凝溶胶蛋白的结构与功能

凝溶胶蛋白（gelsolin）是凝溶胶蛋白超家族的成员之一,是一种重要的肌动蛋白结合蛋白,其通过切断、封端肌动蛋白丝,或使肌动蛋白聚集成核等方式来控制肌动蛋白的结构.凝溶胶蛋白除了在重组肌动蛋白丝中发挥作用以外,还在细胞运动、控制细胞程序性死亡等细胞活动中发挥重要的作用.此外,肿瘤细胞中凝溶胶蛋白的表达量也发生变化.凝溶胶蛋白的变异还是某些遗传疾病的基础.最近的研究发现,凝溶胶蛋白可以作为转录辅激活蛋白,促进雄激素受体的转录活性.本文对凝溶胶蛋白的结构特点、参与调节细胞的功能和机制及其研究现状进行概述.     

凝溶胶蛋白基因的生物学功能及其应用研究进展

凝溶胶蛋白(gelsolin,GSN)是Gelsolin/Villin超家族的核心成员,是一种多功能的钙依赖性肌动蛋白结合蛋白,在细胞中Ca^2+和PIP2等多因素的调控下,对细胞凋亡、吞噬功能、肌动蛋白微丝切割、细胞信号转导等方面起着重要的作用。近年来,凝溶胶蛋白还被频繁用于相关疾病的预防、诊断与治疗,但其在调控细胞凋亡、炎症等病理生理中的作用机制还存在些许争议。本研究综述了凝溶胶蛋白的结构特点、生物学功能以及对疾病的诊断和治疗,旨在了解凝溶胶蛋白在生物医学及动物科学等领域的应用以及未来凝溶胶蛋白的发展前景。     

凝溶胶蛋白治疗阿尔茨海默症的研究进展

阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的病理学特征之一是患者脑内存在以β-淀粉样肽(Aβ)为主要成分的老年斑。大量的实验证据表明,以Aβ为靶目标,清除老年斑有助于提高患者的认知能力,是防治AD的一个重要研究方向。凝溶胶蛋白在细胞骨架结构重排和细胞运动等过程中都发挥重要作用。目前多个小组的研究成果显示,凝溶胶蛋白与AD的发生、发展密切相关。凝溶胶蛋白能够抑制Aβ积聚形成纤维,也能够引发已形成的Aβ纤维发生解聚。更重要的是,凝溶胶蛋白能够清除转基因AD模型小鼠脑内的老年斑和降低Aβ的水平。未来凝溶胶蛋白有可能被应用于AD的预防和治疗。     

凝溶胶蛋白与相关疾病的关系

凝溶胶蛋白（gelsolin,GSN）是一种在机体内普遍存在的,对细胞结构和代谢功能具有多种调节作用的蛋白。GSN作为凝溶胶蛋白超家族的成员之一,是一种重要的肌动蛋白（actin）结合蛋白,可通过切断、封闭肌动蛋白丝,或使actin聚集成核等方式来调控actin的结构与代谢功能.GSN不仅能在重组的肌动蛋白细丝（F-actin）中发挥作用,而且在细胞运动、细胞凋亡等细胞活动中也发挥着重要的作用。GSN有血浆型（plasma gelsolin,pGSN）和细胞质型（cytoplasmic gelsolin,cGSN）两种亚型,它们在淀粉样变性、炎症、癌症、心血管疾病、阿茨海默病（AD）及肾脏疾病中都起着重要的作用,GSN可能成为多种疾病的一个新的生物标记物或者治疗靶点。本文将就GSN与相关疾病的关系的研究进展做一综述。     

凝溶胶蛋白与创伤后炎症反应

凝溶胶蛋白(gelsolin,GSN)是机体内重要的肌动蛋白结合蛋白,对肌动蛋白的聚合/解聚具有重要调节作用。其生理效应不仅在于维持细胞结构稳定,而且参与多种细胞活动的调节过程,是一种重要的细胞功能调节蛋白。血浆型GSN是血浆肌动蛋白清除系统主要成员之一,对维持内环境稳定非常重要。严重创伤后血浆中GSN水平显著而持续降低,且与患者预后密切相关。本文综述GSN与创伤后炎症反应的关系。     

