Absence of accessory subunit in the DNA polymerase gamma purified from yeast mitochondria

In yeast and animals, replication of the mitochondrial genome is carried out by the DNA polymerase gamma. In mammals this polymerase is composed of a catalytic and an accessory subunit. Yeast DNA polymerase gamma was purified over 6600-fold from mitochondria. The catalytic polypeptide of this enzyme was identified as a 135-kDa protein by a photochemical crosslinking procedure and its native molecular weight was estimated between 120 and 140 kDa by gel filtration and glycerol gradient sedimentation. These results indicate that yeast DNA polymerase gamma contains only one subunit and thus has a different quaternary structure from its counterpart in animals.     

A novel processive mechanism for DNA synthesis revealed by structure, modeling and mutagenesis of the accessory subunit of human mitochondrial DNA polymerase

Mitochondrial DNA polymerase (pol gamma) is the sole DNA polymerase responsible for replication and repair of animal mitochondrial DNA. Here, we address the molecular mechanism by which the human holoenzyme achieves high processivity in nucleotide polymerization. We have determined the crystal structure of human pol gamma-beta, the accessory subunit that binds with high affinity to the catalytic core, pol gamma-alpha, to stimulate its activity and enhance holoenzyme processivity. We find that human pol gamma-beta shares a high level of structural similarity to class IIa aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, and forms a dimer in the crystal. A human pol gamma/DNA complex model was developed using the structures of the pol gamma-beta dimer and the bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase ternary complex, which suggests multiple regions of subunit interaction between pol gamma-beta and the human catalytic core that allow it to encircle the newly synthesized double-stranded DNA, and thereby enhance DNA binding affinity and holoenzyme processivity. Biochemical properties of a novel set of human pol gamma-beta mutants are explained by and test the model, and elucidate the role of the accessory subunit as a novel type of processivity factor in stimulating pol gamma activity and in enhancing processivity.     

The small subunit is required for functional interaction of DNA polymerase delta with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen.

DNA polymerase delta is usually isolated as a heterodimer composed of a 125 kDa catalytic subunit and a 50 kDa small subunit of unknown function. The enzyme is distributive by itself and requires an accessory protein, the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), for highly processive DNA synthesis. We have recently demonstrated that the catalytic subunit of human DNA polymerase delta (p125) expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells, in contrast to the native heterodimeric calf thymus DNA polymerase delta, is not responsive to stimulation by PCNA. To determine whether the lack of response to PCNA of the recombinant catalytic subunit is due to the absence of the small subunit or to differences in post-translational modification in insect cells versus mammalian cells, we have co-expressed the two subunits of human DNA polymerase delta in insect cells. We have demonstrated that co-expression of the catalytic and small subunits of human DNA polymerase delta results in formation of a stable, fully functional heterodimer, that the recombinant heterodimer, similar to native heterodimer, is markedly stimulated (40- to 50-fold) by PCNA and that the increase in activity seen in the presence of PCNA is the result of an increase in processivity. These data establish that the 50 kDa subunit is essential for functional interaction of DNA polymerase delta with PCNA and for highly processive DNA synthesis.     

The Accessory Subunit of Xenopus laevis Mitochondrial DNA Polymerase γ Increases Processivity of the Catalytic Subunit of Human DNA Polymerase γ and Is Related to Class II Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases

Peptide sequences obtained from the accessory subunit of Xenopus laevis mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase gamma (pol gamma) were used to clone the cDNA encoding this protein. Amino-terminal sequencing of the mitochondrial protein indicated the presence of a 44-amino-acid mitochondrial targeting sequence, leaving a predicted mature protein with 419 amino acids and a molecular mass of 47.3 kDa. This protein is associated with the larger, catalytic subunit in preparations of active mtDNA polymerase. The small subunit exhibits homology to its human, mouse, and Drosophila counterparts. Interestingly, significant homology to glycyl-tRNA synthetases from prokaryotic organisms reveals a likely evolutionary relationship. Since attempts to produce an enzymatically active recombinant catalytic subunit of Xenopus DNA pol gamma have not been successful, we tested the effects of adding the small subunit of the Xenopus enzyme to the catalytic subunit of human DNA pol gamma purified from baculovirus-infected insect cells. These experiments provide the first functional evidence that the small subunit of DNA pol gamma stimulates processive DNA synthesis by the human catalytic subunit under physiological salt conditions.     

