大花红景天正丁醇提取物的化学成分研究

从云南产大花红景天（Rhodiola crenulata（Hook．f.et．Thoms）．S．H．Fu）植物的正丁醇提取物中分离得到五个化合物,经光谱和波谱解析,分别为大花红天素、酪醇、红景天苷、德钦红景天苷和草质素7-O-（3″-O-β-D-葡萄糖基）-α-L-鼠李糖苷,其中德钦红景天苷为首次在大花红景天中发现的黄酮类化合物。     

红景天甙的生物合成及其关键代谢酶研究

红景天甙是红景天属植物的主要药效成分,是一种很有前途的环境适应药物,具有抗疲劳、抗衰老、抗微波辐射、抗病毒及抗肿瘤等特异功效,尤其在军事、航天、运动及保健医学上具重要应用价值,近年来备受关注。本文在介绍了红景天属植物的开发利用价值及资源现状的基础上,重点探索了红景天甙生物合成的可能途径。认为其甙元酪醇是经由莽草酸途径合成,再由UDP葡萄糖基转移酶（Glucosyltransferase）催化葡萄糖和酪醇合成红景天甙,而红景天甙又可能在β-D-葡萄糖苷酶作用下降解为甙元酪醇和葡萄糖。文章阐述了参与红景天甙代谢的上述两个关键酶的研究现状及前景。     

不同地区红景天植物红景天苷含量比较研究

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了6种不同地区红景天植物红景天苷含量.以甲醇为提取溶剂,室温超声提取45 min,HPLC测定条件:岛津C18柱(4.6×250 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇∶水=3∶7;柱温25℃;检测波长为275 nm.结果表明,红景天苷含量分别为:大花红景天0.36%,狭叶红景天(狮子七)0.32%,宽果红景天0.14%,白三七0.04%,在小丛红景天、洮河红景天中未检测到红景天苷.     

红景天苷生物、化学和生物催化合成的分子理论及应用

红景天苷是红景天属植物的主要活性成分之一,研究红景天苷的高效合成具有重要的科研和应用价值。本文全面概述近年来合成红景天苷的研究状况,主要包括生物合成途径、化学合成途径、生物催化合成途径。对生物合成途径中红景天苷的代谢合成途径、关键酶及基因、实践现状进行了分析;总结了以Koenigs-Knorr法为理论基础的化学合成的研究进展;对具有广泛发展前景的体外生物催化合成状况进行了理论与实践的概述。通过对这些合成方法的展望,为人们了解合成红景天苷的研究现状、进一步深入研究提供参考。     

红景天苷生物合成机制及其基因工程研究进展

红景天苷主要来源于红景天,是红景天属植物的重要活性物质,具有抗辐射、抗缺氧、抗肿瘤等多种药用功效。由于红景天野生资源少,且红景天苷在红景天中含量极少、提取率低,因此,研究提高红景天苷产量的生产方法具有重要的意义和价值。在研究红景天苷生物合成机制的基础上,通过基因工程技术来提高红景天苷的产量具有一定的前景和研究价值。综述了红景天苷的生物合成机制、代谢途径中的关键酶和利用代谢工程合成红景天苷的方法,并对其研究前景进行了展望,以期为红景天苷的生物合成相关研究提供参考。     

红景天苷对运动后自由基和能量代谢改变的影响

目的:探讨红景天苷在运动过程中对自由基和能量代谢相关指标的作用,从抗氧化系统、能量代谢系统等方面研究红景天苷抗运动性疲劳的机制。方法:本研究采用小鼠运动模型,40只雄性小鼠随机取分为4组(n=10):红景天苷运动组,红景天苷安静组,运动对照组,安静对照组。红景天苷运动组和安静组两组以150 mg/(kg.d)的红景天苷灌胃给药,运动和安静对照组两组以同样体积蒸馏水灌胃,连续给药2周;末次灌胃30 min后,运动组进行无负重游泳120 min,然后测定与运动性疲劳相关的生化指标。结果:研究结果表明,红景天苷能够提高运动小鼠肝脏内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)等抗氧化酶活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量;红景天苷具有稳定运动小鼠血糖,增加肝、肌糖原储备,防止长时间运动后血糖和肝、肌糖原水平降低的作用;红景天苷可提高运动小鼠血浆总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)及游离脂肪酸(FFA)的水平,有影响不同状态下的脂肪代谢,促进脂肪利用的作用。结论:红景天苷对运动过程中自由基和能量代谢改变的影响是其抗运动性疲劳的机制之一。     

