A New Porometer Based upon the Electrical Current Produced by Guard Cells

Stomatal guard cells extrude protons when the stomata open.This gives rise to an electrical current which is proportionalto the degree of stomatal opening. An instrument has been developedto measure this leaf surface current which is, in effect, anew type of porometer. The performance of the new porometerhas been compared with that of a commercially available diffusionporometer and a close relationship between leaf surface currentand stomatal conductance was observed for all the species investigated.It is concluded that the instrument has several advantages overthe diffusion porometer, in particular, its small size and simplicityof operation, making it especially suitable for use in the field. Key words: Leaves, stomata, electrical currents, porometry     

Depth of pupation of the wild olive fruit fly, Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae (Gmel.) (Dipt., Tephritidae), as affected by soil abiotic factors

Abstract:  The influence of four abiotic factors (temperature, soil type, compaction, moisture) on the pupation depth of the wild Bactrocera ( Dacus ) oleae (Gmel.) larvae was studied using soils sampled in the field. Two temperatures (25 and 12°C), three different soil types (alluvial deposits, soil from decaying of limestone, soil from decaying of flysch), two compaction levels (low and high) and two moisture levels (10 and 50% field capacity) were tested in a factorial experiment with a total of 96 experimental units. Five larvae were placed on the soil surface of each test container and when burrowing was completed pupae were retrieved and pupation depth was recorded. The majority of larvae pupated in the top 3 cm and the mean depth of all units was 1.16 cm. The means differed significantly depending on soil type, moisture, the temperature–soil type interaction and the soil type–moisture interaction. Larvae pupated at a greater depth in limestone than in the other two soils. Depths were greater in soils at 50% field capacity than in those at 10% field capacity. In limestone and flysch the depth was greater at 25°C whereas no differences were found in alluvial soil. Different moisture levels had diverse effects in the three soil types; in alluvial soil and in flysch the increased moisture resulted in greater values but in limestone these were slightly lower. These results can be used in developing non chemical control measures and designing efficient sampling techniques for the insect in the ground.     

Pupal development of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) at different moisture values in four soil types

This study aimed to evaluate adult emergence and duration of the pupal stage of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and emergence of the fruit fly parasitoid, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), under different moisture conditions in four soil types, using soil water matric potential. Pupal stage duration in C. capitata was influenced differently for males and females. In females, only soil type affected pupal stage duration, which was longer in a clay soil. In males, pupal stage duration was individually influenced by moisture and soil type, with a reduction in pupal stage duration in a heavy clay soil and in a sandy clay, with longer duration in the clay soil. As matric potential decreased, duration of the pupal stage of C. capitata males increased, regardless of soil type. C. capitata emergence was affected by moisture, regardless of soil type, and was higher in drier soils. The emergence of D. longicaudata adults was individually influenced by soil type and moisture factors, and the number of emerged D. longicaudata adults was three times higher in sandy loam and lower in a heavy clay soil. Always, the number of emerged adults was higher at higher moisture conditions. C. capitata and D. longicaudata pupal development was affected by moisture and soil type, which may facilitate pest sampling and allow release areas for the parasitoid to be defined under field conditions.     

金沙江干热河谷土壤含水量对台湾青枣生长和产量的影响

比较了4个水分梯度3年生台湾青枣(Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.)的树高生长动态、地径生长动态、新梢生下量、枝粗生长量、叶面积、叶面积指数、座果率、平均株产量、叶片含水率和根系含水率等,通过主成分分析法和R型因子综合分析法确定了适合台湾青枣生长的最优土壤含水率。结果表明第3种水分处理(土壤含水率为田间持水量的70%~85%)的台湾青枣对水分的响应最好,对水分的响应排序值是56.147;其次是第4种水分处理(土壤含水率为田间持水量的85%~100%),其值为41.506;最后是第1种水分处理(土壤含水率为田间持水量的40%~55%),其值为34.545。由此可以得出,在金沙江干热河谷地区种植台湾青枣的最佳土壤水分是土壤含水率达到田间持水量的70%~85%。     