The fidelity of human DNA polymerase gamma with and without exonucleolytic proofreading and the p55 accessory subunit

Mutations in human mitochondrial DNA influence aging, induce severe neuromuscular pathologies, cause maternally inherited metabolic diseases, and suppress apoptosis. Since the genetic stability of mitochondrial DNA depends on the accuracy of DNA polymerase gamma (pol gamma), we investigated the fidelity of DNA synthesis by human pol gamma. Comparison of the wild-type 140-kDa catalytic subunit to its exonuclease-deficient derivative indicates pol gamma has high base substitution fidelity that results from high nucleotide selectivity and exonucleolytic proofreading. pol gamma is also relatively accurate for single-base additions and deletions in non-iterated and short repetitive sequences. However, when copying homopolymeric sequences longer than four nucleotides, pol gamma has low frameshift fidelity and also generates base substitutions inferred to result from a primer dislocation mechanism. The ability of pol gamma both to make and to proofread dislocation intermediates is the first such evidence for a family A polymerase. Including the p55 accessory subunit, which confers processivity to the pol gamma catalytic subunit, decreases frameshift and base substitution fidelity. Kinetic analyses indicate that p55 promotes extension of mismatched termini to lower the fidelity. These data suggest that homopolymeric runs in mitochondrial DNA may be particularly prone to frameshift mutation in vivo due to replication errors by pol gamma.     

A p.R369G POLG2 mutation associated with adPEO and multiple mtDNA deletions causes decreased affinity between polymerase γ subunits

Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase γ (pol γ) is the sole enzyme required to replicate and maintain the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. It comprises two subunits, a catalytic p140 subunit and a smaller p55 accessory subunit encoded by the POLG2 gene. We describe the molecular characterization of a potential dominant POLG2 mutation (p.R369G) in a patient with adPEO and multiple mtDNA deletions. Biochemical studies of the recombinant mutant p55 protein showed a reduced affinity to the pol γ p140 subunit, leading to impaired processivity of the holoenzyme complex but did not show sensitivity to N-ethylmalaimide (NEM) inhibition, inferring a novel disease mechanism.     

The common A467T mutation in the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase (POLG) compromises catalytic efficiency and interaction with the accessory subunit

Among the nearly 50 disease mutations in the gene for the catalytic subunit of human DNA polymerase gamma, POLG, the A467T substitution is the most common and has been found in 0.6% of the Belgian population. The A467T mutation is associated with a wide range of mitochondrial disorders, including Alpers syndrome, juvenile spinocerebellar ataxia-epilepsy syndrome, and progressive external ophthalmoplegia, each with vastly different clinical presentations, tissue specificities, and ages of onset. The A467T mutant enzyme possesses only 4% of wild-type DNA polymerase activity, and the catalytic defect is manifest primarily through a 6-fold reduction in kcat with minimal effect on exonuclease function. Human DNA polymerase gamma (pol gamma) requires association of a 55-kDa accessory subunit for enhanced DNA binding and highly processive DNA synthesis. However, the A467T mutant enzyme failed to interact with and was not stimulated by the accessory subunit, as judged by processivity, heat inactivation, and N-ethylmaleimide protection assays in vitro. Thermolysin digestion and immunoprecipitation experiments further indicate weak association of the subunits for A467T pol gamma. This is the first example of a mutation in POLG that disrupts physical association of the pol gamma subunits. We propose that reduced polymerase activity and loss of accessory subunit interaction are responsible for the depletion and deletion of mitochondrial DNA observed in patients with this POLG mutation.     

