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1.
The article discloses the AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) radiocarbon dating results of the historic Big Tree at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. The research aimed to determine the age, growth and architecture of this renowned African baobab. The superlative baobab is composed of five main stems, three young stems and one false stem. It exhibits an open ring-shaped structure, an architecture that allows baobabs to reach large sizes and old ages. Several wood samples extracted from four stems were dated by radiocarbon. The oldest sample had a radiocarbon date of 978 ± 14 BP, corresponding to a calibrated age of 955 ± 20 calendar years. By this value, the Big Tree at Victoria Falls is 1150 ± 50 years old. We found that the eight common stems belong to three generations, which are 1000–1100, 600–700 and 200–250 years old, respectively. The false stem is 550 years old. The stems belonging to the oldest generation stopped growing over 100 years ago.  相似文献   

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This paper presents a new series of AMS dates on ultrafiltered bone gelatin extracted from identified cutmarked or humanly-modified bones and teeth from the site of Abri Pataud, in the French Dordogne. The sequence of 32 new determinations provides a coherent and reliable chronology from the site’s early Upper Palaeolithic levels 5–14, excavated by Hallam Movius. The results show that there were some problems with the previous series of dates, with many underestimating the real age. The new results, when calibrated and modelled using a Bayesian statistical method, allow detailed understanding of the pace of cultural changes within the Aurignacian I and II levels of the site, something not achievable before. In the future, the sequence of dates will allow wider comparison to similarly dated contexts elsewhere in Europe. High precision dating is only possible by using large suites of AMS dates from humanly-modified material within well understood archaeological sequences modelled using a Bayesian statistical method.  相似文献   

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Our knowledge concerning stature in earlyHomo is scanty. In this paper, based on comparison with the fossil femur KNM-ER 999, an estimate of 482 mm femur length is derived for KNM-ER 736, the latter dating from the Lower Pleistocene. From comparison with other fossil and modern femora, KNM-ER 736 appears to be the longest hominid femur so far recovered from a site of Early Pleistocene age. Moreover, the estimated femur length is higher than the published mean values of most modern populations. Provided that trunk and head proportions were not radically different from modernH. sapiens, the finding would suggest that a stature similar to that of modern man was already reached by East AfricanHomo as early as about 1.6 Myr before present.  相似文献   

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Through systematic excavations in a loamy layer of a travertine quarry at Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt in 1981, a crown and a root of a tooth were discovered. The stratigraphic and TL-dating give a geochronological age of Holstein II or nearly 300 Ky. In 1981 these two fragments were published and diagnosed by their micromorphological structure by the present author as a lower left hominid canine. Adam (1986) and Schott (1989) pointed out that the two fragments must be of one tooth ofCervus elaphus ignoring the fragmentary preservation of the crown and the differences of the shape of the preserved cervical part of the crown in contrast to that of the isolated root. The overall morphology, including the micromorphology together with the metric evaluation and a comparison with the teeth ofCervus elaphus, determine the two fragments as a hypoplastic crown of a left lower human canine and a root which belongs possibly to an upper molar.  相似文献   

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Vegetation History and Archaeobotany - The introduction of wheat into central China is thought to have been one of the significant contributions of interactions between China and Central Asia which...  相似文献   

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The late Miocene deposits at Rudabànya, Hungary, were laid down in a shallow valley sloping westwards from a range of hills and opening out into the Pannonian Lake. Rise and fall of lake level gave rise to varying conditions, from dry land with soil formation to swamp and lake. The stratigraphic and palaeontological succession has been investigated at one of the sites, Rudabànya 2, where two cycles of deposition and erosion are represented, with soil formation, swamp conditions with lignite formation, and periods of extended high lake level succeeding each other. Both mammal and plant fossils are present at several levels. Taphonomic modifications in the Rudabànya 2 vertebrate faunas include losses of skeletal elements through carnivore selection, fluvial sorting at some levels, and post-depositional destruction by leaching and/or acid soils. The lowest level, the lower lignite, has few fossils. The fossil mammals from the level above, the grey marl, are the least modified but they are mixed with abraded, probably allochthonous, bone fragments and more complete specimens resulting from near-lake deaths. Modifications of bones by carnivores are indicated, but the specimens were too broken post-depositionally for the impact of the carnivores to be assessed. Carnivore action is also indicated for the fauna of the black clay which formed on the surface of the grey marl. The fauna consists of relatively abundant small mammals and the primates Anapithecus hernyaki and Dryopithecus hungaricus, with the latter much less common. The predator accumulating the smaller species was probably a viverrid. The red marl fauna is a transported assemblage from higher up the valley with the fossils extremely fragmentary and abraded and few identifiable specimens, almost all of which are teeth. The black mud fauna is also probably a transported assemblage, lower energy than the red marl environment, and the bones are much modified subsequently by acid corrosion similar to that seen today in bone preserved in peat bogs. Dryopithecus is a major constituent of the fauna, with Anapithecus less common. D. hungaricus is thus associated more strongly with swamp forest and shallow riverine conditions with low energy movement of water, and A. hernyaki is associated with lake shore (probably forest) conditions, accumulating in lake sediments and lake-flat sediments. The palaeoecology of the area as a whole, based on the associated flora and fauna, is a combination of swamp forest, lake shore forest and open mud flats.  相似文献   