Simultaneous measurements of transpiration, soil evaporation and total evaporation in a maize field in northern Germany

Transpiration and evaporation in a maize field were measuredby porometer, lysimeter and Bowen ratio techniques. All methodsprovide corresponding and complementary data for daily evaporationsums. It is proposed to use these techniques simultaneouslyin order to estimate reliably the partitioning of evaporationbetween plants and soil. Key words: Transpiration, soil evaporation, total evaporation, partitioning, maize     

The Response of Stomata of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum typhoides S. and H.) to Atmospheric Humidity

Canopy conductance of irrigated and unirrigated pearl milletplants was measured with a diffusive resistance porometer ina field experiment in Central India. When plants were growingin a drying soil, canopy conductance was related linearly tothe amount of light intercepted by the canopy, and was unaffectedby large changes in atmospheric saturation deficit When waterwas given to other plants growing in the same field, canopyconductance became strongly influenced by changes in saturationdeficit.     

The effect of environmental parameters on growth,cholinesterase activity and glutathione S-transferase activity in the earthworm (Apporectodea caliginosa)

The effect of age and environmental parameters on growth, cholinesterase (ChE), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were assessed in juvenile Apporectodea caliginosa earthworms. Earthworms were maintained in three types of soil- loam, sandy, and clay- at a range of moisture contents (15-30%), and temperatures (5-20 C). Earthworm age (1-3 months) had no significant affect on ChE activity. Growth rates were influenced by all environmental parameters tested and these effects were interrelated. Optimum conditions for growth appeared to be in loam or sandy soil with 25-30% moisture at 10-15 C. The GST activity was influenced by soil temperature and activity was significantly higher at 15 C than at 5 C and 10 C. Soil type also influenced GST activity and this influence was dependent on moisture content. In sandy soil GST activity was significantly lower at 30% moisture than at lower moisture contents, in loam soil GST activity was significantly higher at 15% moisture than at higher moisture contents, while in clay soil GST activity was not affected by moisture content. These results indicate that in field experiments when evaluating GST activity soil temperature and soil type need to be consistent between control and 'contaminated sites'. ChE activity was only affected by temperature, so this should be considered when comparing control and treatedareas.     

The effect of environmental parameters on growth, cholinesterase activity and glutathione S-transferase activity in the earthworm (Apporectodea caliginosa)

The effect of age and environmental parameters on growth, cholinesterase (ChE), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were assessed in juvenile Apporectodea caliginosa earthworms. Earthworms were maintained in three types of soil- loam, sandy, and clay- at a range of moisture contents (15-30%), and temperatures (5-20 C). Earthworm age (1-3 months) had no significant affect on ChE activity. Growth rates were influenced by all environmental parameters tested and these effects were interrelated. Optimum conditions for growth appeared to be in loam or sandy soil with 25-30% moisture at 10-15 C. The GST activity was influenced by soil temperature and activity was significantly higher at 15 C than at 5 C and 10 C. Soil type also influenced GST activity and this influence was dependent on moisture content. In sandy soil GST activity was significantly lower at 30% moisture than at lower moisture contents, in loam soil GST activity was significantly higher at 15% moisture than at higher moisture contents, while in clay soil GST activity was not affected by moisture content. These results indicate that in field experiments when evaluating GST activity soil temperature and soil type need to be consistent between control and 'contaminated sites'. ChE activity was only affected by temperature, so this should be considered when comparing control and treatedareas.     