Reconstitution of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA primase-DNA polymerase protein complex in vitro. The 86-kDa subunit facilitates but is not required for complex formation

The immunoaffinity-purified subunits of the yeast DNA primase-DNA polymerase protein complex and subunit-specific monoclonal antibodies were used to explore the structural relationships of the subunits in the complex. The reconstituted four-subunit complex (180-, 86-, 58-, and 49-kDa polypeptides) behaved as a single species, exhibiting a Stokes radius of 80 A and a sedimentation coefficient of 8.9 S. The calculated molecular weight of the reconstituted complex is 312,000. We infer that the stoichiometry of the complex is one of each subunit per complex. The complex has a prolate ellipsoid shape with an axial ratio of approximately 16. When the 180-kDa and DNA primase subunits were recombined in the absence of the 86-kDa subunit, a physical complex formed, as judged by immunoprecipitation of DNA primase activity and polypeptides with an anti-180-kDa monoclonal antibody. While the 86-kDa subunit readily forms a physical complex with the 180-kDa DNA polymerase catalytic subunit, we have not detected a complex containing 86-kDa and the DNA primase subcomplex (49- and 58-kDa subunits). The 86-kDa subunit was not required for DNA primase-DNA polymerase complex formation; the 180-kDa subunit and DNA primase heterodimer directly interact. However, the presence of the 86-kDa subunit increased the rate at which the DNA primase and 180-kDa polypeptides formed a complex and increased the total fraction of DNA primase activity that was associated with DNA polymerase activity. The observations demonstrate that the DNA primase p49.p58 heterodimer and the DNA polymerase p86.p180 heterodimer interact via the 180-kDa subunit. The four-subunit reconstituted complex was sufficient to catalyze the DNA chain extension coupled to RNA primer synthesis on a single-stranded DNA template, as previously observed in the conventionally purified complex isolated from wild type cells.     

Purification and characterization of the 180- and 86-kilodalton subunits of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA primase-DNA polymerase protein complex. The 180-kilodalton subunit has both DNA polymerase and 3'----5'-exonuclease activities.

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalytic DNA polymerase I 180-kDa subunit and the tightly associated 86-kDa polypeptide have been purified using immunoaffinity chromatography, permitting further characterization of the DNA polymerase activity of the DNA primase-DNA polymerase protein complex. The subunits were purified to apparent homogeneity from separate overproducing yeast strains using monoclonal antibodies specifically recognizing each subunit. When the individual subunits were recombined in vitro a p86p180 physical complex formed spontaneously, as judged by immunoprecipitation of 180-kDa polypeptide and DNA polymerase activity with the anti-86-kDa monoclonal antibody. The 86-kDa subunit stabilized the DNA polymerase activity of the 180-kDa catalytic subunit at 30 degrees C, the physiological temperature. The apparent DNA polymerase processivity of 50-60 nucleotides on poly(dA).oligo(dT)12 or poly(dT).oligo(A)8-12 template-primer was not affected by the presence of the 86-kDa subunit but was reduced by increased Mg2+ concentration. The Km of the catalytic 180-kDa subunit for dATP or DNA primer terminus was unaffected by the presence of the 86-kDa subunit. The isolated 180-kDa polypeptide was sufficient to catalyze all the DNA synthesis that had been observed previously in the DNA primase-DNA polymerase protein complex. The 180-kDa subunit possessed a 3'----5'-exonuclease activity that catalyzed degradation of polynucleotides, but degradation of oligonucleotide substrates of chain lengths up to 50 was not detected. This exonuclease activity was unaffected by the presence of the 86-kDa subunit. Despite the striking physical similarity of the DNA primase-DNA polymerase protein complex in all eukaryotes examined, the data presented here indicate differences in the enzymatic properties detected in preparations of the DNA polymerase subunits isolated from S. cerevisiae as compared with the properties of preparations from Drosophila cells. In particular, the 3'----5'-exonuclease activity associated with the yeast catalytic DNA polymerase subunit was not masked by the 86-kDa subunit.     

Purification and identification of subunit structure of the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase.

The mitochondrial DNA polymerase of HeLa cells was purified 18,000-fold to near homogeneity. The purified polymerase cofractionated with two polypeptides that had molecular mass of 140 and 54 kDa. The 140-kDa subunit was specifically radiolabeled in a photoaffinity cross-linking assay and is most likely the catalytic subunit of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase. The purified enzyme exhibited properties that have been attributed to DNA polymerase gamma and shows a preference for replicating primed poly(pyrimidine) DNA templates in the presence of 0.5 mM MgCl2. As in the case of mitochondrial DNA polymerases from other animal cells, human DNA polymerase gamma cofractionated with a 3'----5' exonuclease activity. However, it has not been possible to determine if the two enzymatic activities reside in the same polypeptide. The exonuclease activity preferentially removes mismatched nucleotides from the 3' end of a duplex DNA and is not active toward DNA with matched 3' ends. These properties are consistent with the notion that the exonuclease activity plays a proofreading function in the replication of the organelle genome.     