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It is generally accepted that from the late Middle to the early Late Pleistocene (~340–90 ka BP), Neanderthals were occupying Europe and Western Asia, whereas anatomically modern humans were present in the African continent. In contrast, the paucity of hominin fossil evidence from East Asia from this period impedes a complete evolutionary picture of the genus Homo, as well as assessment of the possible contribution of or interaction with Asian hominins in the evolution of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. Here we present a comparative study of a hominin dental sample recovered from the Xujiayao site, in Northern China, attributed to the early Late Pleistocene (MIS 5 to 4). Our dental study reveals a mosaic of primitive and derived dental features for the Xujiayao hominins that can be summarized as follows: i) they are different from archaic and recent modern humans, ii) they present some features that are common but not exclusive to the Neanderthal lineage, and iii) they retain some primitive conformations classically found in East Asian Early and Middle Pleistocene hominins despite their young geological age. Thus, our study evinces the existence in China of a population of unclear taxonomic status with regard to other contemporary populations such as H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis. The morphological and metric studies of the Xujiayao teeth expand the variability known for early Late Pleistocene hominin fossils and suggest the possibility that a primitive hominin lineage may have survived late into the Late Pleistocene in China. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:224–240, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

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The prehistoric salt mine of Hallstatt together with its burial ground is one of the most prominent archaeological sites in Austria, which has also given name for the “Hallstatt period” of human civilisation (800–400 BC). Due to the perfect conservation in rock salt a great number of organic materials have been found, among mostly wooden artefacts. Currently, the major archaeological focus is on the Bronze Age salt mining activities with excavations taking place at the historic Christian von Tusch-Werk, Alter Grubenoffen mine.

Chronology building started at the Dachstein plateau, in the vicinity of Hallstatt, where tree-trunks were discovered in an alpine lake (Schwarzer See) and after recovery a spruce-larch chronology was compiled that dates back to 1475 BC. In addition, at the bog Karmoos, very close to the mining place of Hallstatt, preserved trees were intensively sampled resulting in a spruce chronology reaching even 1523 BC.

Over 500 samples were taken at the Christian von Tusch-Werk, Alter Grubenoffen. They also included samples from the recently discovered world's oldest wooden staircase. The spectrum of wooden species encompassed Norway spruce, Silver fir, beech, European larch and maple. We were able to synchronize 128 samples, ending in a 282-year long floating chronology. While the staircase dated back to 1344 BC, the end year of the floating chronology dated even to 1245 BC. Tree felling dates showed clusters within the chronology, providing evidence for archaeologists to find construction phases and usage periods.

The Dachstein–Hallstatt spruce chronology currently holds 840 synchronized series, and includes samples from the lake at the Dachstein, from the Karmoos bog at Hallstatt, from the prehistoric Hallstatt salt mine, and from historical buildings, as well as living trees. The chronology covers the period between 1523 BC through 2004 AD.  相似文献   


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1988年,贵州省博物馆对桐梓岩灰洞的支洞进行了最后一次发掘。2014年,在洞内第四层堆积物中鉴定出逾2000件的动物牙齿化石,以及一枚古人类上颊齿(编号:TZ-1)。1991年,铀系法测定这些次生堆积物的沉积年代约为距今24万年。本文运用高精度CT(巴黎自然历史博物馆)对TZ-1的釉质齿质界面(EDJ)和牙髓腔几何形态进行了分析。TZ-1的冠面形态有如下特征:次尖小且在远中舌侧不发育,咀嚼面轮廓呈四边形,颊舌径稍大过近中远中径,原尖舌侧齿带发育,齿尖从大到小依次为原尖、后尖、前尖和次尖。TZ-1牙髓腔的髓角与其釉质齿质界面以及釉质表面的形态都具有相关性。TZ-1的形态与M1虽有相似之处,但完全不同于1983年出土于同一层位的另两颗M1;其应被鉴定为dm2,并可被归入中中更新世的中国直立人支系。岩灰洞上臼齿PA 875的形态与建始龙骨洞PA 1279和周口店直立人等古老型直立人相似。岩灰洞另一枚刚萌发的臼齿PA 874具有凸出的次尖和长菱形的外廓,接近于爪哇型直立人Sangiran NG 91-G10;这也是智人和尼安德特人的共有衍征。但PA 874的冠面仍保留了亚洲型的齿带,因而被归入人属未定种。因出土自次生堆积,岩灰洞的三种古人类类型未必曾同时并存,但却揭示了华南地区人类演化进程中的多样面貌。  相似文献   