Effects of tussock size and soil water content on whole plant gas exchange in Stipa tenacissima L.: Extrapolating from the leaf versus modelling crown architecture

In this study we evaluated daily whole plant transpiration and net photosynthetic rates in Stipa tenacissima L. (Poaceae) tussocks of different sizes subjected to three levels of soil moisture. The crown architecture of 12 tussocks was reconstructed with the 3D computer model Yplant taking into account the morphology and physiology of the leaves determined at different soil moisture levels. We also calculated whole plant transpiration by extrapolating leaf transpiration in different senescence conditions measured with a diffusion porometer. This extrapolated transpiration overestimated transpiration, particularly when the soil moisture level was high (>15% of volumetric soil water content). At this high level of soil moisture, large tussocks (>60 cm in diameter), which were sexually mature and had a large leaf surface area, were the most efficient with regard to daily water use efficiency (whole plant net photosynthesis/whole plant transpiration). Whole plant water use efficiency decreased with tussock size primarily because small tussocks exhibited high transpiration rates. Small tussocks were more sensitive to soil drying than large and intermediate ones, presenting a faster rate of leaf senescence as water deficit increased. Leaf acclimation to irradiance, which was significantly influenced by the degree of mutual shading among neighbouring leaves, along with the ontogeny of the tussock and its effect upon leaf senescence were found to be the main mechanisms involved in the different responses to water limitations found in whole plant gas exchange variables. Our results show that the size of each individual plant must be taken into account in processes of scaling-up of carbon gain and transpiration from leaf to stand, as this is a particularly relevant aspect in estimating water use by semiarid vegetation.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地区坡地不同土地利用方式下土壤水分的时空变异特征

基于典型喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土地利用方式试验火烧、刈割、刈割除根、封育、种植桂牧1号、种植玉米(面积分别为20m×70m)控制性试验建设,通过网格法(5 m×5 m)采样,用经典统计学和地统计学方法,分析了6种土地利用方式下(火烧、刈割、刈割除根、封育、种植桂牧1号、种植玉米)表层土壤水分在不同季节的空间变异特征。结果表明:喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤含水量均很高,雨季显著大于旱季,雨季为火烧封育、刈割除根玉米、桂牧1号刈割,旱季为刈割、火烧、刈割除根桂牧1号、封育玉米,均呈中等至强度变异,且含水量越低变异越大;不同土地利用方式土壤水分的自相关函数均呈由正向负方向发展的相同趋势,但拐点不同,且旱季大于雨季,不同土地利用方式旱季、雨季土壤水分的最佳拟合模型不同,但均呈中等或强烈的空间相关性,变程为6.8—213 m,且旱季大于雨季;同一土地利用方式旱季、雨季表层土壤水空间格局相似,不同土地利用方式空间格局则不同,因此在该区域进行植被恢复和生态重建时应采取不同的水资源利用策略。     

A Porometer for Laboratory and Field Operation

A porometer is described which is easily and rapidly attachedto plant leaves and appears to be a versatile and sensitiveinstrument for laboratory or field measurement of leaf resistanceto air flow. In the laboratory it can be connected to a normalresistance porometer circuit, and in the field to a sphygrnomanometer.A theoretical relationship has been developed and tested whichenables the conversion of leaf resistance obtained with a sphygmomanometerto that obtained with a normal porometer circuit.     

典型岩溶洼地土壤水分的空间分布及影响因素

在桂西北典型岩溶洼地的旱季和雨季,用地统计学结合GIS方法研究了洼地表层(0—16cm)土壤水分的空间分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:土壤含水量受前期降雨量的影响,且旱季土壤水分对降雨量的反应较雨季敏感。土壤水分均呈中等变异且变异系数随着平均含水量的增加而减少。土壤水分的半方差参数显示土壤水分空间变异及其主导因素随旱、雨季而不同。此外,不同取样区域及取样时段内土壤含水量高低差别明显,分布格局及空间变异程度各异,这主要与当地环境和人为因素的综合影响有关。旱、雨季土壤水分均与前期降雨导致的土壤平均含水量变化呈相反趋势,且不同土地利用方式下的土壤含水量不同。土壤含水量还与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关,此外,地势及裸岩率也是造成洼地土壤水分变异及其分布差异的重要因素。下一步应根据旱季和雨季土壤水分分布及影响因素的差异,在岩溶洼地采取有针对性地土壤水资源利用及其水分管理策略。     

