梁河脂松节油、脂松香的物理和化学特征

研究梁河脂松节油的相对密度、折光率、初馏点、馏程体积、旋光度和化学组成以及脂松香的软化点、酸值、不皂化物含量、乙醇不溶物、灰分、旋光度和化学组成等物理和化学特征。结果表明:梁河的脂松节油在化学组成上因含有大量3-蒈烯导致其蒎烯含量低于GB/T 12901-2006,其物理指标中的折光率偏高。梁河的脂松香因化学组成中含有大量中性物,致其物理指标中酸值偏低,不皂化物含量偏高,超出GB/T 8145-2003。鉴于3-蒈烯这一特殊资源,有必要制定高3-蒈烯脂松节油标准。     

植物挥发性物质对落叶松球果花蝇的驱避效果

为研究外源植物挥发性物质对落叶松球果花蝇（Strobilomyia spp.）对寄主定位的干扰作用,在哈尔滨市和大兴安岭加格达奇兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）种子园,用松节油、樟脑、丁香油进行了室内生测和林间喷施试验。在室内,球果花蝇对1％松节油的反应率为94.23％,与1％丁香油、3％松节油、20％丁香油相比差异显著;对1％樟脑的反应率为87.92％。球果花蝇对2％丁香油的反应率最低,仅为16.30％。在室内及林间,1％松节油及1％樟脑对球果花蝇都表现为驱避作用。1％松节油及其对照对球果花蝇的驱避效果最好,平均每果虫数较清水对照的3.51分别降低了2.85和2.66,使球果被害率降低了57.0％和46.2％,种子被害率分别降低了24.7％和27.7％。其次是1％脑及其对照,每果虫数较清水对照降低了1.83和1.44个,球果被害率分别降低了9.0％和30.7％,种子被害率分别下降了12.2％和26.9％。1％丁香油对花蝇在室内表现为诱引作用,在林间表现为驱避作用。在喷施3种挥发性物质及其对照后,各个处理的球果挥发性物质主要组分的总量都较清水对照增加,各处理的α-蒎烯相对含量较清水对照大幅度降低,降低幅度在13.56％-24.83％之间;各处理的β-罗勒烯都有不同程度的增加。β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、月桂烯、水芹烯的相对含量在各处理中升降不一。     

高浓度松油醇的合成

本文提出了在均相中直接合成高浓度松油醇的新方法.并对其反应温度、时间,及其均化剂的选择进行了讨论.     

松节油分离的三种精馏工艺比较

本文针对松节油的分离提出了3种精馏工艺并进行比较研究,以年处理量4000吨,即进料量为500 kg/h的松节油原料分离得到质量分数为98%以上的α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯为例,从工艺流程、塔板数、进料位置、回流比、能耗等多方面因素进行分析比较,并利用PRO/II模拟软件对各个工艺进行优化,得出各工艺的优化操作参数,比较分析了各工艺的优劣。     

青杨脊虎天牛对植物源挥发物的EAG和行为反应

测定了青杨脊虎天牛Xylotrechus rusticus （L.）雌、雄成虫对其寄主杨树中的水杨醛（0.95 μmol/μL）和非寄主植物中0.3 μmol/μL的叶绿醇、0.4 μmol/μL的水芹烯和0.6 μmol/μL的 R 型α-蒎烯、S 型α-蒎烯、S型β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、罗勒烯、香草烯和松节油等10种植物挥发性气味物质的触角电位（EAG）反应。结果表明,与对照相比,这10种植物挥发物多能引起成虫明显的EAG反应( P<0.05,P<0.01 ),其中雌虫对松节油、水杨醛、R 型α-蒎烯和 S 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应较强; 雄虫对 R 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应最强,松节油次之。根据雌虫对这10种挥发物EAG反应的强弱,进一步测定了雌虫对0.00006、0.0006、0.006、0.06、0.6、0.12 μmol/μL的松节油、R 型α-蒎烯、S 型α-蒎烯以及0.000095、0.00095、0.0095、0.095、0.95、0.19 μmol/μL的水杨醛的EAG和行为反应。结果表明,雌虫对松节油、水杨醛和 R 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应随气味物质浓度的增加而增加,水杨醛浓度增加到0.95 μmol/μL、松节油和 R 型α-蒎烯浓度增加到0.6 μmol/μL以后,EAG反应值趋于平稳;对 S 型α-蒎烯的反应随浓度的增加而呈线性增加。水杨醛浓度低于0.095时,对雌虫没有明显的定向作用( P>0.05 ),高于此浓度时表现为驱避作用( P<0.05 ); 松节油在浓度低于或等于0.6 μmol/μL时对雌虫表现为驱避作用,浓度为0.6时驱避效果最佳（ P<0.01 ）。雌虫对 R 型α-蒎烯和 S 型α-蒎烯没有明显的定向行为反应。     