Mutant POLG2 disrupts DNA polymerase gamma subunits and causes progressive external ophthalmoplegia

DNA polymerase gamma (pol gamma ) is required to maintain the genetic integrity of the 16,569-bp human mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). Mutation of the nuclear gene for the catalytic subunit of pol gamma (POLG) has been linked to a wide range of mitochondrial diseases involving mutation, deletion, and depletion of mtDNA. We describe a heterozygous dominant mutation (c.1352G-->A/p.G451E) in POLG2, the gene encoding the p55 accessory subunit of pol gamma , that causes progressive external ophthalmoplegia with multiple mtDNA deletions and cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-deficient muscle fibers. Biochemical characterization of purified, recombinant G451E-substituted p55 protein in vitro revealed incomplete stimulation of the catalytic subunit due to compromised subunit interaction. Although G451E p55 retains a wild-type ability to bind DNA, it fails to enhance the DNA-binding strength of the p140-p55 complex. In vivo, the disease most likely arises through haplotype insufficiency or heterodimerization of the mutated and wild-type proteins, which promote mtDNA deletions by stalling the DNA replication fork. The progressive accumulation of mtDNA deletions causes COX deficiency in muscle fibers and results in the clinical phenotype.     

In vivo reconstitution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase epsilon in insect cells. Purification and characterization.

DNA polymerase epsilon (pol epsilon) is a multiple subunit complex consisting of at least four proteins, including catalytic Pol2p, Dpb2p, Dpb3p, and Dpb4p. Pol epsilon has been shown to play essential roles in chromosomal DNA replication. Here, we report reconstitution of the yeast pol epsilon complex, which was expressed and purified from baculovirus-infected insect cells. During the purification, we were able to resolve the pol epsilon complex and truncated Pol2p (140 kDa), as was observed initially with the pol epsilon purified from yeast. Biochemical characterization of subunit stoichiometry, salt sensitivity, processivity, and stimulation by proliferating cell nuclear antigen indicates that the reconstituted pol epsilon is functionally identical to native pol epsilon purified from yeast and is therefore useful for biochemical characterization of the interactions of pol epsilon with other replication, recombination, and repair proteins. Identification and characterization of a proliferating cell nuclear antigen consensus interaction domain on Pol2p indicates that the motif is dispensable for DNA replication but is important for methyl methanesulfonate damage-induced DNA repair. Analysis of the putative zinc finger domain of Pol2p for zinc binding capacity demonstrates that it binds zinc. Mutations of the conserved cysteines in the putative zinc finger domain reduced zinc binding, indicating that cysteine ligands are directly involved in binding zinc.     

Single-stranded DNA binding protein from calf thymus. Purification, properties, and stimulation of the homologous DNA-polymerase-alpha-primase complex.

A binding protein for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) was purified from calf thymus to near homogeneity by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, blue-Sepharose, ssDNA-cellulose and FPLC Mono Q. The most purified fraction consisted of four polypeptides with molecular masses of 70, 55, 30, and 11 kDa. The polypeptide with the molecular mass of 55 kDa is most likely a degraded form of the largest polypeptide. The complex migrated as a whole on both glycerol gradient ultracentrifugation (s = 5.1 S) and gel filtration (Stokes' radius approximately 5.1 nm). Combining these data indicates a native molecular mass of about 110 kDa, which is in accord with a 1:1:1 stoichiometry for the 70 + 55/30/11-kDa complex. The ssDNA binding protein (SSB) covered approximately 20-25 nucleotides on M13mp8 ssDNA, as revealed from both band shift experiments and DNase I digestion studies. The homologous DNA-polymerase-alpha-primase complex was stimulated by the ssDNA binding protein 1.2-fold on poly(dA).(dT)14 and 10-13-fold on singly primed M13mp8 DNA. Stimulation was mainly due to facilitated DNA synthesis through stable secondary structures, as demonstrated by the vanishing of many, but not all, pausing sites. Processivity of polymerase-primase was not affected on poly(dA).(dT)14; with poly(dT).(rA)10 an approximately twofold increase in product lengths was observed when SSB was present. The increase was attributed to a facilitated rebinding of polymerase alpha to an already finished DNA fragment rather than to an enhancement of the intrinsic processivity of the polymerase. Similarly, products 300-600 nucleotides long were formed on singly primed M13 DNA in the presence of SSB, in contrast to 20-120 nucleotides when SSB was absent. DNA-primase-initiated DNA replication on M13 DNA was inhibited by SSB in a concentration-dependent manner. However, with less sites available to begin with RNA priming, more homogeneous products were formed.     

