天山雪莲未知蛋白基因的克隆及其耐铝特性分析

从天山雪莲叶片低温诱导的cDNA文库中克隆了一个未知蛋白基因(SikSD-82)cDNA全长序列。生物信息学分析表明SikSD-82基因共编码262个氨基酸,具有小麦铝诱导蛋白Wali7的保守结构域,属Gn_AT_Ⅱ家族的可溶性蛋白;其氨基酸序列与蓖麻的茎部特异性表达蛋白相似性最高为60.89%;进化树分析显示,该蛋白与番茄的茎部特异性表达蛋白关系最近。亚细胞定位结果表明,SikSD-82蛋白主要定位于细胞核。在铝胁迫条件下,转SikSD-82烟草幼苗根的伸长明显优于野生型,根部铝离子和丙二醛含量均显著低于野生型烟草,转SikSD-82烟草显示出较强的耐铝性。     

小麦盐胁迫相关基因TabHLH13的克隆与分析

在对小麦全长cDNA克隆进行大规模测序及转录因子功能研究过程中,筛选到一个与盐胁迫相关的bHLH转录因子基因,将其命名为TabHLH13。TabHLH13的全长cDNA序列为1072 bp,开放阅读框为720 bp,编码一个具有240个氨基酸残基的bHLH转录因子;对TabHLH13的基因组和cDNA序列比较分析表明该基因包括5个外显子和4个内含子;同源序列分析发现,TabHLH13与来自大麦和短柄草中的bHLH蛋白序列相似性最高,分别为96.2%和90.5%;电子定位发现TabHLH13位于小麦第7同源群的7DL上;亚细胞定位结果表明,TabHLH13编码一个定位在细胞核中的蛋白;组织表达特性分析表明该基因在小麦根、茎、叶、颖壳、雌蕊和花药中均有较强的表达;半定量RT-PCR与qRT-PCR结果表明TabHLH13是一个受盐胁迫诱导表达的基因。     

质谱非标记定量分析小麦抗条锈病近等基因系蛋白质变化

利用基于液相色谱串联Orbitrap质谱(Q Exactive)的非标定量(Label-free)技术,对小麦抗病单基因近等基因系Taichung29*6/Yr10和背景品种Taichung29叶片的蛋白质表达进行了比较分析。经MASCOT软件搜库,在两个样品中共同鉴定到2 257个蛋白,其中有准确定量信息的蛋白共1 549个,含量变化大于2倍的差异蛋白有102个。对102个差异表达蛋白进行了Gene Ontology(GO)功能注释和分析,发现他们多数定位于细胞基质和核糖体等细胞器,具备结合、催化等功能,主要参与代谢、细胞过程、应激等生物学进程,其中超氧化物歧化酶、甲硫氨酰氨肽酶、溶酶体-β-葡萄糖苷酶和铁蛋白等可能与小麦抗病单基因近等基因系Taichung 29*6/Yr10的抗病性有一定相关性。     

小麦泛素结合酶TaE2的表达分析及蛋白互作

以小麦抗逆相关蛋白TaMAPK2作为诱饵,利用酵母双杂交系统筛选小麦cDNA融合表达文库,获得候选蛋白TaE2。生物信息学分析表明,TaE2基因属于泛素结合酶UCE2基因家族成员。半定量RT-PCR结果表明TaE2基因在小麦根、茎、叶和种子等器官中均有表达,荧光定量PCR显示TaE2基因在干旱、高盐和ABA胁迫下均上调表达。利用原核表达获得GST-E2融合蛋白并使用蛋白标记亲和层析柱纯化。本文报道的小麦TaE2基因,为进一步分析泛素蛋白酶体途径在小麦逆境响应中的功能和机制打下基础。     

