原动态平衡起着决定性作用。从NAD(P)H的主要来源和NAD(P)⁺/NAD(P)H的平衡对天然产物生物合成中的影响出发,重点从三个不同维度讨论辅因子工程策略,综述代谢途径调节、外源氧化还原酶的引入、蛋白质工程等多种辅因子再生策略的最新研究进展及应用,展望辅因子代谢工程在生物合成中的未来发展方向。     

CaM BP—10对NAD激酶的抑制效应

ＮＡＤ激酶在光合作用等植物生理过程中起重要作用。ＮＡＤ激酶的激活依赖于钙离子和钙调素（ＣａＭ）。从植物中分离得到的一种新的ＣａＭ结合蛋白ＣａＭ ＢＰ－１０（ＢＰ－１０）明显抑制ＮＡＤ激酶的激活活性。抑制作用可被ＣａＭ所克服。动力学研究表明,抑制效应是ＢＰ－１０与ＣａＭ之间特异性相互作用的结果。实验证实ＢＰ－１０对ＮＡＤ激酶活性起着重要调节作用。     

啤酒酵母复制衰老的分子机制

 复制衰老是啤酒酵母衰老形式之一,表现出芽痕累积、细胞体积变大、不对称分裂丧失、不育、核仁脆裂和代谢变化等特征.染色体外rDNA环累积是啤酒酵母复制衰老的重要原因,而组蛋白去乙酰化酶家族成员Sir2蛋白在调节染色体外rDNA环累积、啤酒酵母衰老和寿命方面起到核心作用.作为去乙酰化反应底物的NAD+正性调节Sir2组蛋白去乙酰化酶活性,NAD+代谢产物尼克酰胺对Sir2有负性调节作用,而有尼克酰胺参与的NAD+补救合成途径对于Sir2活性十分重要.目前,已经在人等动物细胞中发现参与这些调节过程的相关蛋白的同源基因,在功能上也表现出一定的相似性.啤酒酵母的衰老机制研究将为人体衰老的认识提供重要线索.     

Synthesis of Methylenebis(Phosphonate) Analogues of 2-, 4-, and 6-Pyridones of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

The synthesis of metabolically stable methylenebis(phosphonate) analogues of 2-, 4-, and 6-pyridones of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is reported. In contrast to natural pyrophosphates, these NAD analogues are able to penetrate the cell membrane and can be used as probes in cellular assays.     

The Distribution of Enzymes Which Synthesize Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in Monkey, Rabbit, and Ground Squirrel Retinas

The activity of adenosinetriphosphate:nicotinamide adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.1) was measured in all the layers of monkey, rabbit, and ground squirrel retinas. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) kinase (EC 2.7.1.23) distribution was measured in monkey and rabbit retinas. An attempt was made to measure NAD synthetase (EC 6.3.5.1), but the activities in the retinal layers were too low to produce a reliable increment in the levels of endogenous NAD. In monkey retina the adenylyl transferase was highest by far in the outer and inner nuclear layers, lower and variable in ganglion cell and fiber layers, and almost absent elsewhere. Rabbit retina differed in that activity was nearly absent in the outer nuclear layer, whereas in the ground squirrel outer nuclear layer activity was double that of the inner nuclear layer. The species differences suggest that adenylyl transferase is almost absent from cone cell nuclei and high in rod cell nuclei. NAD kinase distribution in monkey retina was almost the mirror image of that of adenylyl transferase.     

NAD+ accumulation as a metabolic off switch for orthodox pollen

Terrestrial plant pollen is classified into two categories based on its metabolic status: pollen with low-metabolism are termed “orthodox” and pollen with high-metabolism are termed “recalcitrant.” Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is crucial for a number of metabolisms in all extant organisms. It has recently been shown that NAD homeostasis plays an important role in a broad range of developmental processes and responses to environment. Recently, a reverse genetic approach shed light on the significance of NAD biosynthesis on pollen fate. In orthodox Arabidopsis pollen, NAD⁺ that was accumulated in excess at dispersal dramatically decreased on rehydration. The lack of a key gene that is involved in NAD biosynthesis compromised the excess accumulation. Moreover, absence of the excess accumulation phenocopied the so-called recalcitrant pollen, as demonstrated by the germination inside anthers and the loss of desiccation tolerance. Upon rehydration, NAD⁺-consuming inhibitors impaired tube germination. Taken together, our results suggest that accumulation of NAD⁺ functions as a physiochemical molecular switch for suspended metabolism and that the decrease of NAD⁺ plays a very important role during transitions in metabolic states. Shifting of the redox state to an oxidizing environment may efficiently control the comprehensive metabolic network underlying the onset of pollen germination.     