黄土塬区不同土地利用方式土壤水分消耗与补给变化特征

对黄土塬区不同土地利用方式下2012年3—10月7龄果园(挂果初期)、17龄果园(盛果期)、小麦地、玉米地土壤水文状况进行分析,结果显示,0—600 cm试验土层7龄果园土壤贮水量最高,其次为玉米地、小麦地,17龄果园最低,且不同土地利用方式下贮水量随着降水量的变化而上下波动,但其变化滞后于降水。不同土地利用方式均表现为随土壤深度增加土壤含水量变异程度减弱的特征,且其土壤剖面的水分含量变化存在季节变异。农田和7龄果园中不存在土壤干燥化现象,而17龄果园土壤剖面存在较厚的干燥化土层,其分布深度为320—600 cm。不同的土地利用方式的土壤水分的消耗和补充深度有较大差异,17龄果园消耗深度为500 cm,补充深度为200 cm;7龄果园、玉米地和小麦地消耗深度分别为200、300 cm和300 cm,且补充深度均超过了测定的土壤深度,大于600 cm。     

黄土丘陵区小流域土壤水分时空变异

采用定位监测法,对2002—2005年黄土丘陵区小流域土壤水分的时空动态规律及其主要影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,研究区年均土壤水分剖面呈倒“L”型,水分最低点出现在1.0 m深处.表层（0～0.2 m）和下层（2.4 m以下）土壤水分年际间的差异达显著水平,而季节间的显著差异则表现在土壤表层和中层（1.0～2.4 m）;干旱年的降水不足显著提高了中、下层土壤水分的空间变异性,而丰水年的降水补充作用则显著降低了上层土壤水分的空间变异性,对中、下层土壤水分变异的影响不大.坡向对土壤水分变异的影响最大,其次是土地利用类型,坡位的影响最小.在干旱年或每年雨季开始时,坡向对土壤水分的影响随土层的加深而减弱,土地利用类型的影响则随之增强;在丰水年或每年雨季结束时,土地利用类型只对上层土壤水分状况具有显著影响,且其影响程度小于坡向的影响.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同降水年型下土壤水分动态

采用定位监测法,对黄土丘陵沟壑区不同降水年型下旱农坡地、刺槐林、沙棘灌丛和白羊草地土壤水分的时空变化规律进行了分析.结果表明,降水年型对研究区不同植被类型土壤水分的季节变化和剖面垂直变化均有一定影响.旱农坡地平水年土壤水分的季节变化平缓;枯水年雨季前土壤水分缓慢减小,雨季后显著增加;丰水年则整体增加,且雨季后增加明显.刺槐林、沙棘灌丛和白羊草地平水年土壤水分的季节变化表现为整体降低;枯水年沙棘灌丛土壤水分先减后增,刺槐林与白羊草地呈“W”型曲线变化,两个最低值均出现在6月和8月;丰水年沙棘灌丛和刺槐林土壤水分的季节变化呈“V”型,白羊草地的波动较大,最低值出现在8月.旱农坡地枯水年的土壤水分活跃层和次活跃层深度较平水年下移,丰水年次活跃层消失;丰水年和枯水年,刺槐林和白羊草地土壤水分活跃层深度均较平水年下移,沙棘灌丛则上移.     

Design calibration and field use of a stomatal diffusion porometer

Modifications of the design and calibration procedure of a diffusion porometer permit determinations of stomatal resistance which agree well with results obtained by leaf energy balance. The energy balance and the diffusion porometer measurements indicate that the boundary layer resistances of leaves in the field are substantially less than those predicted from heat transport formulas based on wind flow and leaf size.     

