Susceptibility and Tolerance of New French Prunus domestica Cultivars to European Stone Fruit Yellows Phytoplasmas

Five new cultivars of French prune (Prune d'Ente) and 11 cultivars or new clones of greengage (Reine Claude) were bud-inoculated with European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) phytoplasmas and evaluated for their host response in the nursery over a period of 6 years. The ESFY infection was confirmed by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining in all Prunus domestica cultivars tested which were, thus, all susceptible to ESFY phytoplasmas. The new Prune d'Ente cultivars were more sensitive as they generally developed ESFY symptoms and showed a mortality of 19%. The fruit weight was significantly reduced. No mortality was observed with Reine Claude genotypes and only two cultivars exhibited weak ESFY symptoms. A new sensitive method was developed to measure the impact of ESFY phytoplasmas on the shoot growth. A significant growth reduction was found in all Prune d'Ente cultivars but only in four out of 11 Reine Claude genotypes. Therefore, the latter were found to be tolerant of ESFY infection.     

Differences in Strain Virulence of the European Stone Fruit Yellows Phytoplasma and Susceptibility of Stone Fruit Trees on Various Rootstocks to this Pathogen

Twenty strains of the European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) phytoplasma showed great differences in virulence when examined by graft inoculation of trees on peach, peach hybrid GF 677 and P. 'Marianna' GF 8/1 rootstocks. The most virulent strains killed all trees on peach rootstocks whereas the mild strains did not cause mortality but induced only mild foliar symptoms and slightly reduced vigour. Virulence often depended on the pathogen–scion combination and was in several cases most severe when the scion consisted of the original host of the pathogen. To examine resistance in stone fruits, trees on a total of 23 rootstocks were inoculated with the ESFY strains. Trees on the Prunus domestica stocks Ackermann's, Brompton and P 1275 and on Prunus cerasifera stock Myrabi were little affected. Slightly more damage occurred in trees on rootstocks GF 677, GF 8–1, and the P. insititia stocks St Julien A and St Julien GF 655/2. Ishtara, P. cerasifera stock Myrobalan, and peach rootstocks Higama and GF 305 were shown to be moderately susceptible and a high susceptibility was found in trees on peach rootstocks Montclar, peach seedling, Rutgers Red Leaf, and Rubira, on apricot seedlings and St Julien 2. Of flowering cherry trees on various rootstocks, the least susceptible were those on Gisela 3 and F 12/1 whereas Gisela 1, Weihroot 158 and Gisela 5 were more affected. Phytoplasmas were detected by either DAPI (4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining or polymerase chain reaction in all rootstocks and scions tested. However, detection frequency and phytoplasma concentrations were usually lower in the more tolerant hosts than in susceptible genotypes.