NAD+ and its precursors in human longevity

Aging is a complex issue due to its nature in progressive physiological and functional decay. As better medicine, technology, and living conditions became accessible to many people, the longevity of human beings increased during the past centuries. Recent research established vital roles for NAD⁺ and its precursors in protecting and maintaining the redox homeostasis in cells, which might be applicable therapeutically to prevent cell degeneration. Notably, the contribution of NAD⁺ metabolites to lifespan extension in model systems indicates that the potential beneficial effects of NAD⁺ precursors. In this mini review, by introducing the background of NAD⁺-consuming enzymes in “caloric restriction”, we focus on NAD⁺ and its precursors in diet, with further emphasis on its association with health and diseases. We also provide insights in future utilization of NAD⁺ and its precursors as nutrition supplement for lifespan extension.     

利用定点突变改变树干毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis)木糖醇脱氢酶辅酶特性的研究

在酿酒酵母中同时表达木糖还原酶基因(xyl1)和木糖醇脱氢酶基因(xyl2)可使酿酒酵母利用木糖发酵生成乙醇.但由于两种酶所依赖的辅酶不同导致酿酒酵母细胞内氧化还原失衡,致使中间产物大量积累,降低了乙醇产率.本研究从树干毕赤酵母中克隆了木糖醇脱氢酶基因,通过与银叶粉虱山梨醇脱氢酶[其活性依赖NADP+(H)]序列进行对...     

苹果酸脱氢酶的结构及功能

苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）可以催化苹果酸与草酰乙酸间的可逆转换,主要参与TCA循环、光合作用、C4循环等代谢途径。苹果酸脱氢酶可分为NAD-依赖性的MDFI（NAD—MDH）和NADP-依赖性的MDH（NADP—MDH）。在所有真核生物和大部分细菌中,MDH通常形成同源二聚体,在少数细菌中为四聚体。不同来源的MDH催化机制和它们的动力学性质十分类似,显示了它们具有高度的结构相似性。MDH的功能多样,包括线粒体中的能量提供和植物的活性氧代谢等。回顾了苹果酸脱氢酶在生理学、医学、农学领域的研究进展,并针对其生化特性、空间结构特点、催化机理等生物学功能的分子生物学进展进行了综述。     

NAD deamidation “a new reaction” by an enzyme from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus terreus</Emphasis> DSM 826

NAD deamidation is a non-previously recognized reaction. This reaction has been found to be catalyzed by extracts of Aspergillus terreus DSM 826. Conversion of NAD to the biosynthetic intermediate, deamido NAD, by these extracts, at the optimum pH and temperature did not exceed about 55 of the amount of the substrate added. Completion of the reaction was achieved when the extracts were pre-heated at 50 °C for 15 min in absence of the substrate. In a very similar manner, the extracts catalyzed hydrolytic cleavage of the amide linkages of different biomolecules such as nicotinamide, nicotinamide riboside, nicotinamide mononucleotide, L-glutamine, L-asparagine and acetamide. Polyacrylamide was also deamidated under the same conditions. In addition, complete dephosphorylation of the dinucleotide molecule was also effected by the same extracts. Separation of the NAD deamidating enzyme from the NAD dephosphorylating enzyme was achieved on using either DEAE - Sephadex A-25 or Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The obtained phosphohydrolase-free-deamidase showed optimum activity at pH 8 of 0.1 M phosphate buffer and 50 °C. It exhibited broad substrate specificity and hyperbolic substrate saturation kinetics. It was isosterically inhibited by the product of its activity and this inhibition was prevented by heating the extracts at 50 °C for 15 min. Its activity was not affected in presence of sodium fluoride, partially inhibited in presence of magnesium chloride and was retained in the freezer for some months.