小麦冰重结晶抑制蛋白基因TaIRI5的克隆及分析

为了明确小麦冰重结晶抑制蛋白基因(TaIRI5)在小麦生长发育过程中的作用,该研究以小麦品种‘北京841’为材料,利用RT-PCR方法克隆TaIRI5基因,并对该基因进行生物信息学分析、组织特异性表达分析、启动子活性分析以及亚细胞定位分析。结果显示:(1)成功克隆到TaIRI5基因,该基因全长1203 bp,开放阅读框为858 bp,编码285个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为70.7 kD,等电点为5.07,属于疏水性蛋白。(2)实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,TaIRI5基因在小麦的根、茎、叶片、雌蕊、雄蕊、护颖、种子中均有表达,其中根部的相对表达量最高,在雌蕊中表达量最低,表明该基因在小麦的生长发育过程中起重要作用。(3)TaIRI5基因的启动子分析表明,该区域除CAAT-box和TATA-box启动子核心元件外,该序列还包含9个光响应元件和6个激素应答元件及其他元件;利用TaIRI5基因不同长度(498 bp、999 bp、1500 bp)的3个候选启动子,构建了含有GUS基因的pCAMBIA1301融合表达载体;烟草转化实验表明,3个候选启动子都能启动该基因的表达,但表达模式略有差异。(4)成功构建含有GFP基因的融合载体pCAMBIA1300-TaIRI5-GFP,亚细胞定位结果显示,TaIRI5定位于细胞膜上。该研究结果为进一步研究小麦TaIRI5基因功能奠定了基础。     

乌拉尔图小麦NAC转录因子的筛选与分析

NAC是植物特有的具有多种功能的一类转录因子,广泛参与植物的生长发育,器官建成及抗逆境胁迫等反应.目前有关NAC转录因子的研究主要针对模式植物(如拟南芥和水稻),而在小麦中的研究相对较少.本文利用生物信息学方法,获得乌拉尔图小麦(Triticum urartu)NAC转录因子家族基因的全长序列,并对其进化关系,生物学功能,染色体定位以及基因复制等进行预测与分析,同时利用荧光定量PCR验证相关转录因子在非生物胁迫下的表达模式.结果显示,共筛选得到87个乌拉尔图小麦全长NAC转录因子,通过进化树分析将其分为7个亚族,其中39个NAC 转录因子被定位在7条染色体上.通过基因复制分析发现,有5对NAC转录因子基因发生了复制.进一步通过荧光定量验证4个NAC转录因子在非生物胁迫下的表达模式,发现4个转录因子均受不同胁迫而上调表达.     

丝氨酸/精氨酸蛋白特异激酶SRPK2在小鼠睾丸组织中的表达及意义

目的通过研究丝氨酸/精氨酸蛋白特异激酶2(serine/arginine-rich protein specific kinase 2,SRPK2)基因mRNA及其编码蛋白产物在小鼠睾丸组织中的表达特征,探讨该基因在精子发生过程中的作用及意义。方法分别采用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和蛋白免疫印迹杂交(Western blotting)分析该基因mRNA及蛋白产物在小鼠多种组织中的表达;利用实时定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR)分析SRPK2 mRNA在不同发育阶段小鼠睾丸组织中的差异表达;应用免疫组织化学染色和间接免疫荧光技术观察SRPK2蛋白在小鼠曲精小管中的细胞定位和生精细胞内的亚细胞定位。结果半定量RT-PCR和Western blotting分析显示SRPK2 mRNA和蛋白在小鼠睾丸组织中均大量表达;实时定量PCR分析发现SRPK2 mRNA在5周及8周龄雄性小鼠睾丸组织中显著表达,具有明显的阶段特异性表达特征。免疫组织化学染色结果表明SRPK2蛋白阳性着色主要位于曲精小管中的长形精子细胞核;间接免疫荧光分析显示SRPK2蛋白定位于长形精子细胞核表面。结论 SRPK2基因在小鼠睾丸组织中大量表达,并且具有显著的阶段特异性表达特征和明确的细胞核定位,极有可能在小鼠精子发生的变态成形期参与mRNA前体分子的剪接过程,其作用机制值得进一步深入研究。     