云南思茅松松节油的化学成分

思茅松〔Pinus kesiya var.langbianensis(A.Chev.)Gaussen〕是滇西南思茅,临沧以及西双版纳等部分专州的主要森林树种之一。分部广、藏量大,目前每年除提供大量木材外,利用其副产物——松脂,可生产近千吨的松节油。但其松节油的全成分未见报道。为了使工业部门更加合理地利用这一植物资源,我们对思茅松节油的化学成分进行了分析,现将结果予以报告。     

滇产云南松、思茅松松针油的化学成分

云南松(Pinus yunnanensis Fr.)和思茅松〔Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gord.var.langbianensis(A.Chev.)Gaussen〕为云南针叶林主要树种。我们已研究了思茅松松节油的化学成分,为松针油利用提供科学数据,比较松节油与松针油化学成分的同异,并考察α-蒎烯,β-蒎烯的含量与分布的关系,本文用气相色谱/质谱/计算机联用仪,对滇南到滇中水平分布及由低到高垂直分布的八个云南松和九个思茅松松针油油样进行了定性、定量分析。     

植物石蜡制片中透明和脱蜡技术的改良

石蜡切片是植物科学研究领域中一项重要的实验技术,为组织学的发展做出了卓越贡献。制片过程中采用不同试剂和处理程序对切片质量有较大的影响。该文针对常规石蜡切片方法在操作步骤上存在的繁琐及试剂安全性等问题,摸索出改进方法。实验结果表明,采用histolene(C1OH16)、环保透明剂van-clear、正丁醇(n-butanol)和松节油(oil of turpentine)代替二甲苯(xylene),可避免二甲苯的毒性危害;同时精简了传统石蜡切片的操作程序,缩短了实验周期并提高了制片质量。     

慢性炎症痛引起DRG感觉神经元P2X3受体表达的改变

目的探讨脊髓背根神经节（dorsal root ganglia,DRG）P2X3受体参与大鼠足底慢性炎症痛相关的热痛觉过敏机制。方法 1）用行为学的研究方法,以大鼠右侧后脚掌注射松节油加石蜡（各占50％）0．1ml建立后脚掌慢性痛模型,用热测痛的方法测量后脚掌皮下注射松节油后的痛阈,每天1次,连续测15d。2）用免疫组织化学技术观察大鼠后脚掌慢性炎症后第2天和第7天,炎症侧脊髓背根神经节（L4—6）神经元中P2X,受体阳性细胞类型的分布变化;以及正常脊髓背根神经节（L4—6）神经元中P2X,受体阳性细胞类型的分布作为对照。结果1）炎症后大鼠后脚掌侧痛阈出现降低,在第2天痛阈达到最低,后逐渐恢复,14d后恢复正常痛阈值。2）正常大鼠P2X,主要表达于DRG的中小神经元上,炎症后DRG（L4—6）,中小型P2X,受体阳性细胞数比对照组明显增加。细胞平均面积增大。结论后脚掌慢性炎症痛可以引起大鼠对伤害性热刺激的痛觉过敏,并导致脊髓背根神经节（L4—6）神经元qbP2X3受体阳性细胞数目增加,表明P2X3在DRG的中小神经元的改变可能对松节油引起脚掌炎症痛时热痛觉过敏的形成与维持起重要作用。     

