生物育种研发及产业化发展态势分析

<正>在粮食安全保障的国家战略需求、传统育种技术的发展瓶颈和激烈的跨国种业竞争面前,我国的生物育种研发和产业化面临着严峻的挑战和创新发展的战略机遇。文章拟通过对生物育种研发及产业化发展态势的分析,为我国加强农业科技及相关产业支撑提供参考。     

新农科背景下农业类研究生专业实践基地多元共治治理体系探索

新农科建设提出培养具有创新实践能力的现代农业复合型人才,而专业实践基地是农业类研究生创新实践能力培养的重要载体,构建专业实践基地治理体系对提高农业类研究生培养质量意义重大。针对农业类研究生专业实践基地治理的现实困境,结合三螺旋理论构建了政府参与的多元共治新型基地治理体系,并比较分析了科技小院和广东开放基地两种多元共治基地治理体系,提出政府参与农业类研究生专业实践基地治理的必要性以及多元共治基地治理体系完善与发展的建议。     

生物、信息技术是农业发展双引擎

现代农业是以现代生物学和生物技术为支撑、以现代工业装备为物质条件,以科技进步为主要推动力的新型农业。未来10年,我国食物和纤维需求总量将显著增长,消费结构将发生根本变化。生物技术和信息技术是现代农业发展的引擎,推动着农业常规技术的效率革命和农业体系的创新升级,是农业科技的主体。生物、信息技术是农业科技主体以"组学"为基础的生命科学将引领农业生物科技革命精准农业技术、农业智能装备将会得到快速发展记者:中央一号文件提出:"实现农业持续稳定发展、长期确保农产品有效供给,根本出路在科技"。对此您如何理解?张亚平:我认为,发展现代农业,实现农业持续稳定发展,长期     

农作物生物育种产业化情况及发展趋势

全球经济发展、人口增长给粮食生产带来了严峻挑战,而农作物种业是国家战略性、基础性核心产业,是促进农业长期稳定发展、保障国家粮食安全的根本。本文从农作物生物育种技术出发,对单倍体育种、杂交育种、诱变育种、多倍体育种和细胞工程育种等常见生物育种技术进行了介绍,以及对国内外农作物生物育种产业化情况进行了深入分析,并展望了未来种业发展趋势。     

加强合成生物技术创新，引领现代农业跨越发展

21世纪初兴起的合成生物技术被誉为影响世界未来的颠覆性技术之一,其在农业中应用将为世界性农业生产难题提供革命性解决方案,培育农业碳经济和氨经济等生物经济新形态,引领细胞农业、低碳农业和智能农业等新动能和新业态革命。简要总结了国际合成生物技术的发展现状与趋势,深入探讨了我国农业合成生物技术创新的发展战略与总体目标。     

新时代背景下创新型专业人才培养模式的探索及实践

创新是推动经济发展和社会进步的重要途径。近年来,生物科学发展迅速,在国家政策支持和人才市场需求下,培育创新型生物类人才是回应社会需求及创新型国家建设的重要举措。本文以浙江师范大学针对生物科学专业实施的创新型生物科学专业人才培养模式为例,从几个方面系统地进行介绍,即以专业导师制的实施为基础,依托项目竞赛和实践平台开展课程教学改革,推进产学研的协同育人。此培养模式在实践中取得了积极的成效,促进了生物科学专业创新型拔尖人才的培养,同时对同类专业的人才培养改革发挥了示范引领作用。     

新经济形势下的生物工程一流专业建设与实践

生物经济的快速发展迫切需要新型生物工程人才支撑,建立以创新型工程教育为理念的新工科人才培养模式,能够为区域经济发展与产业升级提供支撑作用。大连理工大学生物工程学院紧密围绕“服务国家战略”“对接产业行业”“引领未来发展”“以学生为中心”等新工科建设的教育教学理念,从“面向新经济”的培养体系构建、“多学科交叉”的课程体系重构和“项目式”教学方式改革、“多元化”评价体系实施等方面进行生物工程专业建设改革和探索,提出了“价值引领、深厚的基础理论、强烈的创新意识、技术和非技术核心能力素养”四位一体的生物工程新工科人才培养标准。满足了产业对人才多样化、个性化和动态变化的需求,保障了产业与教育的深入融合发展,为生物工程一流本科专业建设提供了思路。     

“环境污染的生物修复”课程教学改革探索与实践

“环境污染的生物修复(Bioremediation of Environmental Pollution)”是环境科学、环境工程、农业资源与环境等专业的专业选修课,在专业人才培养体系中具有重要地位。针对课程前期教学中存在的问题,任课教师结合高质量人才培养需求,从课程教学目标优化、课程教学内容重构与知识整合、教学方法改革与创新等环节对课程教学进行了改革探索。实践结果表明,改革后的课程教学不仅显著提升了课程教学目标的达成度,还有效提高了学生自主学习能力、思维能力和知识综合运用能力,取得了较好的教学效果。     

面向生物医药新工科方向的生物工程一流本科专业建设探索与实践北大核心CSCD

《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》将生物医药列为重点规划发展领域,上海也将生物医药列为重要新兴支柱产业。生物医药产业的快速发展对人才需求提出了更高要求。华东理工大学生物工程学院秉承交叉融合、互惠发展、传承创新的思路,将生物工程专业和制药专业有机融合,从“三位一体”标准体系构建、“三融合、三衔接”课程体系重构和“三全育人”创新人才培养等方面进行新工科专业改革和人才培养实践,提出了“价值引领、知识体系、技术和非技术核心能力素养”三位一体的生物医药新工科人才培养标准,构建了“课内课外全过程、学生培养全覆盖、课程思政全方位”的三全育人创新人才培养模式,并建立了“课程与培养目标、通识课与专业课、拔尖人才培养体系与培养方案的”有效衔接,在智能生物制造新工科教学成果基础上进一步推进面向生物医药新工科的专业建设,为生物工程一流本科专业建设提供思路。     

农业生物育种技术的发展历程及产业化对策

伴随千百年来自然物种进化与人类科技进步,世界农业育种经历了原始育种、传统育种和分子育种三个时代的跨越。生物育种是生物技术育种的简称,属于从转基因育种3.0版跨入智能设计育种4.0版、集各种前沿技术大成的新一代分子育种技术,其中最具代表性的包括培育革命性和颠覆性新品种的全基因组选择、基因编辑和合成生物技术。回顾了国内外农业转基因和生物育种技术的发展历程,分析了我国生物育种面临的严峻挑战,提出了加快我国生物育种技术创新的产业化对策。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.