微生物法合成红景天苷

红景天苷是红景天属植物的主要有效成分之一,具有耐缺氧、抗辐射、抗疲劳、抗肿瘤、降血糖、提高免疫力等多重功效。随着其需求量的日益增加和植物资源的不断减少,微生物法合成红景天苷因具有周期短和易调控等优势而倍受关注。目前微生物法合成红景天苷尚处于基础研发阶段,为了方便相关领域研究者系统了解其研究现状和探讨其未来发展方向,文中对红景天苷生物合成途径、糖基转移酶、野生菌/天然酶资源和工程菌/重组酶体系进行了综述。     

西藏红景天提取物延长线虫寿命和抗氧化活性探索

探讨红景天苷和西藏红景天粗提物对延长线虫寿命的影响及其体外抗氧化活性的比较。以红景天苷、红景天粗提物为研究对象、以Vc为阳性对照,分别检测以上三种物质对自由基的清除作用。结果表明红景天能够显著延长秀丽隐杆线虫的寿命;在相同浓度下,红景天苷清除DPPH自由基的EC50约为1291.53μg/mL,红景天提取物溶液约为489.76μg/mL;红景天苷清除羟自由基的EC50约为1120.94μg/mL,红景天提取物约为1068.37μg/mL;红景天苷清除超氧阴离子自由基的EC50约为55.57μg/mL,红景天提取物溶液约为40.49μg/mL。中药红景天中含有显著延长线虫寿命的抗氧化物质,而这种成分并非是红景天苷。     

HPLC法测定红景天居群中红景天苷的分布式样

本文以HPLC法作为测定红景天苷的方法,调查红景天苷在红景天不同种、不同居群中的分布式样。实验中采集不同种、同种不同居群、同居群不同个体的红景天样品,进行红景天苷的含量测定。结果表明红景天苷在不同红景天中分布差异较大,同种不同居群间多型性、居群内及个体间多态性显著。HPLC比法简便、快速、准确、重复性好,适用于研究红景天苷在药用红景天居群中的分布。     

玫瑰红景天化学成分研究

采用大孔吸附树脂、硅胶柱、ADS-5C反相柱和制备HPLC色谱技术对新疆产玫瑰红景天根茎中的植物化学成分进行提取分离和纯化研究,从中分离得到15个化合物。通过理化方法及1H、13C NMR等方法鉴定为:对-O-β-吡喃葡萄糖基-苯-2-丁酮(1)、6’-O-没食子酰-红景天苷(2)、对-O-β-吡喃葡萄糖基-苯丙烯酸(3)、7-甲氧基香豆素(4)、表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯(5)、苯乙基-6-O-β-葡萄糖苷(6)、对羟基苯甲酸(7)、红景天苷(8)、肉桂醇-6’-O-α-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-O-β-吡喃葡萄弹苷(9)、肉桂醇-6’-O-α-吡喃木糖-O-β-吡喃葡萄弹苷(10)、肉桂醇-6’-O-α-呋喃阿拉伯糖基-O-β-吡喃葡萄弹苷(11)、肉桂醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄弹苷(12)、对-羟基-苯乙醇(13)、3,7-二甲基-2,6-二烯-1,4-二辛醇(14)、3,7-二甲基-2,6-二烯-1,4-二辛醇-O-β-吡喃葡萄糖苷(15)。其中化合物1～4为首次在玫瑰红景天发现。     

狭叶红景天引种驯化后抗氧化能力、主要活性物质含量及挥发性组分的变化

以甘肃省甘南藏族自治州碌曲县栽培和野生狭叶红景天为材料,分别对根茎(主根和侧根)的抗氧化能力、可溶性糖、总黄酮、酚类和红景天苷含量,以及挥发性组分进行研究.结果表明: 狭叶红景天栽培根茎的自由基抑制率(I)、铁离子还原/氧化能力(FRAP),以及可溶性糖、总黄酮、酚类和红景天苷含量均显著大于野生根茎;栽培和野生根茎中均含有21种挥发性组分,相对含量较高的为苯乙酮、2-糠醛、棕榈酸等;与野生根茎相比,栽培根茎有15种组分的相对含量增加,主根中相对变化量较大的为3-羟基月桂酸、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、亚麻酰氯等,侧根为2-乙酰呋喃、对羟苯基乙醇、丁子香酚等.栽培和野生侧根的I、FRAP值,以及总黄酮、酚类和红景天苷含量均显著大于主根.与主根相比,侧根有12种挥发性组分相对含量增加,变化量较大的为3-羟基月桂酸、10,13-十八碳二炔酸甲酯、对羟苯基乙醇等.栽培驯化后狭叶红景天根茎的抗氧化能力、主要活性物质含量及挥发性组分相对含量高于野生狭叶红景天,且侧根的品质更佳.     