小麦TaLhca基因的克隆及表达分析

为了从分子水分研究小麦的光合作用,该研究采用RT-PCR方法,从小麦品种‘百农207’的叶中克隆到1个捕光叶绿素a/b结合蛋白基因,命名为TaLhca。序列分析结果表明,TaLhca的编码区序列(coding DNA sequence,CDS)长810 bp,编码269个氨基酸,推测分子量为29.31 kD,等电点为8.69。TaLhca被定位于叶绿体,无信号肽,存在3个明显的跨膜区域,预测其蛋白结构含有典型的捕光叶绿素a/b结合蛋白功能域(chlorophyll a/b binding domain),为亲水性非分泌蛋白。蛋白序列比对和进化树分析表明,小麦与二穗短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon)和水稻(Oryza sativa)中的Lhca序列相似性最高,亲缘关系最近。启动子顺式作用元件预测表明,启动子区域包含多个光响应元件及逆境响应元件。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,TaLhca基因在小麦根、茎、叶中均有表达。其中在叶中表达量最高,在根中表达量最低,且受NaCl、干旱、ABA、H2O2和低温胁迫表达增强,受黑暗胁迫表达降低。该研究结果为进一步解析小麦光合作用机理及其相关基因的诱导表达特性提供了依据。     

水稻锌指蛋白基因OsBBX6的克隆、表达及生物信息学分析

锌指蛋白作为植物体内一类重要的转录因子,对植物生长发育、基因调控以及响应外界环境变化方面发挥重要作用。Os BBX6基因属于水稻锌指蛋白B-Box基因家族成员,启动子元件分析发现其含有高温应答元件(HSE)、干旱应答元件(MBS)及非生物胁迫响应元件(TC-rich repeats)等逆境相关元件。组织特异性定量表达分析表明,Os BBX6在叶片中表达最高,根其次,茎和幼穗中表达最低。胁迫处理后的荧光定量PCR发现其受低温诱导上调,受高温、干旱、盐胁迫等抑制表达,表明其正向响应低温胁迫,负向响应高温、干旱、盐胁迫等。另外,本研究还克隆了OsBBX6基因,并对其进行了系统进化、蛋白跨膜、蛋白亚细胞定位及OsBBX6基因共表达等分析,为进一步研究其生物学功能奠定基础。     

The structural organization and DNA sequence of a wheat histone H4 gene.

Some wheat histone H4 genes have been cloned from a Charon 4 wheat genomic DNA library using sea urchin histone H4 DNA as a probe. DNA sequence analysis of a cloned gene showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of wheat histone H4 protein was identical to that of pea. The 5' end of wheat histone H4 mRNA was mapped on the cloned gene by the S1-procedure. Southern blotting analysis of the genomic DNA indicated that histone H4 genes were reiterated 100 to 125 times per hexaploid wheat genome.     

Identification of the Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry neck protein 5 (PfRON5)

In this study a gene for a drought stress-inducible putative membrane protein was cloned and characterised from root tissue of wild emmer wheat. Sequence analysis indicated that the protein is a member of the widespread but hitherto uncharacterised TMPIT (transmembrane protein inducible by TNF-α) family, so it was labelled TdicTMPIT1. Real-time RT-PCR showed that the TdicTMPIT1 gene is upregulated on drought stress in drought-tolerant wild emmer wheat, but not in a drought-sensitive accession or in cultivated durum wheat. The TdicTMPIT1 product was predicted to be a membrane protein with four transmembrane helices. The protein was expressed and analysed in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cellular localisation of the protein in the cell was also investigated using an eGFP-tagged form of the protein in S. cerevisiae. Results obtained by confocal laser microscopy indicated that the TdicTMPIT1 tagged with GFP was localised in a membraneous compartment. It is concluded that TdicTMPIT1 is a membrane protein associated with the drought stress response in wild emmer wheat, and so it may be useful for the improvement of modern wheat genotypes. Members of this protein family in other organisms are proposed also to be involved in stress responses.     