热休克蛋白的生物医学功能

热休克蛋白（Ｈｓｐ）是真核细胞和原核细胞在应激条件下产生的一种蛋白质,在正常状态的细胞中也广泛存在。Ｈｓｐ是生物种系发育中最保守的蛋白质之一,其主要功能是促进新生多肽的正确折叠并维持折叠状态,从而发挥调节细胞生长、分化、生存的功能。Ｈｓｐ还有调节免疫功能、参与疾病发生的作用。     

杆状病毒的结构蛋白及其功能

综述了昆虫杆状病毒的主要结构蛋白及其功能。髓核是由大约120 kb的双链DNA分子和与其密切相关的碱性蛋白所组成,碱性蛋白同DNA紧密结合以维持其复杂有序的超螺旋结构,并且能够增强杆状病毒DNA的感染性;衣壳蛋白是杆状病毒粒子的主要结构蛋白,主要有VP 39、VP 78/83、VP 87、VP 80、VP 24;囊膜蛋白有PDV-E 25、PDV-6 e、PDV-E 66、PDV-E 56、PDV-E 18、PDV-EC 27、PDV-E 35、PDV-EC 27、BV/PDV-E 26、PDV-43、gp 64-67、VP 40/41;包涵体的基质蛋白;多角体（或颗粒体）膜主要是由糖类构成,VP 32-36是与之相关的蛋白。     

Gelsolin domains 4-6 in active,actin-free conformation identifies sites of regulatory calcium ions

Structural analysis of gelsolin domains 4-6 demonstrates that the two highest-affinity calcium ions that activate the molecule are in domains 5 and 6, one in each. An additional calcium site in domain 4 depends on subsequent actin binding and is seen only in the complex. The uncomplexed structure is primed to bind actin. Since the disposition of the three domains is similar in different crystal environments, either free or in complex with actin, the conformation in calcium is intrinsic to active gelsolin itself. Thus the actin-free structure shows that the structure with an actin monomer is a good model for an actin filament cap. The last 13 residues of domain 6 have been proposed to be a calcium-activated latch that, in the inhibited form only, links two halves of gelsolin. Comparison with the active structure shows that loosening of the latch contributes but is not central to activation. Calcium binding in domain 6 invokes a cascade of swapped ion-pairs. A basic residue swaps acidic binding partners to stabilise a straightened form of a helix that is kinked in inhibited gelsolin. The other end of the helix is connected by a loop to an edge beta-strand. In active gelsolin, an acidic residue in this helix breaks with its loop partner to form a new intrahelical ion-pairing, resulting in the breakage of the continuous sheet between domains 4 and 6, which is central to the inhibited conformation. A structural alignment of domain sequences provides a rationale to understand why the two calcium sites found here have the highest affinity amongst the five different candidate sites found in other gelsolin structures.     

类胡萝卜素的生物合成途径及生物学功能研究进展

类胡萝卜素具有重要的生物学功能,一直是研究的热点。综述近十年来对植物类胡萝卜素的生物合成途径,并对其生物学功能参与光系统的组装、非光化学猝灭、基因表达、抗氧化性和维持膜的稳定性等五个方面的研究进展作一介绍。     

Gelsolin deficiency blocks podosome assembly and produces increased bone mass and strength

Osteoclasts are unique cells that utilize podosomes instead of focal adhesions for matrix attachment and cytoskeletal remodeling during motility. We have shown that osteopontin (OP) binding to the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin of osteoclast podosomes stimulated cytoskeletal reorganization and bone resorption by activating a heteromultimeric signaling complex that includes gelsolin, pp(60c-src), and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase. Here we demonstrate that gelsolin deficiency blocks podosome assembly and alpha(v)beta(3)-stimulated signaling related to motility in gelsolin-null mice. Gelsolin-deficient osteoclasts were hypomotile due to retarded remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. They failed to respond to the autocrine factor, OP, with stimulation of motility and bone resorption. Gelsolin deficiency was associated with normal skeletal development and endochondral bone growth. However, gelsolin-null mice had mildly abnormal epiphyseal structure, retained cartilage proteoglycans in metaphyseal trabeculae, and increased trabecular thickness. With age, the gelsolin-deficient mice expressed increased trabecular and cortical bone thickness producing mechanically stronger bones. These observations demonstrate the critical role of gelsolin in podosome assembly, rapid cell movements, and signal transduction through the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin.     