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Recent genetic studies based on the distribution of mtDNA of haplogroup U6 have led to subtly different theories regarding the arrival of modern human populations in North Africa. One proposes that groups of the proto-U6 lineage spread from the Near East to North Africa around 40–45 ka (thousands of years ago), followed by some degree of regional continuity. Another envisages a westward human migration from the Near East, followed by further demographic expansion at ∼22 ka centred on the Maghreb and associated with a microlithic bladelet culture known as the Iberomaurusian. In evaluating these theories, we report on the results of new work on the Middle (MSA) and Later Stone (LSA) Age deposits at Taforalt Cave in Morocco. We present 54 AMS radiocarbon dates on bone and charcoals from a sequence of late MSA and LSA occupation levels of the cave. Using Bayesian modelling we show that an MSA non-Levallois flake industry was present until ∼24.5 ka Cal BP (calibrated years before present), followed by a gap in occupation and the subsequent appearance of an LSA Iberomaurusian industry from at least 21,160 Cal BP. The new dating offers fresh light on theories of continuity versus replacement of populations as presented by the genetic evidence. We examine the implications of these data for interpreting the first appearance of the LSA in the Maghreb and providing comparisons with other dated early blade and bladelet industries in North Africa.  相似文献   

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Abstract Cercidiphylloxylon spenceri (Brett) Pearson is described from the Lizigou Formation, Palaeocene in China. The growth rings are distinct; pores are diffuse, solitary, with somewhat angular outlines in cross section; vessel elements long with long scalariform perforation plates; intervessel pitting is opposite to scalariform; fiber‐tracheids are present; axial parenchyma is scarce; rays are mostly biseriate and heterogeneous. All wood characters of the fossil specimen fall into the range of those of extant Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae). The finding is one of the earliest fossil wood records of Cercidiphyllaceae.  相似文献   

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Cercidiphylloxylon spenceri(Brett)Pearson is described from the Lizigou Formation,Palaeocene in China.The growth rings are distinct; pores are diffuse,solitary,with somewhat angular outlines in cross section;vessel elements long with long scalariform perforation plates; intervessel pitting is opposite to scalariform; fibertracheids are present; axial parenchyma is scarce; rays are mostly biseriate and heterogeneous.All wood characters of the fossil specimen fall into the range of those of extant Cercidiphyllum(Cercidiphyllaceae).The finding is one of the earliest fossil wood records of Cercidiphyllaceae.  相似文献   

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M. P. Singh 《Human Evolution》2003,18(3-4):213-227
The Siwalik Hills have yielded what is perhaps the world’s most ancient early hominid. In December 1992 I discovered a hominid mandibular ramus and a hominid femur in association with stone tools in the Tatrot Formation of the upper Siwalik. The discovery was made from the Tatrot Formation exposed at Khetpurali Village in Haryana, North India. The teeth are bunodont, having a lingually inclined wear plane. The P3 is molariform and single rooted. The femur is platymeric and has medullary stenosis. The stone tools are chopper types. Magnetostratigraphic dating of the Tatrot Formation ranges from 2.47 Myr at the top to 5.44 Myr at the base. The hominid — yielding bed is dated at 3.40 Myr — Middle Pliocene. The palaeoecology of the Tatrot Formation suggests open savannah. The discovery will cast new light on the origin and migration of the early hominids, and hopefully will contribute to a solution of the 100-year-old dispute about the African or Asian origin of humans.  相似文献   

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Dezzeo  Nelda  Worbes  Martin  Ishii  Iria  Herrera  Rafael 《Plant Ecology》2003,168(1):165-175
The occurrence of seasonal growth rings in the wood of Campsiandra laurifolia, Acosmiun nitens, Pouteria orinocoensis and Psidium ovatifolium, common species growing in the flooding forest of the Mapire river, was analyzed using wood anatomy and ring- width analysis. The test of the annual ring formation was performed using radiocarbon analysis based on the nuclear weapon effect. All species showed growth rings visible to the naked eye. The ring boundaries in all cases were marked by bands of marginal parenchyma. The index ring-width curves of the four studied species showed a strong relationship with the fluctuation of the water river level during the non flooded months, suggesting that an increase in the water level during these months positively influenced the growth indicating that the rings were formed on an annual basis. The content of radiocarbon in the wood of anatomically predated rings of Campsiandra laurifolia and Pouteria orinocoensis confirm these results. All studied trees are slow growing with less than 2.5 mm annual increment.  相似文献   

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