Characterization of a cytosolic malate dehydrogenase cDNA which encodes an isozyme toward oxaloacetate reduction in wheat

Malate dehydrogenase (MDH), which is ubiquitous in nature, catalyzes the interconversion of oxaloacetate and malate. Higher plants contain multiple forms of MDH that differ in co-enzyme specificity, subcellular localization and physiological function. Cytosolic NAD-dependent MDH (cyMDH) is one class of MDH that has not been extensively characterized in plants. Here we report the cloning of a cDNA from wheat by RT-PCR and cDNA library screening, which is designated as TaMDH. Sequence analysis indicated that TaMDH exhibits a highly similarity to other plant cyMDHs. Immunological analysis confirmed that TaMDH encoded a cytosolic NAD-dependent MDH. The secondary and three-dimensional structures of TaMDH were analyzed by molecular modeling. DNA gel-blot analyses demonstrated that TaMDH gene exists as two copies in the wheat genome. RNA and protein gel-blot hybridization indicated that both TaMDH mRNA and protein were constitutively expressed in vegetative tissues of wheat, with slightly lower levels in roots than in leaves and stems. In silico analysis indicated that TaMDH was also expressed in various reproductive tissues and tissues under many different stress conditions. Kinetic analysis of bacterially expressed and purified protein confirmed that TaMDH catalyzed a reaction driven towards malate synthesis, which is consistent with other cyMDHs. Evolutionary analysis showed that this class of genes evolved from a very ancestral gene. The cyMDH represents an ancestral form of MDH, which is highly conserved in plants, animals and bacteria. This implies that cyMDHs are housekeeping genes and may have very essential functions in plant metabolism.     

The characterisation and mapping of a family of LMW-gliadin genes: effects on dough properties and bread volume

Analysis of a cDNA library from wheat cv Wyuna endosperm, indicated a significant size and sequence variation among seed-endosperm protein genes. In this study, a family of low-molecular-weight seed protein genes are analysed that are related to the gliadins and the low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits. Sequence analysis and comparison of these proteins showed that they are closely related to a 17-kDa protein from barley, epsilon hordein, which plays a role in beer foam stability in the brewing industry. Mapping of these genes in wheat shows that they are located on group 7 and 4 chromosomes, as opposed to a group 1 and 6 location for the glutenins and gliadins. It is possible that this family of proteins forms a new class of seed-endosperm proteins important in defining the quality characteristics of wheat flour. Therefore, a representative gene from this family was expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified protein was supplemented into a base wheat flour. Rheological analysis showed that the protein effected dough strength and resistance break down during mixing of the dough, and provided a 20% increase in loaf height after baking.     

小麦胁迫相关基因W1的克隆及表达模式分析

应用噬菌体原位杂交技术从干旱胁迫诱导的小麦cDNA文库中克隆到一个胁迫诱导的基因片段别。删全长cDNA为901bp,其中,编码区长498bp,编码166个氨基酸。Southern杂交表明,W1是一个低拷贝基因。RT—PCR结果表明,W1受干旱、低温的诱导,但不受高盐的诱导。氨基酸序列分析发现W1有一个USP保守区（pfam00582）。同源性分析发现W1与一个水稻胁迫诱导蛋白（NM_001061239）的同源性为83％,但该类蛋白的功能尚无报道。肼是小麦第1个被克隆的胁迫相关蛋白基因,该基因的克隆有助于阐明小麦的抗逆机制,并为今后培育抗逆性小麦品种提供候选基因。     

Waxy基因的RNA沉默使转基因小麦种子中直链淀粉含量下降

通过RNAi策略转化小麦,以降低小麦种子中直链淀粉的含量。小麦中直链淀粉合成的关键酶是颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶（Granule—bound starch synthase l,GBSSI,即WAXY蛋白）,通过RT—PCR方法从小麦种子中分离出Waxy基因。Southern杂交分析表明,在基因组中存在3个Waxy基因。Northern杂交分析显示出在授粉后的小麦种子中检测到Waxy mRNA。利用RNA沉默策略,将Waxy编码区683bp的正向和反向片段以及150bp内含子,连接于表达载体pCAMBIA3300中玉米ubil启动子下游。以扬麦10号授粉后15d的幼胚为外植体,利用农杆菌介导的方法进行转化。通过PCR、RT-PCR和叶片离体褪绿实验鉴定出4株转基因植株。小麦胚乳I2-KI染色和直链淀粉含量测定表明这4株转基因植株直链淀粉含量明显下降。研究结果表明Waxy基因的RNA沉默使转基因小麦种子直链淀粉的含量下降。