Gelsolin amyloidosis: genetics,biochemistry, pathology and possible strategies for therapeutic intervention

Protein misassembly into aggregate structures, including cross-β-sheet amyloid fibrils, is linked to diseases characterized by the degeneration of post-mitotic tissue. While amyloid fibril deposition in the extracellular space certainly disrupts cellular and tissue architecture late in the course of amyloid diseases, strong genetic, pathological and pharmacologic evidence suggests that the process of amyloid fibril formation itself, known as amyloidogenesis, likely causes these maladies. It seems that the formation of oligomeric aggregates during the amyloidogenesis process causes the proteotoxicity and cytotoxicity characteristic of these disorders. Herein, we review what is known about the genetics, biochemistry and pathology of familial amyloidosis of Finnish type (FAF) or gelsolin amyloidosis. Briefly, autosomal dominant D187N or D187Y mutations compromise Ca²⁺ binding in domain 2 of gelsolin, allowing domain 2 to sample unfolded conformations. When domain 2 is unfolded, gelsolin is subject to aberrant furin endoproteolysis as it passes through the Golgi on its way to the extracellular space. The resulting C-terminal 68 kDa fragment (C68) is susceptible to extracellular endoproteolytic events, possibly mediated by a matrix metalloprotease, affording 8 and 5 kDa amyloidogenic fragments of gelsolin. These amyloidogenic fragments deposit systemically, causing a variety of symptoms including corneal lattice dystrophy and neurodegeneration. The first murine model of the disease recapitulates the aberrant processing of mutant plasma gelsolin, amyloid deposition, and the degenerative phenotype. We use what we have learned from our biochemical studies, as well as insight from mouse and human pathology to propose therapeutic strategies that may halt the progression of FAF.     

胃肠道微生态系统及其功能研究

随着生物技术和生理科学研究的不断深入,人们对胃肠道微生物生态及其功能的研究取得了重大进步。对胃肠道微生物的多样性、不同生理时期微生物菌群的演化和特定微生物种属的研究有新的发现。胃肠道微生物生态系统的生理功能得到不断的揭示,成为许多学者和多个学科关注的焦点。     

促性腺激素释放激素的结构及其生物学功能

促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)是下丘脑分泌的十肽激素,是神经、免疫、内分泌三大调节系统互相联系的重要信号分子,对生殖调控具有重要意义.GnRH类似物是近年来应用最广的多肽类激素新药之一.就GnRH及其受体的结构及分布、GnRH在垂体和性腺水平调控生殖的一系列证据、影响GnRH释放的因素等进行了综述,并展望了GnRH研究的发展趋势及应用前景.     

Regulation of gelsolin to plant actin filaments and its distribution in pollen

The effect of plasma gelsolin on plant microfilaments and its localization in plant cells were investigated. The results by using ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy showed that plant microfilaments could be severed into shorter fragments by gelsolin in a Ca2+-dependent manner. By measuring the binding ability of plasma gelsolin to pollen actin using the method of immunoprecipitation, it was shown that pollen actin could bind gelsolin at a ratio of 2.0±0.21 in the presence of Ca2+. Addition of EGTA could disassociate the actin-gelsolin complexes, reducing the ratio to 1.2±0.23, and the addition of PIP2 could further reduce the ratio to 0.8±0.1. The results indicate that plant actin has similar binding properties with plasma gelsolin as that of animal actin. By Western blotting we identified the existence of gelsolin in lily pollen. The results of immunolo-calization of gelsolin in pollen and pollen tube showed that gelsolin was mainly localized at the germinal furrow in pollen grains and at the cytoplasm in pollen tube, especially in the tip region.