Protein sequences conserved in prokaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are important for the activity of the processivity factor of human mitochondrial DNA polymerase

Previous studies have shown that the small subunit of Xenopus DNA polymerase gamma (pol gammaB) acts as a processivity factor to stimulate the 140 kDa catalytic subunit of human DNA polymerase gamma. A putative human pol gammaB initially identified by analysis of DNA sequence had not been shown to be functional, and appeared to be an incomplete clone. In this paper, we report the cloning of full-length human and mouse pol gammaB. Both human and mouse pol gammaB proteins were expressed in their mature forms, without their apparent mitochondrial localization signals, and shown to stimulate processivity of the recombinant catalytic subunit of human pol gammaA. Deletion analysis of human pol gammaB indicated that blocks of sequence conserved with prokaryotic class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are necessary for activity and inter-action with human pol gammaA. Purification of DNA pol gamma from HeLa cells indicated that both proteins are associated in vivo.     

DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. II. A novel complex including the gamma subunit essential for processive synthesis

Processive DNA synthesis, a property of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli, was not achieved by combining the pol III core (alpha, epsilon, and theta subunits) and the beta and gamma subunits. An activity that restored processivity to these subunits was found in crude extracts and was overproduced 4-fold in cells with plasmids amplifying the tau and gamma subunits. Purified to homogeneity, the activity, assayed by reconstitution of processivity, was represented by five polypeptides which were copurified. Judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, these correspond to the known subunits gamma (52 kDa) and delta (35 kDa) and to three new polypeptides: delta' (33 kDa), chi (15 kDa), and psi (12 kDa). The five polypeptides form a tight complex with a native molecular weight of about 200 kDa and a subunit stoichiometry of two gamma subunits to one each of the others. Processive DNA synthesis, now achieved with only three components (pol III core, beta, and the auxiliary complex), provides the opportunity to assess the functions of each and the contribution that the remaining auxiliary tau subunit makes to reconstitute a holoenzyme.     

A 70-kDa chloroplast DNA polymerase from pea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum sativum</Emphasis>) that shows high processivity and displays moderate fidelity

A 70-kDa chloroplast (ct) DNA polymerase from pea has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The ct DNA polymerase was insensitive to dideoxynucleotides (d(2) NTP) but showed high sensitivity to phosphonoacetic acid. The enzyme lacked any detectable 5'-->3' exonuclease activity but showed 3'-->5' exonuclease activity. The polymerase displayed high processivity (3 kb) and moderate fidelity, which may be sufficient for the faithful replication of the 140-kb pea ct genome. A 43-kDa accessory protein increased the polymerization rate but did not affect the rate of mis-incorporation in vitro, thus indicating that the domains for polymerisation and proof reading may be spatially separate.     

A 43 kDa DNA binding protein from the pea chloroplast interacts with and stimulates the cognate DNA polymerase.

A DNA binding protein with DNA polymerase 'accessory activity' has been identified and purified to apparent homogeneity from pea chloroplasts. This protein consists of a single subunit of 43 kDa and binds to DNA regardless of its base sequence and topology. It increases cognate DNA polymerase-primase activity in a dose dependent manner. Using solid phase protein-protein interaction trapping and co-immunoprecipitation techniques, the purified protein was found to associate with the chloroplast DNA polymerase. The chloroplast DNA polymerase also binds directly to the radioiodinated 43 kDa protein. The specific interaction between 43 kDa protein and chloroplast DNA polymerase results in the synthesis of longer DNA chains. The 43 kDa protein, present abundantly in the pea chloroplast, appears to increase processivity of the chloroplast DNA polymerase and may play an important role in the replication of pea chloroplast DNA.     

Functional expression and characterization of the Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase catalytic subunit.