Two new species of Curcuma (Zingiberaceae) used as cobra-bite antidotes

Two new species of Curcuma, C. sattayasaii A. Chaveerach ＆ R. Sudmoon and C. zedoaroides A. Chaveerach ＆ T. Tanee with rhizomes traditionally used for many decades as cobra-bite antidotes are described and illustrated. Curcuma sattayasaii is similar to C. longa L., but differs in rhizome horizontally branching on ground; coma bracts pinkish-white or pinkish-pale green; corolla pale yellow with orange tip; labellum pale orange with an orange central band; anther crest very short, broadly ovate, wider than long. Curcuma zedoaroides is similar to C. zedoaria （Christm.） Roscoe, but differs in rhizome branching pattern; the protruding secondary rhizomes curved down; blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate; peduncle glabrous; fertile and coma bracts glabrous; corolla lobes pale yellow to white, lateral lobe ovate, dorsal lobe broadly ovate. The new taxa have been found in a village of Khon Kaen Province, Northeastern Thailand.     

水分胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长及挥发油含量的影响

通过控制茅苍术[Atractylodes lancea（Thunb．）DC．]不同生长期的土壤含水量,研究了轻度和重度干旱胁迫与涝渍胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长及挥发油含量的影响。结果表明,在不同生长期,茅苍术根茎生长和挥发油成分含量对不同土壤水分条件的反应不同,其中生殖生长期对水分胁迫较敏感,干旱和涝渍胁迫均会导致根茎生长量和挥发油含量下降。水分胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长量和挥发油含量的影响效应是一致的,导致根茎生长量显著下降的水分条件可使挥发油含量下降,对根茎生长量影响不显著的水分条件则有利于挥发油成分的积累。在果后期进行适当的涝渍胁迫（土壤含水量35．5％～38．5％）有利于茅苍术根茎生长和挥发油含量的提高。     

Ant-houses in the fern genus Lecanopteris Reinw. (Polypodiaceae): the rhizome morphology and architecture of L. sarcopus Teijsm. & Binnend. and L. darnaedii Hennipman

The rhizome morphology and architecture of L. sarcopus Teijsm. & Binnend. and L. darnaedii Hennipman. The rhizomes of the epiphytic fern Lecanopteris are highly modified and shelter ants, either in cavities or between the rhizome underside and the host tree. Different emphases on the relative contributions of morphology and architecture to the form of the ant-house exist in the genus, and are illustrated by a discussion of the rhizomes of L. sarcopus and L. darnaedii from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Lecanopteris sarcopus has dimorphic rhizomes, differentiated into solid, frond-bearing sections and hollow, frondless, ramifying ant-house branches. The internal morphology is simple; complexity in the rhizome structure is the result of profuse growth and branching of the ant-house branches. The rhizome of L. darnaedii is internally differentiated into two gallery and chamber systems, arranged vertically, with one directly above the other and running the length of the rhizome. Lecanopteris darnaedii does not branch profusely; 90–100% of primary side shoots develop but do not commonly grow beyond four to five internodes. Thus, in L. darnaedii plant architecture is restrained but morphology is intricate, while the reverse is true for L. sarcopus. Both species are equally regularly inhabited by ants.     

Effect of provenance,plant part and processing on extract profiles from cultivated European Rhodiola rosea L. for medicinal use

The demand for plant material of Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) for medicinal use has increased recently, amid concerns about its quality and sustainability. We have analysed the content of phenylpropanoids (total rosavins) and salidroside in liquid extracts from 3-year old cultivated plants of European origin, and mapped the influence of plant part (rhizome versus root), genotype, drying, cutting, and extraction solvent to chemical composition. Rhizomes contained 1.5–4 times more salidroside (0.3–0.4% dry wt) and total rosavins (1.2–3.0%) than roots. The qualitative decisive phenylpropanoid content in the extracts was most influenced by plant part, solvent, and genotype, while drying temperature and cutting conditions were of less importance. We have shown that R. rosea from different boreal European provenances can be grown under temperate conditions and identified factors to obtain consistent high quality extracts provided that authentic germplasm is used and distinguished between rhizome, roots and their mixtures.     