分子筛催化α—蒎烯异构的研究

分别用蒸馏水、盐酸、氯化铵溶液处理的分子筛作催化剂,催化α－蒎烯异构为单环单萜。结果表明,用蒸馏水处理后的分子筛做催化剂,产物的得率较高,为６９．５％左右,接近文献值。     

Surfactant-enhanced essential oils as mosquito larvicides

Using laboratory bioassays with fourth-instarCulex pipiens formmolestus larvae, we explored the larvicidal properties of two representative plant-derived oils, eucalyptus oil and turpentine (two grades), and cineole, the main component of eucalyptus oil. Each was larvicidal alone, but efficacy was enhanced when the spreading pressure was increased by adding 1% insoluble surfactant (Arosurf MSF) plus 1% detergent. Cheap turpentine was more effective than more refined turpentine. These mixtures were compared with the familiar surface-active larvicides Arosurf and Golden Bear Oil. At a dose of 2 μl per tub (=0.13 μl cm⁻²), enhanced by surfactants (turpentine:Arosurf:detergent 100:1:1 by volume), refined turpentine acted faster than Arosurf alone, causing higher mortality at 24 and 48 h after treatment but equivalent mortality at 72 h. It immobilised more larvae than Golden Bear Oil in the first three hours, but was less effective over 24 h. Crude turpentine enhanced by surfactants immobilised about as many larvae as Golden Bear Oil over 24 h. These findings indicate that plant essential oils merit further attention as widely available, environmentally benign mosquito larvicides.     

THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE TURPENTINE 0F PINUS KESIYA VAR. LANGBIANENSIS

In order to put Pinus genus plants resources to rational use, the chemical constituents of the turpentine of pinus kesiya have been studies. The turpentine of Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis (A. Chev.) Gaussen collected in Mojiang. yannan, was analysel qualitatively and quantitatively by means of GC/MS/DS.     

外来入侵林业害虫强大小蠹的侵袭以及相关信息化学物质

强大小蠹是入侵我国并造成很大危害的鞘翅目棘胫小蠹科大小蠹属树皮低干森林害虫。它能侵害多种针叶树和松树 ,能被寄主挥发物和其它小蠹虫的外激素所引诱。该文综述了强大小蠹的侵袭习性以及寄主挥发物、其它小蠹虫的外激素对强大小蠹的引诱和驱避作用。     

Biocatalytic conversion of turpentine – a wood processing waste – into oxygenated monoterpenes

Abstract

Three kinds of turpentine (a waste by-product of industrial wood processing) of various monoterpene compositions were transformed by Picea abies cells and the product yields monitored in relation to the initial turpentine concentration. The major products obtained were trans-verbenol, trans-pinocarveol, myrtenol, α-terpineol, and p-cymen-8-ol depending on the substrate composition. The absolute quantitative values of the major products were evaluated for a substrate concentration of 0.86 g L^?1. The concentration of trans-verbenol and trans-pinocarveol after twelve days of biotransformation was 768 and 388 mg L^?1, respectively. The substrate was uptaken by Picea abies cells within the first three days and the majority of products released in five days. Although not all the starting material was consumed, the Picea abies suspension culture was able to convert concentrations of turpentine as high as 4.3 g L^?1 into valuable products. By precise selection of the substrate concentration and time course, favourable conversion to products could be achieved.     

