SP细胞的研究现状

在干细胞研究中,侧群（side population,SP）表型是指用来表示某些细胞具有的将进入细胞的荧光染料Hoechst33342或诺丹明123排出的特性,将利用该特性分离的细胞称为侧群细胞（side population cell,SP细胞）。众多实验提示SP表型可能是干细胞或前体细胞的筛选标志。然而也有实验指出SP细胞与干细胞存在差异,因此对SP细胞的研究日益深入。本文就SP表型的形成及影响因素,SP细胞与干细胞的一致性及差异性等研究现状作一综述。     

SP phenotype of stem cells

A wide range of studies are reviewed in which the ability of cells to excrete vital dyes Rhodamine 123 and Hoechst 33342 has been used as a stem cell marker. This capacity is typical of a small cell fraction which, after separation by a cell sorter, is located on the plot apart from the main cell population and is designated as the side population (SP). Available data indicate that this marker reflects phenotypic differences between fractions of stem cells but is not a characteristic of “stemness”.     

Molecular and functional properties of lung SP cells

Previous analysis of lung injury and repair has provided evidence for region-specific stem cells that maintain proximal and distal epithelial compartments. However, redundant expression of lineage markers by cells at several levels of the stem cell hierarchy has complicated phenotypic and functional characterization of clonogenic airway cells. Based on the demonstration that rapid efflux of the DNA dye Hoechst 33342 can be used to prospectively purify long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells, we hypothesized that lung cells with similar biochemical properties would be enriched for clonogenic progenitors. We demonstrate that Hoechst-dim side population (SP) cells isolated from proximal and distal compartments of the mouse lung were relatively small and agranular, exhibited low red and green autofluorescence, and that the SP fraction was highly enriched in clonogenic cells. Quantitative RT-PCR indicated that vimentin mRNA was enriched and that epithelial markers were depleted in these preparations of SP cells. Bleomycin exposure was associated with decreased clonogenicity among alveolar SP and suggested that SP cell function was compromised under profibrotic conditions. We conclude that the SP phenotype is common to clonogenic cells at multiple airway locations and suggest that Hoechst efflux is a property of cells expressing a wound-repair phenotype.     

Murine fertilized ovum,blastomere and morula cells lacking SP phenotype

In the field of stem cell research, SP (side population) phenotype is used to define the property that cells maintain a high efflux capability for some fluorescent dye, such as Hoechst 33342. Recently, many researches proposed that SP phenotype is a phenotype shared by some stem cells and some progenitor cells, and that SP phenotype is regarded as a candidate purification marker for stem cells. In this research, murine fertilized ova (including conjugate and single nucleus fertilized ova), 2-cell stage and 8-cell stage blastomeres, morulas and blastocysts were isolated and directly stained by Hoechst 33342 dye. The results show that fertilized ovum, blastomere and morula cells do not demonstrate any ability to efflux the dye. However, the inner cell mass (ICM) cells of blastocyst exhibit SP phenotype, which is consistent with the result of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro. These results indicate that the SP phenotype of ICM-derived ESCs is an intrinsic property and independent of the culture condition in vitro, and that SP phenotype is one of the characteristics of at least some pluripotent stem cells, but is not shared by totipotent stem cells. In addition, the result that the SP phenotype of ICM cells disappeared when the inhibitor verapamil was added into medium implies that the SP phenotype is directly associated with ABCG2. These results suggest that not all the stem cells demonstrate SP phenotype, and that SP phenotype might act as a purification marker for partial stem cells such as some pluripotent embryonic stem cells and multipotent adult stem cells, but not for all stem cells exampled by the totipotent stem cells in the very early stage of mouse embryos.     

Murine fertilized ovum, blastomere and morula cells lacking SP phenotype

In the field of stem cell research, SP (side population) phenotype is used to define the property that cells maintain a high efflux capability for some fluorescent dye, such as Hoechst 33342. Recently, many researches proposed that SP phenotype is a phenotype shared by some stem cells and some pro- genitor cells, and that SP phenotype is regarded as a candidate purification marker for stem cells. In this research, murine fertilized ova (including conjugate and single nucleus fertilized ova), 2-cell stage and 8-cell stage blastomeres, morulas and blastocysts were isolated and directly stained by Hoechst 33342 dye. The results show that fertilized ovum, blastomere and morula cells do not demonstrate any ability to efflux the dye. However, the inner cell mass (ICM) cells of blastocyst exhibit SP phenotype, which is consistent with the result of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro. These results indicate that the SP phenotype of ICM-derived ESCs is an intrinsic property and independent of the culture condition in vitro, and that SP phenotype is one of the characteristics of at least some pluripotent stem cells, but is not shared by totipotent stem cells. In addition, the result that the SP phenotype of ICM cells disap- peared when the inhibitor verapamil was added into medium implies that the SP phenotype is directly associated with ABCG2. These results suggest that not all the stem cells demonstrate SP phenotype, and that SP phenotype might act as a purification marker for partial stem cells such as some pluripo- tent embryonic stem cells and multipotent adult stem cells, but not for all stem cells exampled by the totipotent stem cells in the very early stage of mouse embryos.     