A recombinant baculovirus containing the complete sequence for the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA polymerase catalytic subunit, BALF5 gene product, under the control of the baculovirus polyhedrin promoter was constructed. Insect cells infected with the recombinant virus produced a protein of 110 kDa, recognized by anti-BALF5 protein-specific polyclonal antibody. The expressed EBV DNA polymerase catalytic polypeptide was purified from the cytosolic fraction of the recombinant virus-infected insect cells. The purified protein exhibited both DNA polymerase and 3'-to-5' exonuclease activities, which were neutralized by the anti-BALF5 protein-specific antibody. These results indicate that the 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity associated with the EBV DNA polymerase (T. Tsurumi, Virology 182:376-381, 1991) is an inherent feature of the polymerase catalytic polypeptide. The DNA polymerase and the exonuclease activities of the EBV DNA polymerase catalytic subunit were sensitive to ammonium sulfate in contrast to those of the polymerase complex purified from EBV-producing lymphoblastoid cells, which were stimulated by salt. Furthermore, the template-primer preference for the polymerase catalytic subunit was different from that for the polymerase complex. These observations strongly suggest that the presence of EBV DNA polymerase accessory protein, BMRF1 gene product, does influence the enzymatic properties of EBV DNA polymerase catalytic subunit.     

Purification and characterization of DNA polymerase II from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Identification of the catalytic core and a possible holoenzyme form of the enzyme

We have purified yeast DNA polymerase II to near homogeneity as a 145-kDa polypeptide. During the course of this purification we have detected and purified a novel form of DNA polymerase II that we designate as DNA polymerase II. The most highly purified preparations of DNA polymerase II are composed of polypeptides with molecular masses of 200, 80, 34, 30, and 29 kDa. Immunological analysis and peptide mapping of DNA polymerase II and the 200-kDa subunit of DNA polymerase II indicate that the 145-kDa DNA polymerase II polypeptide is derived from the 200-kDa polypeptide of DNA polymerase II. Activity gel analysis shows that the 145- and the 200-kDa polypeptides have catalytic function. The polypeptides present in the DNA polymerase II preparation copurify with the polymerase activity with a constant relative stoichiometry during chromatography over five columns and co-sediment with the activity during glycerol gradient centrifugation, suggesting that this complex may be a holoenzyme form of DNA polymerase II. Both forms of DNA polymerase II possess a 3'-5' exonuclease activity that remains tightly associated with the polymerase activity during purification. DNA polymerase II is similar to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-independent form of mammalian DNA polymerase delta in its resistance to butylpheny-dGTP, template specificity, stimulation of polymerase and exonuclease activity by KCl, and high processivity. Although calf thymus PCNA does not stimulate the activity of DNA polymerase II on poly(dA):oligo(dT), possibly due to the limited length of the template, the high processivity of yeast DNA polymerase II on this template can be further increased by the addition of PCNA, suggesting that conditions may exist for interactions between PCNA and yeast DNA polymerase II.     

Cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of the 140-kilodalton subunit of replication factor C from mice and humans.

We have isolated a full-length mouse cDNA encoding a lysine-rich protein of 1,131 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 126 kDa. The protein binds in a sequence-unspecific manner to DNA, is localized exclusively in the nucleus, and contains a putative ATP binding site and a stretch of 80 amino acids with homology to the carboxy terminus of prokaryotic DNA ligases. On the basis of the following facts, we conclude that the isolated cDNA encodes the 140-kDa subunit of mouse replication factor C (mRFC140). (i) The sequence around the ATP binding site shows significant homology to three small subunits of human replication factor C. (ii) Polyclonal antibodies raised against the protein encoded by this cDNA cross-react with the 140-kDa subunit of purified human replication factor C (hRFC140) and recognize in mouse cell extracts an authentic protein with an apparent molecular mass of 130 kDa. (iii) Sequence comparison with a human cDNA isolated by using tryptic peptide sequence information from purified hRFC140 revealed 83% identity of the encoded proteins. The mRFC140 gene is ubiquitously expressed, and two mRNAs approximately 5.0 and 4.5 kb long have been detected. The gene was mapped by in situ hybridization to mouse chromosome 5, and its human homolog was mapped to chromosome 4 (p13-p14).