Effect of turpentine oil on C-reactive protein (CRP) production in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The effect of turpentine oil on C-reactive protein (CRP) production was studied in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Serum CRP concentration was estimated by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using anti-rainbow trout CRP monoclonal antibody (mAb) AC4 and polyclonal antibody. Intracellular CRP was demonstrated by flow cytometry using anti-trout CRP mAb. Hepatocytes, head kidney macrophages, spleen lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes showed reaction against AC4, but RTG-2 fibroblastic line cells, derived from rainbow trout gonad did not. This is the first report on the detection of intracellular CRP in fish. CRP levels decreased significantly 1 day after intramuscular injection of turpentine oil and remained low for 14 days. Significant decreases in the expression of CRP in hepatocytes, head kidney macrophages and spleen lymphocytes after injection of turpentine oil were found. The reduction of serum CRP concentration after turpentine oil injection may be attributed to decreases in intracellular CRP synthesis.     

Preliminary experiments on the use of oil-soluble copper compounds as fungicides

Tests were made of the solubility of a number of copper compounds in mineral and vegetable oils. Phytocidal tests on onion foliage showed that turpentine, pine oil and white spirit were damaging whereas cottonseed oil and white oil were innocuous. Copper salts in white oil, white spirit, turpentine or pine oil showed a higher fungicidal value than in cottonseed oil. In laboratory tests, a solution of copper 3:5-di- iso propyl salicylate was more fungicidal than Bordeaux mixture of the same copper concentration. In a small field trial, copper 3:5-di- ios propyl salicylate dissolved in white oil to give a concentration of 0.01% Cu was atomized three times at monthly intervals on to onion foliage without damage. The same material at 0.1% Cu in white oil was phytocidal. No control of onion downy mildew ( Peronospora schleideniana ) was obtained in this trial. The method of atomization was convenient and practicable for small-scale operation. It gave perfect wetting of the foliage and was very economical of material.     

Serum alpha2-macroglobulin and cytokine measurements in an acute inflammation model in rats

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for rat alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) using a monoclonal antibody was developed, and used to measure alpha2M in sera from rats injected intramuscularly with turpentine oil as an inflammatory agent. The mean concentration of alpha2M gradually increased and peaked 2 days after the turpentine oil injection. The peak alpha2M concentration ranged from 2362-8472 microg/ml (mean 4531 microg/ml), which was 50-290 times higher than the pre-dosing levels of 23-61 microg/ml. In addition, interleukins (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-gamma were measured using commercial ELISA reagent kits. IL-6 and IL-8 increased and peaked 12 h after turpentine oil injection, the levels being 5-51 times and 2-38 times the pre-dosing ones, respectively. The concentrations of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-gamma in rats injected with turpentine oil did not change.     

Transplacental transport of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) and induction of alpha 2M in maternal and neonatal rats with acute inflammation.

The aims of this study were to investigate transplacental transport of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) in rats in rats and to examine the degree of alpha 2M induction in maternal and neonatal rats with acute inflammation. Serum was collected from healthy pregnant CD (IGS) rats, neonates of the pregnant rats and their cord blood. Additional serum samples were obtained from pregnant rats inoculated with an inflammatory agent, turpentine oil, their neonates and cord blood, and neonates inoculated with turpentine oil. The serum levels of alpha 2M were measured by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The average serum levels of alpha 2M in healthy neonates and cord blood were about 380 micrograms/ml. Serum a2M level in neonates inoculated with turpentine oil averaged about 580 micrograms/ml. Serum alpha 2M levels in maternal rats inoculated with turpentine oil, neonates from those rats and their cord blood were elevated, the values being 2,000 micrograms/ml or higher. It was demonstrated that induction of alpha 2M in neonatal rats was lower than in maternal rats when inoculated with turpentine oil. These results suggest that alpha 2M is transplacentally transported from maternal rats to fetal ones.     

Variability of the wood monoterpenoids from Pinus aristata

Striking differences in turpentine composition between California-Nevada-Utah populations and Colorado-New Mexico-Arizona populations of the Bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) were demonstrated by GLC analyses of the wood extracts. These differences are in line with Bailey's taxonomic division of Pinus aristata sensu lato into western Pinus longaeva and eastern Pinus aristata sensu stricto.