卡特兰与丝核菌共培养体系的建立及卡特兰菌根显微结构的研究*

用3个分离自野生卡特兰的丝核菌菌株接种卡特兰组培幼苗,对幼苗生长有不同程度的促进作用,处理苗的鲜重增长率(%)分别是67.5、67.3和62.4,而不接菌的对照仅为49.5,其中KW214菌株处理苗与对照差异达显著水平(α=0.05)。接菌处理后植株的N、P、K含量没有明显增加。在三个接菌处理苗的营养根中均分离获得了原接种真菌,并观察了接种KW214菌株的卡特兰营养根。真菌先侵入根被组织,经通道细胞最后侵染皮层组织细胞,并通过菌丝穿越细胞壁不断地向内延伸扩展。菌丝在皮层组织细胞内形成大量着色较深形状不规则的菌丝结等兰科菌根典型结构,菌丝结在皮层组织中分布不均,多出现在靠外侧的几层皮层细胞内,在被侵染的细胞中,菌丝结常出现在细胞核附近。菌丝结、针状晶体和细胞核在形态和着色反应上有明显区别。菌丝结和细胞核常常相互靠近。从生物量增长、显微结构、重分离接种菌株等三个方面获得的证据表明,已成功建立了卡特兰组培幼苗和丝核菌KW214的共培养体系。     

Stereospecificity of SP1 and SP2 substance P receptors

Previous studies with N-terminal fragments of substance P (SP) have suggested the existence of two separate SP receptor populations. SP1 receptors are found in guinea pig ilea and rat colons. SP2 receptors are found in mouse spinal cords and rat salivary glands. We have now found that substitution of Gly9 in substance P's C-terminal hexapeptide leads to an analog (L-Pro9 SP6-11) which selectively and potently stimulates SP2 receptors. In contrast, substitution of the same residue with D-Proline results in a potent and selective agonist for SP1 receptors. The data dramatically confirm the distinction between SP1 and SP2 receptors and demonstrate that the two receptors have distinct stereochemical architectures.     

SP600125 inhibits Kv channels through a JNK-independent pathway in cancer cells

Kv channels represent new important targets for the control of cancer growth and a better understanding of their regulating pathways in cancer cells is necessary to develop therapeutic strategies. In this study, we have addressed the putative modulation of Kv by MAP kinases through a pharmacological approach. We have found that the commonly used JNK inhibitor SP600125 strongly inhibits Kv channels through a JNK-independent pathway, likely interacting directly with the channels at the external side of the membrane. Our results indicate that the use of this compound may produce misleading conclusions for the role of JNK in cell cycle.     

Research in Progress

Research into Dental Education

Programmed Learning in the Teaching of Medical Technology     

纳米水解酶的研究进展

水解酶由至少200种单独的蛋白质组成,可催化一系列独特化学键的水解.但是天然酶的固有缺点,如易变性、成本高、制备费力和回收困难,极大地限制了它们的实际应用.为了克服这些缺点,研究人员长期以来致力于探索人工水解酶模拟物.自从2007年发现Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒可以作为过氧化物酶模拟物,关于纳米酶的研究不断涌现.与天然酶相比,纳米酶具有制备简单、可大规模生产、环境耐受性强、制备及储存成本低廉、可重复使用等优势.纳米水解酶是指具有水解酶活性的纳米材料,金属有机框架材料、碳基纳米材料和金纳米粒子等的水解酶活性均已被报道.近年来,纳米水解酶研究领域进入蓬勃发展期,然而至今尚未见关于纳米水解酶的综述.本文首先根据水解底物的不同对纳米水解酶进行分类并分别讨论其催化机理,之后对影响纳米水解酶活性的因素及纳米水解酶的应用进行总结,最后概述和讨论纳米水解酶的当前挑战和未来前景.     