Chemical composition of the essential oils of two Rhodiola species from Tibet

The essential oils from rhizomes of Rhodiola crenulata and R. fastigiata in eastern Tibet were analyzed by using GC-MS. The major constituents were geraniol (53.3%), n-octanol (13.4%), 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (10.8%), citronellol (5.3%), 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol (4.0%), myteol (3.0%), and linalool (2.4%) for R. crenulata and geraniol (45.3%), n-octanol (12.3%), 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (8.0%), linalool (5.1%), isogeraniol (4.5%), citronellol (4.4%), and cis-sabinenehydrate (3.6%) for R. fastigiata.     

Specific Characteristics of Rhodiola rosea Growth and Development under the Photoculture Conditions

Growth and development of Rhodiola rosea L. plants (the family Crassulaceae) were compared in their natural habitat, field stands, and in photoculture. By the indices of growth and development, plants grown for 135–137 days under the intensive photoculture were shown to exceed the 3-year-old plants developed in the natural habitats and 1–1.5-year-old plants grown in the field stands. Under the photoculture, 35% of all the plants under study started flowering at the day 75–77 after seed germination. The content of salidroside in the rhizomes of the 135–137-day-old plants was 0.4–0.6% per dry weight. Following photoculturing for 245 days, rhizome weight increased 4.5-fold as compared to the 135–137-day-old plants, and the salidroside concentration reached 1.2%, the level corresponding to the maximum content of this glycoside in the plants growing in their natural habitat and exceeding by 1.5–3 times the levels observed in the plants grown in the field stands. Under the photoculture conditions, plants of R. rosea were shown to grow without the dormancy period. Several factors apparently raised the salidroside concentration in the 245-day-old plants under the photoculture conditions, including enhanced growth, absence of the dormancy period and the period of lowered temperatures; as a whole, these factors promoted the detoxification, storage, and/or transport of the primary metabolic products.     

Mechanisms of Central Die-back of Reynoutria japonica in the Volcanic Desert on Mt. Fuji. A Stochastic Model Analysis of Rhizome Growth

Reynoutria japonica (Polygonaceae) is a pioneer clonal herbcolonising the volcanic desert on Mt. Fuji (height 3776 m),central Japan; establishment of secondary successional speciesoccurs only in the central die-back parts of the clonal standsofR. japonica. Clonal stands were excavated and the morphologyand growth pattern of the rhizomes were investigated with specialreference to the mechanisms of central die-back. Four morphologicalparameters, length of mother rhizomes, and number, branchingpositions and branching angle of daughter rhizomes on respectivemother rhizomes were measured or counted, and their roles inrhizome growth were examined employing a stochastic computersimulation model of the whole stand development. The simulationsclarified that, of these four parameters, the branching anglewas the most influential determinant of the whole pattern ofshoot distribution and that the central die-back was producedwhen the mean branching angle was 40° or smaller. Theseresults strongly infer that the onset of central die-back iscaused intrinsically byR. japonica itself by having the meanbranching angle of 40°. The adaptive significance of thegrowth pattern is discussed in relation to resource acquiringand habitat exploitation strategies of this species. Below-ground morphology; branching angle; central die-back; clonal plant; computer simulation; Japanese knotweed;Reynoutria japonica Houttuyn; rhizome growth pattern     

不同采集时间芒萁各部位总黄酮含量的动态变化

芒萁〔Dicranopteris pedata（Houtt.）Nakai〕又称铁狼萁,为里白科（Gleicheniaceae）芒萁属（Dicranopteris Bernh.）多年生草本植物,广泛分布于中国长江以南各省区,是常用药用蕨类植物,也是林区酸性土的指示植物[1-2]。黄酮类成分是芒萁的主要药用成分,具有抗菌消炎、抗氧化、降压、清热解毒、防止血管增生和抑制脂肪氧化酶等多种活性[3-7],在治疗冠心病、抗癌防癌和消除自由基等方面[8-11]也有显著功效,