A Krypton Diffusion Porometer for the Direct Field Measurement of Stomatal Resistance

A stomatal diffusion porometer is described which measures directlythe diffusion of radioactive krypton through amphistomatousleaves. The porometer is relatively small and portable and iseasily used under field conditions. It consists of a miniaturediffusion chamber above an acrylic plastic reservoir which contains1200 cm³ of air enriched with ⁸⁵Kr. Geiger tubes in the diffusionchamber and in the reservoir monitor the relative concentrationsof 85Kr. Krypton is allowed to diffuse from the larger reservoirthrough the leaf into the diffusion chamber and the time forits concentration in relation to that in the reservoir to changebetween two fixed values is recorded. When this time lapse wascalibrated against known resistances a linear relationship,independent of temperature was found. Sources of error are analysedand some experiments are described in which the porometer wasused to measure diurnal changes in stomatal resistance. Resistancesof potted sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) grown in agreenhouse were measured with both the krypton diffusion porometerand a condensation-type porometer and the results were usedto calculate both cuticular and stomatal resistances. Demonstrationof field measurements with the porometer include data from eucalyptustrees {Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn) and from an unirrigatedcotton crop {Gossypium hirsutum var. SJ 2) growing under semi-aridconditions. Stomatal conductance of the cotton crop during theopening phase was linearly related to solar radiation.     

应用土壤质量退化指数计算松嫩盐碱草地土壤营养位

土壤质量退化指数是一种定量评价土壤质量的方法,以某一土壤类型为基准,计算其他土壤类型与基准土壤类型之间各土壤属性的差异,进而反应土壤质量退化或改善的程度.采用1999年的数据应用该方法评价土壤营养状况,计算土壤营养位,分析松嫩盐碱草地植被种群分布格局与土壤营养的关系,从而探讨应用土壤质量退化指数计算土壤营养位的可行性.应用土壤质量退化指数评价土壤营养位得到的结果与主成分分析法的基本一致,并且方法更为简便,更利于土壤营养位分析在生产实践中应用.     

三种干旱指数在干旱区沼泽湿地土壤水分遥感反演中的应用

湿地水文条件对湿地生态系统结构和功能起着关键作用。借助卫星遥感技术,以干旱区疏勒河中下游沼泽湿地为研究对象,基于Landsat8 OLI遥感影像的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)、垂直干旱指数(PDI)和归一化干旱监测指数(NPDI)3种干旱监测方法,结合野外湿地实测土壤水分数据进行比较和验证。结果表明:(1)TVDI、PDI和NPDI3种干旱指数在不同土层中均与土壤实测水分呈显著负相关(P0.01),且NPDI指数与表层土壤水分的拟合效果最好。不同土层中,3种干旱指数与土壤水分的拟合优度大小均为NPDITVDIPDI;(2)研究区同一湿地类型不同土层的土壤水分存在显著差异(P0.05),且不同湿地类型的土壤水分总体上表现为随着土壤深度的增加呈递增态势;(3)研究区同一土层不同湿地类型的土壤水分差异显著(P0.05),且不同土层中土壤水分的大小均为:沼泽化草甸草本沼泽季节性咸水沼泽内陆盐沼。     

金矮生苹果叶片气体交换参数对土壤水分的响应

 在黄土高原半干旱地区,通过测定10年生金矮生苹果（Malus pumila cv. Goldspur）叶片气体交换参数与土壤水分的定量关系,探讨了土壤水分胁迫对光合作用的影响规律,以确定苹果园节水灌溉适宜的土壤水分调控标准。结果表明：叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、水分利用效率（WUE）、气孔导度（Gs）、细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）和气孔限制值（Ls）对土壤水分的变化具有明显不同的阈值反应。土壤含水量（SWC）大约在田间持水量的60%～86%范围内,Pn和Tr均保持较高的水平,小于田间持水量的60%～86%后,两者均随土壤湿度的减少而明显下降。维持较高叶片水分利用效率（WUE）的SWC约在田间持水量的50%～71%左右。当SWC小于田间持水量的48%以后,Gs和Ls明显降低,而Ci急剧增加,水分胁迫条件开始直接作用于叶肉细胞,导致光合速率下降,由气孔限制因素转变为非气孔因素。据此我们认为：在半干旱黄土高原地区,金矮生苹果园节水灌溉适宜的SWC范围大约在田间持水量的50%～71%左右,所允许的土壤水分亏缺程度为田间持水量的48%左右。