三烯生育酚研究进展

三烯生育酚和生育酚统称为维生素E,是重要的脂溶性维生素。维生素E只能在植物或者光合细菌中合成,是人类和动物必需且只能通过食物等摄取的重要维生素。一直以来,由于三烯生育酚与生育酚相比,生物活性较低且分布范围较小,人们对其研究相对较少。近些年的研究发现,由于三烯生育酚和生育酚的结构相似,因此三烯生育酚具有与生育酚相同的抗氧化等功能;但又由于三烯生育酚含有不饱和的植基侧链,使得三烯生育酚还具有一些不同于生育酚的功能,比如保护神经免受损伤、降低胆固醇、保护脑细胞免受损伤等。因此,三烯生育酚逐渐成为了研究热点。根据维生素E的生物合成途径,人们也开始了对三烯生育酚的生物强化研究,其合成途径中第一个关键酶基因HGGT的过表达是目前三烯生育酚含量提高的最有效途径;将来还需结合其合成调控的分子机制及其吸收利用问题,开发针对三烯生育酚的功能型产品。从三烯生育酚的合成途径、生物学功能、生物强化等方面进行了综述,并对今后的研究重点提出了展望。     

小清蛋白研究进展

小清蛋白作为维持细胞内钙离子交换的钙结合蛋白,是脊椎动物体内肌浆蛋白的主要组成部分,在调节细胞内钙离子交换中起重要作用。我们简要综述了小清蛋白的分布、分类、结构和作用机理等,重点介绍小清蛋白在鱼肌肉运动、系统发育和神经组织中的作用以及由小清蛋白引起的过敏反应。     

载脂蛋白E研究进展

载脂蛋白E在脂质代谢中发挥重要作用 ,三种亚型 (apoE2 ,apoE3和apoE4 )只有二个部位的氨基酸发生变化 ,呈现出不同的生理作用。apoE4与老年痴呆、心血管疾病的高发性相关 ,而且对各种脑外伤功能的恢复具有负面影响。apoE2则对老年痴呆具有防护作用 ,并与高脂蛋白血症有关。apoE3对机体正常生理功能的发挥起关键作用。体外及动物实验研究表明 ,血浆中的apoE多态性与人体的冠心病、高脂蛋白血症、动脉粥样硬化相关。而脑中的apoE是一种多功能分子 ,在淀粉样蛋白沉积与清除、稳定微管蛋白结构、细胞内信号传导等细胞过程中发挥重要作用 ,其多态性与老年痴呆相关。因此 ,从分子水平研究其结构与功能之间的构效关系 ,对探索相关疾病的发病机制、诊断及治疗具有重要意义。     

苦龙胆酯苷的研究进展

苦龙胆酯苷是一种裂环烯醚萜苷类化合物,又称为苦龙苷或龙胆苦酯苷。其分子式为:C27H28O14,分子量为576.52,是已知最苦的裂环烯醚萜苷类化合物。目前已证明可从川东獐牙菜、印度獐牙菜、龙胆草以及辐花肋柱花中提取。辐花肋柱花是最新证明的可提取苦龙胆酯苷的植物。苦龙胆酯苷具有助消化,保肝,抗皮肤肿瘤,抗黑热病等药理活性。在古代印度传统医药以及中药藏药中,苦龙胆酯苷的来源植物是治疗消化系统相关疾病的一味常见的草药,如保肝、抗糖尿病等。在体内药代动力学研究中,兔静脉注射苦龙胆酯苷,在血中有较快的清除率(2.62±0.41 L/h/kg)和广泛的体内组织分布(1.08±0.44 L/kg);采用游离、脂质体和囊泡体形式给仓鼠用药具有明显保护肝肾功能且未发现明显不良反应。     

Klotho的研究进展

Klotho是新发现的一种抗衰老基因,其表达受多种因素的调控,如活性肽降钙素基因相关肽、成纤维细胞生长因子2等可以上调Klotho表达,而肾素-血管紧张素、尿毒素、炎症反应与氧化应激则可下调Klotho表达。Klotho蛋白有膜结合型和分泌型两种形式。现有研究表明,Klotho参与了多种疾病的发生发展,包括血管钙化、动脉粥样硬化、高血压、肾病损伤、甲状旁腺功能亢进、糖尿病及肿瘤等。本文就Klotho的表达调控及其与疾病的关系简要作一综述。     

LincRNA的研究进展

基因间长链非编码RNA(large intergenic non-coding RNA,linc RNA)是指基因间不编码蛋白质的长度大于200nt的RNA。最初,linc RNA被认为是基因组转录的"噪声",不具备任何生物学功能。然而,随着第二代测序技术的发展及其所产生的大量数据,越来越多的linc RNA被识别,引起了人们的重视。至今,已有超过12000的linc RNAs被收录在人类基因组中。随着研究的深入,linc RNA的生物机制和潜在的一些功能越来越明朗。本篇综述总结了近年来linc RNA的研究历程,序列特征,疾病中发挥的作用以及相关数据库的分析。